CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Introduction

This chapter presents previous studies and literatures, it consist the

foreign literatures, local literature, foreign studies, local studies, and Synthesis and

Relevance of the Reviewed Related Literature and Studies, which will give readers

an analysis about the findings of the researchers. It will also discuss the discoveries

of integration of digital devices in classroom to students and teachers.

Foreign Literature

Findings about the students’ improvement on performance, according to the

conclusion of Youssef et al., (2022), the novel study shows that ICT-supported

activities like student collaboration and interactive learning improve student success. High

digital skills improve student performance and grade probability. Thus, ICTs and mobile

Internet enable work/leisure balance, which boosts students' exam performance. According

to the findings, using collaborative digital devices can improve student academic

performance.

In that case, incorporating digital tools into the classroom setting can

increase the probability in growing the students' knowledge of the topics being

covered. Since digital devices are helpful for students in terms of assisting them

with their performance, it also helps them to improve their skills and capabilities.

Digital devices can

mobile technologies for the purposes of texting, emailing, and social networking

generally outperform the performance of those students who refrains from these

behaviors. (Pedro et al., 2018)

The effective application of technology in the classroom can lead to

improved student performance. Students are able to concentrate more easily on the

discussion if they exercise self-control when using digital devices, especially in the

classroom. However, using digital technologies that are not academically connected

can have a negative impact on students' performance in the classroom.

As reported by, Sailer et al., (2021), more digital technologies beyond this

threshold do not mean more frequent use during teaching or a wider range of self-

initiated learning activities. Instead, teachers' basic digital skills seem more

important for both the frequency of digital technology use during teaching and the

variety of digital technology-based student learning activities. However, for using

the full range of learning activities, including constructive ones that help students

solve problems.

Furthermore, these digital technologies can benefit both students and

educators, making both groups more productive than ever before. Both students and

instructors can benefit from the accelerated learning made possible by the use of

technological devices. It's also worth noting that, in recent years, technology has

become an increasingly important resource for educators and students alike. It helps

students learn by having them actively participate in in-depth, topic-focused, and

skills to use technology effectively in the classroom.

Local Literature

The help of digital tools in developing students’ skills, teachers' readiness in

the use of ICT and licensure pass rate Philippine E-Journals. All educators must

keep up with rapidly changing information and communication technology and

integrate ICT facilities and resources into their classrooms. Teachers' views of ICT

in teaching improve with preparation, and vice versa. The use and performance of

LET ICT is influenced by age. To keep up with technology, teachers and

administrators must support IT professional development. The school's plan must

consider ICT preparedness, availability, and perception to improve performance.

(Lucas, 2022)

Therefore, including the use of digital devices in information and

communication technology education can help students become better prepared.

Students are required to quickly adapt to the ever-changing nature of technology in

order to develop both their technical and critical thinking skills. As a consequence

of this, students' overall performance could get better.

Additionally, it is crucial for teachers to impart technology awareness to

their students. Teachers want their students to comprehend concepts and practice

skills so that they can graduate and be independent. Depending on the teacher's

teaching style, it may have an impact on the students' performance and practical

skills when they are about to experience real-life scenarios.

educational system all basic education schools have infrastructure and systems built

by the ICT Service Director. He has to oversee the use of ICT in Philippine

education. His first step is to acquire digital literacy, more specifically early tech

and curriculum-based digital knowledge. ICT is utilized in most jobs. IT-related

jobs are well paid. (Umali, 2019)

The purpose of this study is to promote digital literacy in the education

system in the Philippines. For it is important is it to promote digital learning for

ICT students in the Philippines since a technology-related course is a flexible and

well-paid job. Tech and digital literacy should be integrated as early as possible

into the education curriculum.

