THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

Prepared by:
Mary Anne A. Portuguez, MP, RPm

Theory & Proponent Basic Tenet Basic Concepts/Terms Related Research

The new defense mechanism of Freud is

Human personality and behavior are powerfully shaped Id, ego, and superego, wishes, instincts, clustered in to three by George Vaillant:
1. PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund by early childhood relationships. They believed that parapraxes, defense mechanisms, anxiety, • Neurotic
Freud humans are primarily pleasure-seeking creature dreams, psychosexual stages, • Immature and maladaptive
dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses. deterministic, pessimistic • Mature and adaptive

• Family constellations
Individuals strive toward completion and toward Fictions, finalisms, inferiority complex, • Early recollections
2. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY by Alfred superiority complex, creative self, social • Dreams
Adler achieving his or her idiosyncratic, fictional personal interest, striving for superiority, style of life, • Early memories are templates on which people
goals. birth order, safeguarding tendencies project their current style of life (manner of a person’s
striving)

Humans have a vast and mysterious potential within

3. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY by their unconscious. Unconsciousness contains broad psyche, attitudes, functions of attitudes, • MBTI, a highly popular employee selection
psychic energy rather than simply sexual energy. archetypes, collective unconscious, self- technique and used for research on Jung’s
Carl Jung Humans are extremely complex beings who possess a realization, self, synchronicity system.
sanely of opposing qualities.

dynamisms, self-system, security • Intimate relationship with friend

4. INTERPERSONAL THEORY by It emphasized the importance of interpersonal relations. operations, eidetic personification, • Imaginary friend, studies showed that children
Personality is shaped almost entirely by the relationship with eidetic personifications tend to be more
Harry Sullivan we have with other people. personification, cognitive processes, socialized, less aggressive, more intelligent and
anxiety, unawareness have a better sense of humor.

• Morbid dependency, it generates the new

basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, concept of codependency.
• Hyper competitiveness, moving against people.
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL •Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood idealized self, real self, feminine Some research says that European American
THEORY by Karen Horney have a powerful effect on later personality. psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb women who have this are having some type of
envy
eating disorder.
• Morbid dependency, it generates the new
concept of codependency.
basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, • Hyper competitiveness, moving against people.
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL •Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood idealized self, real self, feminine
THEORY by Karen Horney have a powerful effect on later personality. psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb Some research says that European American
women who have this are having some type of
envy eating disorder.
•Parenting styles

• Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have

Humans have been torn away from their prehistoric Basic human condition, loneliness, escape developed the Saunders Consumers Orientation
6. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS adaptwith
union nature and left with no powerful instinct to
to a changing world. But because humans have mechanisms, character orientations, basic
Index (SCOI) to measure Fromm’s marketing
character. In general, Saunders found out that
by Erich Fromm acquired the ability to reason, they can think about their needs, syndrome of decay, biophilous people with a strong consumer orientation tend
isolated condition called human dilemma. character, necrophilous character to place low value on freedom, inner harmony,
equality, self-respect and community.

• She produced classification system of

In order to emerge in an analysis, the ego must become developmental line, ego, diagnostic childhood symptoms •
7. EGO ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY by aware of the utilize defenses to prevent the material to profile, elaboration of defense Developed an assessment procedure known as
Anna Freud resurface. mechanisms diagnostic profile • Emphasis on
ego's role •Her work shifted
from adult to children using psychoanalysis

It is an extension of Freud’s theory but in a different •Identity in early adulthood

way. It postulated eight stages of psychosocial
8. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF development through which people progress. He psychosocial stages, identity crisis, virtue, • Generatively in midlife •play
DEVELOPMENT by Erik Erikson emphasized on ego and social influences than what ego, epigenetic principle constructions (inner and outer space)
Freud’s asserted on Id and unconscious.

9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan Each of us develops identity and comes to know who we agency, communion, nuclear episodes, • McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative of Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
McAdams the self; personality is composite pattern life stories. thematic lines, generativity in life stories
Each of us develops identity and comes to know who we • McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative of agency, communion, nuclear episodes, Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
McAdams thematic lines, generativity
the self; personality is composite pattern life stories. in life stories

•Studies on narcissism •Role

10. SELF PSYCHOLOGY by Heinz A good sense of self-worth and acceptance can be idealization, narcissism, nuclear self, of healthy narcissism •Significance
Kohut achieved through parental empathy. autonomous self, self-theory, mirroring of empathy

The structure of personality can be defined by habits.

11. PSYCHOANALYTIC LEARNING This theory is a creative effort to combine the basic Habit, drive, drive reduction, cue,
THEORY by John Dollard and Neal response, reinforcement, frustration, •Redefinition of unconscious process •Role
Miller Freudian concepts with ideas, language, methods, and infrahuman species, conflict, suppression of suppression in treatment
experimental results on learning and behavior.

12. COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING Cognitive factors, more than immediate reinforcements, Locus of control, expectancy, •Locus on control and health Related Behaviors
THEORY by Julian Rotter and determine how people will react to environmental psychological situation, reinforcement •Analysis of Reactions
Walter Mischel forces. Each suggests that our expectations of future value, behavior specificity, behavioral (x)
(note: Their differences will be •Positive Psychology
discussed) events are major determinants of performance. siignature

Humans are neither positive or negative, but simply a

function of their environment. operant conditioning, a theory of
13. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS by B.F. Human behavior like any other natural phenomena is personality without personality, shaping, •How environment affects behavior
Skinner subject to the laws of science, and that psychologists reinforcement, schedules of •Development of token economy
should not attribute inner motivations to it. reinforcement, satiation

Humans have some limited ability to control their lives.

It recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous
events often shape one’s behavior; places more self-efficacy, observational learning, self-
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the system, agentic perspective, self- • Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking •
Albert Bandura importance of cognitive factors in learning; human self-efficacy and academic performance
regulation,
activity is a function of behavior and person variables as
well as the environment; he believes that reinforcement
is mediated by cognition.
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the system, agentic perspective, self- • Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking •
Albert Bandura importance of cognitive factors in learning; human self-efficacy and academic performance
activity is a function of behavior and person variables as regulation,
well as the environment; he believes that reinforcement
is mediated by cognition.

People are continually motivated by one or more needs, Hierarchy of needs, B-needs, D-needs, • Positive psychology
15. HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY by and that, under the proper circumstances, they can self-actualization, metamotivation, • Self-actualization related to creativity, self-
Abraham Maslow reach a level of psychological health called self- motivation, acceptance and Intimate interpersonal relations
actualization.

self, actualization, organismic valuing • Positive psychology

16. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY by Each individual has the capacity for dramatic and process, self-concept, congruence,
empathy, positive regard, unconditional • Couples therapy
Carl Rogers positive growth. positive regard, conditional positive • Facilitative conditions outside therapy
regard, conditions of worth

A basic unity exists between people and their

environment, a unity expressed by term Dasein or
17. EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY by being-in-the-world. People are both aware themselves simultaneous modes, umwelt, mitwelt, • Jeff Greenberg investigated terror
Rollo May as lining beings and also aware of the possibility of eigenwelt, guilt, existentialism, anxiety, management which is based on the notion of
nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious daimonic, intentionality existential anxiety.
from of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as
retreat from life’s experiences.

He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He • Religious Orientation Scale

believed that psychologically healthy individual are
18. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE motivated by present, mostly conscious drives and that Traits, cardinal disposition, common trait, • Religious Orientation Scale and Psychological
INDIVIDUAL by Gordon Allport they not only seek to reduce tensions but to establish personal disposition, central disposition, Health • Expressive
new ones. He also believed that people are capable of proprium, functional autonomy Behavior (Vernon)
proactive behavior.

19. PERSONOLOGY by Henry Personality is rooted in the brain. He was the one who Need, alpha press, beta press, proceeding, • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Murray quoted, “No brain, no personality.” serial, serial program, ordination,

20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES surface traits, source traits, factor
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Human personality is largely the product of genetics and analysis, extraversion, introversion, • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
Cattell (will be discussed the not environment. emotionality, stability, reticular activating
differences) system, visceral brain,
20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES surface traits, source traits, factor
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Human personality is largely the product of genetics and analysis, extraversion, introversion, • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
Cattell (will be discussed the not environment. emotionality, stability, reticular activating
differences) system, visceral brain,

References
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. •
Engler, B. (2012). Theories of personality (5th ed.). Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies. •
Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Therapeutic Assessment

• Free association, a patient spontaneously

express his ideas and images in random
fashion
• Dream analysis
• Transference and Resistance

• Order of birth
• Early recollections
• Dream analysis
• Style of life

• Investigation of symbols, myth, and rituals

in ancient cultures.
• Word Association Test
• Active imagination
• Amplification

• Participant observation
• Family Therapy

• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis
• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis

• Extensive interviews
• Dream reports
• Detailed questionnaires

•focus on developmental lines of children

•observation on patient's maturation level
•free association
•dream analysis

• Participant observation
• Anthropological studies
• Psychohisorical analysis

• Narrative therapy
• Narrative therapy

•experience-near observation

•Paved way to systematic desensitization

(Wolpe)
•Reciprocal inhibition

•Self-reports
•Test questionnaires

•Behavior modification

• direct observation
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements

• Personal orientation inventory (POI)

• Interviews
• Biographical material

• Q-sort technique
•person-centered psychotherapy

• Therapy is not to cure any specific disorder

but to let the client to feel more human.

• Conduct Analysis
• Self-Appraisal

•Projective techniques

• 16 PF test and using objective data

• 16 PF test and using objective data