Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

8 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Science Grade 8
Quarter 2 - Module 3
What’s Inside the Earth?

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Module
What’s Inside the Earth?
3

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the concepts behind how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the earth (S8ES-IIc-17). The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can
be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of

the Earth;
2. Distinguish the different types of seismic waves and how they move the
Earth;
3. Differentiate the two types of body waves;
We often think of earthquakes as something harmful and the reason is
obvious. But earthquakes help scientists figure out what is inside the Earth. How
as you know by now, when a fault suddenly moves, an earthquake is
generated. The shaking starts from the focus and spreads out. You can get an
idea of how this happens by throwing a pebble into a pond. See the ripples
that move out in circles? The vibrations from the focus are something like that.

What’s In
10
Activity 1: The structure of the Earth
Learning Intention: To investigate the structure of the Earth
1. Label the layers of the Earth: Write your answer next to the picture.
2. Matching Type: Match column A with the correct answer on
column B, write only the letter of answer on the blank provided
at the right side of the column A.
Column A Column B
_____1. A rocky layer, it is composed of silicon, a. outer core
oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum b. crust
and calcium. c. mantle
_____2. this layer is the only liquid layer d. inner core
composed of Iron and nickel
_____3. The rigid, rocky outer surface of
the Earth, composed mostly of basalt and granite.
_____4. This layer is the densest layer and
Is composed of solid iron with some nickel.
_____5. Is located in the center of the earth
_____6. It is the thickest layer

What’s New
These simple science activities demonstrate how 10
earthquake waves can travel through a variety of different
materials after an earthquake.
Activity 2: How Seismic Waves travel?
Materials Needed:
 Metal pan (baking pan or frying pan)
 Construction paper,
 Rice
 spoon
Procedure: Figure 1: Sample on how seismic waves travel
1. Place a metal pan on a table so that the bottom of the pan is facing
upward
2. Place a large piece of paper on top of the pan.
3. Sprinkle rice on top of the paper.
4. Strike the pan with the spoon.
5. Observe what happens to the rice on top of the paper.
6. The earthquake waves (seismic waves) are caused by the spoon
striking the pan. The waves travel through the pan to the paper and
then the rice.
Guide Questions:
1. What do you think will happen if you try this experiment with large
beans?(2 points) ____________________________________________
(a) the large beans will move as the spoon strikes the pan.
(b) the large beans won’t move at all.
2. What would happen if you try this experiment with a cup(plastic) of
water on the top of the pan? (2 points) _________________________
(a) the water inside the cup will move as the spoon strikes the pan
(b) the water inside the cup won’t move at all
Activity 3: Let’s Locate!
Directions: Using the illustration found in the next page, locate the P-Wave
and S-Wave. Write the answer on the space provided for.

4.

1.

5.
2.

3. 6.

P-WAVE S-WAVE P AND S-WAVE

What is it
Earth’s Interior

The earth’s interior has four

layers that has shown in (Fig. 2.)that
are physically and chemically
different from one another. We
most familiar with the crust, the
solid rock layer that makes up the
outermost shell of the earth. The
outer core differs from the rest of
the eath’s interior because it is the
only liquid layer. It composed of
iron and nickel, resulting in a very
thick liquid that flows chaotically.
At the very center of the earth is the
1220 km-thick inner core, which is
the densest layer and iscomposed of solid iron with some amount
of nickel. (Figure 2: The structure of the Earth)
It is impossible to drill a hole from
one side of the earth all the way to the
other side, and no one has ever seen the
earth’s interior, so how did we get all
these information? Seismologists use
earthquakes to be able to “see” inside
the earth. The vibrations are more
properly called seismic waves. The focus
is the point in the rock’s zone of weakness
where the breaking first starts and seismic
energy is released. When earthquake
happens, new reports usually announce
the location of the epicenter, which is the
point on the earth’s surface directly
above the focus as showed in (figure 2).