Philippine e-journals in this phenomenological study, teachers and students

in Tacunan District, Davao City, Philippines, managed without computers. To

bridge their school's Digital Divide, teachers bought laptops, credits, and portable

Internet devices. Students complained about driving far for school and work

Internet use. The study affects public-sector education and policy to close the

Digital Divide. (Tagaytay et al., 2017)

One of the most difficult aspects for ICT students in programming classes is

their lack of experience with digital devices. Since the ICT strand focuses on

teaching technology, it could be argued that traditional teaching methods may not

be as effective when teaching programming.

students can have a major effect on how they respond to the programming

environment. Besides this, students will be able to test and improve their technical

skills before applying them in the programming world.

Foreign Studies

Learning is improved by encouraging teachers and students to use

technology. Participants reported that students are at ease using technology for

learning. Learning is made simpler by technology. This study found both benefits

and drawbacks to using technology in the classroom. In surveys, teachers noted

more positive and negative effects of technology. Teachers need more

individualized training to feel more comfortable using technology in the classroom,

despite educators' belief that it increased student motivation and engagement and

engaging the student in technology motivating students in academics. In the other

hand, the students cannot practice their hand writing since they are using digital

devices. (Al-Bataineh et al., 2021)

According to the study, it describes and analyze the findings of their study

on the effects of technology on student learning. Using technology helps today's

students learn more comfortably and is therefore very beneficial for it motivate

them in classroom. Students today have a lot of experience with innovation and

most of them have their own digital devices; by using them, they can increase their

knowledge of specific subjects, such programming. ICT students may search out
websites and information that could help them with their courses and improve their

programming abilities. They can simply perform out certain examples they find

online on their digital devices. But, since they are engage in technology, their hand

writing will not improve which is also important for their education since the

students need also to practice their writing.

The study into how technology affects student learning uncovers both

positive and negative effects on its use, demonstrating that there are drawbacks to

its use. However, the survey indicates that teachers profit more from the use of

technology in the classroom than students do. It relates to the current research

because it examines how effectively digital devices may be utilized to teach

programming. Programming teachers may do their jobs more simply by integrating

digital devices in the classroom since they can readily demonstrate the program's

logic to their students and make it simpler for them to comprehend the topic they

are teaching. In addition, the teachers may quickly plan their lessons using their

digital devices. Since they spend most of their time using them for this purpose and

have a lot of experience doing so, using digital devices encourages and engages

ICT students to concentrate on their lessons. They can easily take notes for the

lesson and save examples of the program so that they can deepen their

understanding of it.

For further study of how effective digital devices in classroom, Bebell and

O'Dwyer argued that the researcher looked at four empirical studies on school

laptop programs. In the majority of schools, one-to-one programs raised grade point
averages and test scores (as cited in Sung et al., 2016). In addition, one-to-one

program helps students significantly in their academics since students have their

laptops to write, browse the Internet, make presentations, do homework, or take

tests with them. The researchers were able to come to the conclusion that the digital

devices help students improve their grade point averages after conducting an

analysis of the data collected from the one-to-one program. Furthermore, studies

have shown that students rely on laptops to complete their homework while they

are in the classroom. 

The fact that digital devices are not only helpful but also easy to operate

enables students to make better use of them in their classrooms. This is particularly

important when it comes to completing the schoolwork that has been assigned to

them, which in turn leads to improvements in both the students' overall

comprehension and their grades.

In another study that show the effectiveness using digital devices in

teaching students, it describes the findings of their study on students' effects of

digital learning on learning motivation and learning Outcome.

According to Lin et al., (2017), digital learning enhances subject learning.

To effectively use teaching strategies and create a learning environment where

students are willing to use digital learning, teachers must match their methods with

the classroom environment. This will encourage students to bravely ask questions

during class discussions and increase student-teacher interaction online. The use of
digital learning in the classroom benefits teachers. Students might benefit from

seeing how hard teachers work and how much they passion teaching in addition to

being more professional. (p.9)

The study mentioned that students will be more motivated in learning

subjects with the assistance of digital devices. When a digital device is present

when the class is having a discussion, the students will understand the lesson more

clearly. With the aid of digital devices, teachers may better construct their lesson

plans for their students. However, it is said that teachers need to figure out if the

ways they teach will work for their students.

