# Equilibrium Formulas and Concepts
## Chemical Equilibrium
1. Equilibrium Constant Expressions
- Kc = [Products]^c[Products]^d/[Reactants]^a[Reactants]^b
- Kp = (Pproducts)^c(Pproducts)^d/(Preactants)^a(Preactants)^b
- Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn
- Where Δn = (sum of gaseous product coefficients) - (sum of gaseous reactant coefficients)
2. Le Chatelier's Principle Responses:
- Concentration change: System shifts to counter the change
- Pressure change: System shifts to side with fewer gas molecules
- Temperature change:
* Endothermic: Higher T favors products
* Exothermic: Lower T favors products
- Volume change: System shifts to side with more molecules if volume decreases
3. Reaction Quotient
- Q = [Products]^c[Products]^d/[Reactants]^a[Reactants]^b at any point
- If Q < K: Reaction proceeds forward
- If Q > K: Reaction proceeds backward
- If Q = K: System at equilibrium
## Acid-Base Equilibrium
1. pH Calculations
- pH = -log[H⁺]
- pOH = -log[OH⁻]
- pH + pOH = 14 (at 25°C)
- [H⁺][OH⁻] = Kw = 1×10⁻¹⁴ (at 25°C)
2. Weak Acid Equilibrium
- Ka = [H⁺][A⁻]/[HA]
- pH = -log[H⁺] = -log√(Ka×Ca)
- Where Ca is initial acid concentration
3. Weak Base Equilibrium
- Kb = [BH⁺][OH⁻]/[B]
- pOH = -log[OH⁻] = -log√(Kb×Cb)
- Where Cb is initial base concentration
4. Buffer Solutions
- pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]) (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
- pH = pKa + log([Base]/[Acid])
## Solubility Equilibrium
1. Solubility Product Constant
- Ksp = [Cation]^m[Anion]^n
- For MmAn → mM^+ + nA^-
2. Molar Solubility
- S = √(Ksp/4) for 1:1 electrolytes
- S = ∛(Ksp/27) for 1:2 or 2:1 electrolytes
- Where S is molar solubility
3. Common Ion Effect
- Solubility in common ion = Ksp/[Common ion]
## Phase Equilibrium
1. Vapor Pressure
- P = P° × X (Raoult's Law)
- Where P° is vapor pressure of pure solvent
- X is mole fraction of solvent
2. Boiling Point Elevation
- ΔTb = Kb × m × i
- Where Kb is boiling point elevation constant
- m is molality
- i is van't Hoff factor
3. Freezing Point Depression
- ΔTf = Kf × m × i
- Where Kf is freezing point depression constant
## Complex Ion Equilibrium
1. Formation Constant
- Kf = [Complex Ion]/([Metal Ion][Ligand]^n)
2. Instability Constant
- Ki = 1/Kf = [Metal Ion][Ligand]^n/[Complex Ion]
## Temperature Effects
1. Van't Hoff Equation
- ln(K2/K1) = -(ΔH°/R)(1/T2 - 1/T1)
- Where K1, K2 are equilibrium constants at T1, T2
2. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- ln(P2/P1) = -(ΔHvap/R)(1/T2 - 1/T1)
- For vapor pressure at different temperatures
## General Rules
1. Position of Equilibrium:
- K > 1: Products favored
- K < 1: Reactants favored
- K = 1: Neither favored
2. Temperature Dependence:
- Endothermic: K increases with temperature
- Exothermic: K decreases with temperature
3. Pressure Effects:
- Only affects equilibria with different numbers of gas molecules
- Higher pressure favors fewer gas molecules