(Figure 3: The Focus of Earthquake)

As seismic waves travel through the body of the Earth, they behave in
different ways, depending on what they encounter along the way.
For example, in (Fig.3) as seismic waves travel deeper into the crust, they
speed up. That means that at depth the rocks are denser. In the upper part of
the mantle, the waves slow down. That means the rocks there are partially
molten. When an earthquake occurs, seismic energy radiates form the focus
as seismic waves. Those that pass through the
earth’s interior are called body waves of which are two kinds:

Primary Waves (P- waves) Secondary Waves (S-wave)

High frequency High frequency
Short wavelength Short wavelength
Longitudinal wave(Fig.4) Transverse wave(Fig.4)
Pass through both solid and liquids Cannot move through liquids
Compression like motion Shear like motion
Move forwards and backwards as it Move in all directions from their
compressed and decompressed source
P-wave is faster S- wave is slower than P- wave
First P-wave arrive After P- wave, S- wave is arrive
Table 1: The characteristics of P-waves and S-waves
As the waves reach the core, one of kind of seismic wave (S-waves)
disappears. That means that the outer core is liquid. At certain depths, the
eaves are reflected and refracted (bend). That means the Earth must be
layered. Thus, earthquake waves give us a picture of the Earth’s interior, the
way an “ultrasound” provides an
image of a baby
inside the womb. This
is why scientists know
a bit about the interior
of our home planet,
even if no one has
gone deep i
nto the Earth yet. Figure 4: The Direction of wave Propagation

What’s More
10
Activity 4: Let’s label it!

Directions: A Word bank is found in the next page containing answers for this
activity. Choose the best answer that best describes every part of the
illustration. Write your answer on the space provided for.

10. 1.

9.
2

8. 3.

7. 4.

6.
5.

WORD BANK
P AND S WAVE CRUST
P- WAVE INNER CORE
S- WAVE MANTLE OUTER CORE
What I Have Learned
10

Activity 5: Let’s see what have you learned!

Let us check what you have learned about what’s inside the earth
through completing the checklist below.

Directions: Check (√) the appropriate column which describes the

characteristics of P- wave and S- wave.
CHARACTERISTICS P- WAVES S- WAVES
1.Travel through liquids
2.Travel through solids
3.Fastest waves
4.Slowest waves
5.have high frequency
6.have longitudinal wave
7.have transvers wave
8. Move in all directions from their source
9.Move forwards and backwards as it
compressed and decompressed
10.have short wavelength
You did it! Keep up the good work. This would help you understand
about what’s inside the earth and seismic wave. There’s more that you can
do.

What I Can Do 20

Activity 6: You can do more!

Directions: Label the Structure of the Earth with it’s layers and write it’s
functions, illustrate/Draw lines on how P- Wave and S- wave travel through the
layers of the earth and write it’s characteristics. Write your answer in the box.

Answer Box:
Assessment
15
Directions. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. The order of earthquake waves arrived at seismic stations.