Therefore, through the use of digital devices in teaching ICT, the students

will observe how the syntax is created and how it functions, gaining better

knowledge with regard to the lesson like programming. Not only do the students

benefit from the use of digital technology in teaching the lesson, but it also affects

the teachers because it makes it easier for them to teach their students and make

lesson plans. Researchers came to the conclusion that using digital devices to teach

will make it easier for students to understand their lessons, which leads to

enhancing their academic performance. Additionally, using digital devices for

instruction has advantages for teachers as well. It also helps teachers come up with

lesson plans and gets students to appreciate the passion and hard work their

teachers put into their lessons.

Programming is not an easy task; if teachers want their students to learn and

keep what is being taught, they must make it as simple and understandable as

possible. This will make learning more enjoyable for the students, which will result

in increased engagement on their part.

Technology in the classroom helped students be creative and innovative. In

the 21st century, local and global classroom technologies are heavily used in

teaching and learning. This shows that technology prepares students for

future success. (Boholana et al., 2021)

Technology in the classroom facilitated ICT students' ability to think ahead.

In this era, technologies are the most being used in the school for it help students to

be more creative and advance. Moreover, technology clearly helps students get

ready for their futures.

Besides, technology is permeating all fields, but how it is accepted, adopted,

and integrated into systems is what makes it valuable. In fact, the study showed

how the Philippines is trying to improve its technology-based education by adding

ICT to its basic education programs. (Tomaro & Mutiarin, 2018),

In today's classrooms, having a working knowledge of how to operate

digital devices is an essential component. Because of this, it is essential to

familiarize youth with various forms of technology at an early age; doing so will
benefit them in the long run and provide them with a competitive advantage in

today's world.

Similarly, the school head encouraged teachers to attend ICT trainings and

seminars. ICT integration was discussed and learned during Learning Action Cell

(LAC) sessions. Since all students, teachers, and administrators use computers,

school heads prioritized ICT. Computer access was scheduled. Students were kept

technologically savvy by school leaders. All teachers were encouraged to use ICT

in their subjects. Principals supported the program. (Bandico-Brasileño & Wilfred

Bidad- PhD, 2021)

When digital devices are prioritized in the classroom, there are many

positive outcomes for both the students and the educators. This is true for a number

of reasons, such as the fact that students will receive instruction from their teachers

on how to make appropriate use of technological resources in order for them to be

able to successfully apply what they have learned in the classroom.

Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Related Literature and Studies

To determine the effectiveness and significance of integrating digital

devices in the academic performance of ICT students, the researchers look at recent

studies and literatures that have been published from 2016 to 2021. With this

process, it seeks to expand the objectivity and effectiveness of those results and to

create new knowledge. The findings show that since digital tools are is important
and beneficial in today's learning for it is convenient and hassle-free. Employing

them in the classroom helps students enhance their academic performance.

Moreover, students who utilize digital devices are more likely to be inventive and

creative, and it gives them more opportunity to further expand their knowledge.

The majority of them possess digital devices, and the majority of them have

significant technological experience. Additionally, students use their digital devices

to complete assignments and produce specific works. The studies also state that

having a digital gadget in the classroom increases student engagement and

motivation, which results in improved grades for the students. In addition, the use

of digital devices broadens their academic understanding and abilities.

However, if students misuse digital technologies in the classroom or use

them for non-academic purposes, it could affect their grades because it will distract

them from engaging in activities and discussion. Similarly, on the down side of the

use of digital devices, students won't be able to practice their handwriting skills due

to the overuse of digital devices in the classroom.

Furthermore, integrating digital devices into classroom instruction would

also assist teachers; employing digital tools will allow them to explain and

demonstrate their lesson to students. Studies mention that teachers can easily

prepare their lesson plans with the use of digital devices and can teach students

with ease; they can show lesson presentations so that the students will have a better

understanding of the lessons, and they can give instructions more effectively. This,

however, is not enough; teachers must also learn how to use and maximize

technology. It is beneficial for the students' learning if the teacher is knowledgeable

prepared in the future, as technology-related courses are in high demand and lead to

high-paying jobs.