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Biology

Al-Noor University College/ Department of

Anesthesia techniques
First Stage

Dr. Eman S. Y. Al-Sarraj
2022- 2023
Dept. Anesthesia techniques
First Stage 2022-2023
Biology
Lec 1 : Introduction to biology and its definition

Dr. Eman S. Y. Al-Sarraj
Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios"
(life) and “logia"(study).
Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and

distribution of living organisms. Cells the basic structural functional and
biological unit of all living organisms
The major Divisions of Biology
Three major divisions or branches of Biology which study the different

aspects of the lives of major groups of organisms.
1- Zoology 2- Botany 3- Microbiology
Sub-Branches of Biology
 Morphology: includes the study of external shape of animals.

 Histology: includes study the structure of organisms tissues.
 Cytology: includes study of the structure of the cells and function.
 Physiology: includes study of the functions of the different organs of the
body.
 Genetics: means the genetic transmission between successive generation.
 Ecology: includes study of the relationships between organisms and the
environment.
 Taxonomy: include knowledge the different types of animals and
nomenclature.
Cell Theory
Credit for the formation of this theory to Theodor Schwann, Matthias

Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow.
1
The cell Theory states:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

2. Cells are basic units of function and structure in living things.
3. Cells comes only from the replication of existing cells.
4. All cells have genetic material required to regulate cell
functions and replicate, passing this genetic information to new cell.
Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures,

the most noteworthy of which is the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells tend to be
small, simple cells, measuring around 0.1-5 μm in diameter. such as Bacteria
Figure (1): Prokaryote
Prokaryotic cell features
Here is a breakdown of what you might find in a prokaryotic bacterial cell.
 Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.

 Ribosome: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
 Cell wall: The cell wall provides structure and protection from the
outside environment. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall made from
carbohydrates and proteins called peptidoglycans.
 Cell membrane: Every prokaryote has a cell membrane, also known
as the plasma membrane, that separates the cell from the outside
environment.
2
 Capsule: Some bacteria have a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds
the cell wall called the capsule. The capsule helps the bacterium attach
to surfaces.
 Fimbriae: Fimbriae are thin, hair-like structures that help with cellular
attachment.
 Pili: Pili are rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles,
including attachment and DNA transfer.
 Flagella: Flagella are thin, tail-like structures that assist in movement.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles
enclosed by a plasma membrane. Organelles are internal structures
responsible for a variety of functions, such as energy production and protein
synthesis. Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include protozoa, fungi,
plants and animals. These organisms are grouped into the biological domain
Eukaryote. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic
cells.
Figure (2):
Eukaryote
Eukaryotic cell features

Within a eukaryotic cell, each membrane-bound structure carries out specific
cellular functions. Here is an overview of many of the primary components
of eukaryotic cells.
 Nucleus: The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin form.

 Nucleolus: Found inside of the nucleus, the nucleolus is the part of
eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is produced.
3
 Plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that
surrounds the entire cell and encompasses the organelles within.
 Cytoskeleton or cell wall: The cytoskeleton or cell wall provides structure,
allows for cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.
 Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
 Mitochondria: Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouses of the cell,
are responsible for energy production.
 Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the region of the cell between the nuclear
envelope and plasma membrane.
 Cytosol: Cytosol is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains the
organelles.
 Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle
dedicated to protein maturation and transportation.
 Vesicles and vacuoles: Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs
involved in transportation and storage.
Other common organelles found in many, but not all, eukaryotes include the
Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, share these four features:

1. DNA
2. Plasma membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Ribosomes
Unicellular organisms: organisms that have only one cell such as Amoeba.
Multicellular organisms: organisms that have many cells this cell form the
tissue and organ.
4
The differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Table (1)
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Nucleus Absent Present
Membrane-bound
Absent Present
organelles
Mostly multicellular; some
Cell structure Unicellular
unicellular
Smaller (0.1-5
Cell size Larger (10-100 μm)
μm)
Complexity Simpler More complex
DNA Form Circular Linear
Examples Bacteria, archaea Animals, plants, fungi, protests
Cell are typically composed of

1. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane).
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles such as (mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, Ribosome's, Golgi complex etc.
3. True nucleus.
Cell Shape
There is no typical shape, but generally the cells are rounded or spherical,
oval, cuboidal, cylindrical, flat etc.
5
Figure (3): Various Shapes of cell from the human body.
Number of Cells
Cells are the lowest level of organization in every life form . From organism
to organism, the count of the cell may vary. Humans have more cells
than bacteria. If an organism is made up of a single cell, it is called a
unicellular organism (uni: one; cellular: cell). Whereas, the organisms which
are made up of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms
(multi: many; cellular: cell). Among multicellular organisms, the count of the
cell varies. Some might have billions of cells while others have trillions (like
the human). But every organism starts its life from a single cell which further
divides into thousands and millions.
The body of human being is composed of about 26 trillions of cells in human
blood, the number of erythrocytes is about five million per cubic ml of blood,
and about 10 billion neurons constitute the nerves system in human being.
Cell size
The size of different cells ranges within broad limits, some plant and animal's
cells are visible to the naked eye, such as eggs, but the majority of cells are
visible only under microscope. the size of human RBC is 7-8 µ in diameter.

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Biology

Al-Noor University College/ Department of

Dr. Eman S. Y. Al-Sarraj

First Stage 2022-2023

Lec 1 : Introduction to biology and its definition

Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and

The major Divisions of Biology

Three major divisions or branches of Biology which study the different

1- Zoology 2- Botany 3- Microbiology

 Morphology: includes the study of external shape of animals.

Credit for the formation of this theory to Theodor Schwann, Matthias

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures,

Figure (1): Prokaryote

Prokaryotic cell features

Here is a breakdown of what you might find in a prokaryotic bacterial cell.

 Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.

Eukaryotic cell features

 Nucleus: The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin form.

All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, share these four features:

Cell are typically composed of

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