a. P- waves, then S- waves, then surface waves
b. S- waves, then P- waves, then surface waves
c. S- waves, then surface waves, then P- waves
d. Surface waves, then P- waves, then S- waves
2. These waves can travel through the inner core….
a. P waves only c. S waves only
b. P and S waves d. Neither P and S waves
3. These waves can travel through solid rock…
a. P waves only c. S waves only
b. P and S waves d. Neither P and S waves
4. P-Waves are also to be ________ - ________ waves.
a. North-south c. Up-down
b. Push-pull d. Side-side
5. Earthquake waves that alternately cause rocks to compress and
expand along the line of travel are:
a. S-wave c. side-to-side surface waves
b. P-wave d. rolling surface waves
6. This wave has transverse wave propagation.
a. S-wave c. S -wave and P- wave
b. P-wave d. L-wave
7. P and S waves travel through the earth, and so are called
a. surface waves c. body waves
b. tsunami d. earth waves
8. Which travels fastest, always being the first detected by seismic
stations?
a. P- wave c. R- wave
b. S- wave d. L- wave
9. S-waves produce a series of:
a. Contractions and expansions that are in the direction of wave
propagation,
b. Snake-like motions parallel to the Earth’s surface,
c. Circular motions like an ocean wave
d. Shearing motions that are at right angles to the directions of
wave propagation
10. Choose the correct statement regarding P and S seismic waves.
a. P waves travel through solids, whereas S wave do not.
b. P and S travel through liquid, but P waves do not travel through
solids.
c. S waves travel through solids, but P waves travel through liquid.
d. P and S waves travel through solids, but S waves do not travel
through liquid.
11. The point on the surface directly above the focus.
a. Earthquake c. seismic wave
b. Seismographic station d. epicenter
12. Scientists determine on what’s Earth’s interior look like using
e. Volcanoes c. Seismic Waves
f. Continental Drift d. Convection Currents
13. The thinnest layer of the Earth is…
a. Mantle c. Lithosphere
b. Asthenosphere d. Crust
14. Body waves consist of the:
a. P waves only c. P and S waves
b. S waves only d. Surface waves
15. The focus of an earthquake is..
a. The point (below Earth's surface) where rocks first begin to break
and the first movement occurs
b. The place where the greatest damage occurs
c. The closest seismic station
d. A fault
Additional Activities
Activity 7: Let’s add more!

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the

10
statement is incorrect, if false underline the word that is incorrect.

_______1. S (shear) waves travel readily through the liquid outer core.

_______2. P waves travel faster through the liquid outer core compared to the
solid inner core.

_______3. S waves result in alternating contraction and expansion of rocks in

the direction of propagation.

_______4. Seismic waves don’t carry energy released from an earthquake

_______5. Seismic waves are vibrations is different to sound waves.

Assessment What’s more What I Know
1.c 6. a Activity 5 Activity 1
2.b 7. c 1.inner core 2.S-wave 3.P- 1.d 2.c 3.d 4.c 5.a 6.c
3.b 8. a wave 4.P-wave 5.mantle 7.a 8.d 9.d 10.a 11.a
4.b 9. d 6.outer core 7.P-wave 8.P 12.b 13.b 14.b 15.a
5.b 10.d & S-wave 9.crust 10.P- What’s In
11.d wave Activity 2
12.c What I have learned 1.crust 2.mantle 3.outer
13.d Activity 6 core 4.inner core 1.b
14.c P S 2.a 3.b 4.d 5.d 6.c
15.a 1. √ What’s New
Additional Activity 2. √ √ Activity 3
1.false liquid outer core 3. √ 1.a 2.a
2.false liquid outer core 4. √ Activity 4
3.false S-wave 5. √ √ 1.P and S- wave,
4.false don’t 2.P- wave
6. √
3.P-wave
5.false different 7. √ 4.S-wave
8. √ 5.S-wave
9. √ 6.P-wave
10. √ √
Answer Key- Gr8Q2W3 Science
References
Books:
Science Learning Guide Grade-8 , Page 135-136

Exploring Life through Science Series,the new Grade 8 (2013) Phoenix

Publishing House,(Page 415-417)
Electronic Resources:
https://www.pngegg.com/en/png-ngjdr
http://apps.usd.edu/esci/exams/earthquakes.html
https://www.the-science-site.com/simple-science-activities.html\
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/reset-help-p-s-
waves- p-waves-s-waves-liquid-outer-core-solid-mantle-q28955113
https://quizlet.com/249640211/earths-interior-diagram/
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58247272ca807e317568f4d7/layers-of-the-earth
https://www.slideshare.net/kishu1993/earthquake-ppt-27495945
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/structure-of-the-earth-layers-3-differentiated-
worksheets-11833716

Development Team Region IX Hymn

OUR EDEN LAND
Writer: Odessa Kaye P. Desono
Editors: Margie Lou C. Jacob
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EPS -Science