Database Management System 19: Transactions

Transactions

Chittaranjan Pradhan

Database Management Transaction Concept

ACID Properties
System 19 Transaction States
Transactions
School of Computer Engineering,
KIIT University
19.1
Transactions
Transaction Concept
Transaction Concept
A transaction is a unit of program execution that accesses and Transaction Concept
possibly updates various data items ACID Properties
Transaction States
A transaction is a logical unit of work that contains one or more

SQL statements. The effects of all the SQL statements in a
transaction can be either all committed or all rolled back
A transaction that changes the contents of the database must

alter the database from one consistent database state to
another
19.2
Transactions
ACID Properties
ACID Properties
Transaction Concept
• Atomicity: Either all operations of the transaction are ACID Properties
reflected properly in the database, or none are. Atomicity Transaction States
requires that all operations of a transaction be completed;

if not, the transaction is aborted by rolling back all the
updates done during the transaction
• Consistency: Consistency means execution of a

transaction should preserve the consistency of the
database, i.e. a transaction must transform the database
from one consistent state to another consistent state
• Isolation: Though multiple transactions may execute

concurrently, the system guarantees that, for every pair of
transactions Ti and Tj , it appears to Ti that either Tj
finished execution before Ti started or Tj started execution
after Ti finished. Thus, each transaction is unaware of
other transactions executing concurrently in the system
19.3
Transactions
ACID Properties...
Transaction Concept
ACID Properties... ACID Properties
Transaction States
• Durability: After a transaction completes successfully, the
changes it has made to the database persist, even if there
are system failures. Durability ensures that once
transaction changes are done or committed, they can’t be
undone or lost, even in the event of a system failure
• The transactions access data item X using the following

two operations:
• Read(X): It transfers the data item X from the database to a
local buffer belonging to the transaction that executed the
read operation
• Write(X): It transfers the data item X from the local buffer of
the transaction that executed the write back to the database
19.4
Transactions
ACID Properties...
Let T1 be a transaction that transfers $100 from account A to

Transaction Concept
account B ACID Properties
T1 Transaction States
Read(A);
A:=A-100;
Write(A);
Read(B);
B:=B+100;
Write(B);
1. Atomicity: The database system keeps track of the old

values of any data on which a transaction performs a write, and
if the transaction does not complete its execution, the database
system restores the old values to make it appear as though the
transaction never executed
• Ensuring atomicity is the responsibility of the database
system itself. It is handled by the transaction management
component
19.5
Transactions
ACID Properties...
2. Consistency: Sum of A and B be unchanged by the
execution of the transaction
Transaction Concept
• Ensuring the consistency for an individual transaction is
ACID Properties
the responsibility of the application programmers who Transaction States
codes the transaction
3. Isolation: The database is temporarily inconsistent while the
transaction to transfer funds from account A to B is executing.
The solutions are:
• Execute transactions serially
• However, concurrent execution of transactions provides
significant performance benefits such as increased
throughputs
• Ensuring the isolation property is the responsibility of
concurrency control component of the database system
4. Durability: Once a transaction completes successfully, all
the updates that is carried out on the database persist, even if
there is a system failure after the transaction completes
execution
• Ensuring durability is the responsibility of recovery
management component of the database system 19.6
Transactions
Transaction States
• Active state: This state is the initial state of a transaction.
The transaction stays in this state while it is executing Transaction Concept
ACID Properties
• Partial Committed state: A transaction is partial Transaction States
committed after its final statement has been executed. A

transaction enters this state immediately before the
commit statement
• Failed state: A transaction enters the failed state after the

discovery that normal execution can no longer proceed
• Aborted state: A transaction is aborted after it has been

rolled back and the database is restored to its prior state
before the transaction
• Committed state: Committed state occurs after

successful completion of the transaction
• Terminate: Transaction is either committed or aborted

19.7
Transactions
Transaction States...
Transaction Concept
ACID Properties
Transaction States
When a transaction enters the aborted state, the system has

two options:
• Restart the transaction: If the transaction was aborted as
a result of a hardware failure or some software error (other
than logical error), it can be restarted
• Kill the transaction: If the application program that
initiated the transaction has some logical error
19.8

Database Management System 19: Transactions

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Transactions

Database Management Transaction Concept

System 19 Transaction States

possibly updates various data items ACID Properties

A transaction is a logical unit of work that contains one or more

A transaction that changes the contents of the database must

requires that all operations of a transaction be completed;

• Consistency: Consistency means execution of a

• Isolation: Though multiple transactions may execute

• The transactions access data item X using the following

Let T1 be a transaction that transfers $100 from account A to

1. Atomicity: The database system keeps track of the old

• Partial Committed state: A transaction is partial Transaction States

committed after its final statement has been executed. A

• Failed state: A transaction enters the failed state after the

• Aborted state: A transaction is aborted after it has been

• Committed state: Committed state occurs after

• Terminate: Transaction is either committed or aborted

When a transaction enters the aborted state, the system has

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