Department of Education

Science 8
Quarter 1
Newton’s Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia and Law of Acceleration)
Module 1

Reynante H. Espeleta
Raquel Caña
Hynah Centeno

Writers G7
Dr. Ador B. Querubin
Validators
Armida S. Oblinada

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940

This module is designed to help you to understand easily the concepts of Newton’s Laws of
Motion. This module provides you activities that will develop your critical thinking skills.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Law of Inertia

● Lesson 2 – Law of Acceleration

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion S8FE-Ia15

Lesson 1: Law of Inertia

1. Define Inertia
2. Describe the relationship between mass and inertia
3. Explain the law of Inertia
4. Discuss the importance of Inertia in our daily life
Lesson 2: Law of Acceleration

1. Describe and demonstrate the law of Acceleration

2. Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object
to the amount of change in the object’s motion
3. Solve problems associated with mass, force, and acceleration.
4. Discuss the importance of the relationship between mass, force, and acceleration.

Before the start of the lesson of this module, let us find out what you already know
about Newton’s Laws of Motion

Directions: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. What is the measure of an object's inertia?

A. interaction C. acceleration
B. net force D. mass
2. What causes an object to accelerate?
A. inertia C. acceleration
B. force D. mass
3. What relationship exists between mass and acceleration?
A. direct C. direct square
B. inverse D. inverse square

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4. Which statement is FALSE when a bus is overloaded? A. Its mass is increased.
B. Its acceleration increases C. It
requires greater force to keep
D. Its inertia is increased.
5. Which of the following is TRUE about a person sleeping motionlessly on the bed? A. His
inertia decreases.
B. No force acts on him.
C. Bed pushes the person with a force equal to his weight.
D. Only force weight acts on the person.
6. Which of the following will NOT prevent injury on passengers riding a moving vehicle?
A. handrails C. airbags
B. headrest D. GPS
7. Which vehicle moving at the same speed may drag a food cart at a farther distance upon a
collision?
A. bicycle C. taxi
B. train D. minibus
8. The law of inertia applies to .
A. Moving objects
B. Objects that are not moving
C. Both moving and non-moving objects
D. None of the above
9. How can we determine if the object accelerates?
A. If it changes its velocity
B. If it changes its speed
C. If it moves at a constant velocity.
D. If it comes in a complete stop.
10. How does mass be related to the acceleration of a moving object?
A. As the mass increases the acceleration also increases when the force applied is
constant.
B. As the mass increases the acceleration decreases when the force applied is constant.
C. As the mass increases the force and acceleration also increases.
D. As the mass increases the acceleration and force also decrease.
11. If you double the unbalanced force on an object of a given mass, the acceleration will be?
A. Doubled C. Increase Fourfold
B. Increased by 1/2 D. Increased by ¼
12. When the jeep you are riding suddenly turns to the right, your body tends to move in the
opposite direction. What law of motion is shown in this situation?

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A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Gravitation
B. Law of Interaction D. Law of Acceleration
13. Which of the following best explains why objects stay at rest? A. The net force acting on is
equal.
B. The net force acting on it is unbalanced.
C. The net force acting on it is not equal to zero.
D. Because only gravitational force acts on it.
14. How does force be related to the acceleration of a moving object?
A. As the force increases, the acceleration also increases when the mass is constant.
B. As the force increases the acceleration decreases when the mass is constant.
C. As the mass increases the force and acceleration also increases.
D. As the mass increases the acceleration and force also decrease.
15. How does mass affect inertia?
A. The greater the mass the lesser the inertia.
B. The greater the mass the greater the inertia.
C. The greater the mass the greater the inertia and friction.
D. The lesser the inertia the greater the mass.

Lesson

1 Law of Inertia
In this lesson, you will find out the concept of Newton’s Laws of Motion. It will also provide you
concept that will enable you to apply the concept in our daily life.

Guess What? True or False

Directions: Determine if the following statements are true or false.
1.Force causes the object to move.
2.Force is a push or pull that keep objects at rest.
3.Gravity attracts objects towards the center of the earth
4.Force cannot change the shape of an object.
5.A rolling ball can continuously move forever.
6.Gravity enables an object to be at rest.
7.Force can change the shape of a tin can.
8.Force can change the direction of an object. 9. Force can be shown through push
and pull
10. The unit of force is expressed in Kg m/s.

What’s the Sense? Word

Search

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Directions: Look for the following words. You
may use your dictionary or internet connection
to define each
word. Look for:
Newton
Mass
Inertia
Gravity
Unbalanced Force

Newton’s Law of motion is very significant in understanding the motion of the object in the
universe. It enables us to understand why things around us move or behave the way they do. Sir Isaac
Newton formulated the laws of motion. While seating under the apple tree, an apple fell on his head.
This idea leads him to conduct more studies about force.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION: INERTIA

Inertia – is the tendency of the body or an object to maintain a state of rest or in motion.

it states that...
a body at rest will remain at rest, a body in motion will remain in motion at a
constant velocity unless acted upon by external net or unbalanced force.
There is an important condition that must be met for the first law to apply to any given motion.
The condition is described by the phrase "... unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." As long as the
forces are not unbalanced - that is, as long as the forces are balanced - the first law of motion applies.
To determine if the forces acting upon an object are balanced or unbalanced, an analysis
must first be conducted to determine what forces are acting upon the object and in what direction. If
two individual forces are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, then the forces are
said to be balanced. An object is said to be acted upon by an unbalanced force only when there
is an individual force that is not being balanced by a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite
direction.

To make it simple balanced force enabled objects to stay at rest and unbalanced force enabled
objects to be in motion.
The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has. For example, if an object like an elephant
sits in a wagon and an object like a mouse sits in another wagon, the elephant wagon will need more
net force to set it into motion from rest (accelerate it) than the mouse wagon. Once the elephant wagon
is in motion, it will require more net force to slow it down (decelerate it) than the mouse wagon. Mass
and inertia are directly proportional. The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has, and the
less mass an object has, the less inertia it has.

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Activity 1.1 Understanding Inertia

Directions: Study the given situation and answer the given questions below. Situation 1: The
bus moves suddenly from rest.

1. What do you see in the picture?

2. What happened to the passengers if the bus suddenly moves from rest?

3. What do you think about the causes of such a movement?

Situation 2: Riding on a bus suddenly stops.

4. What do you see in the picture?

5. What happened to the passengers as the bus suddenly moves from rest?

6. What do you think about the causes of such a movement?

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Activity 1.2 Demonstrating Inertia
After performing the activity, you should be able to:

1. Demonstrate the law of inertia

2. Describe the relationship between mass and inertia
3. Explain the law of Inertia

Materials:
empty glass 5-peso coins (5 pcs or more)
cardboard plastic ruler 1 peso coin

Procedure
Coin Drop
1. Arrange the setup as shown in the figure.
2. Slowly pull the cardboard with your hand and observe what happens.
3. Arrange again the setup as shown. This time quickly flick the cardboard with your finger.
Observe again what happens.
• What happens when you slowly pulled the cardboard? Explain.

• What happens when you flicked the cardboard? Explain.

What is the role of mass in this activity?

• How do you describe the applied force in this setup?

Stack of Coins
1. Stack the coins on a flat level surface.
2. Quickly hit the coin at the bottom with the edge of the ruler.
What happens when you hit the coin at the bottom? Why is this so?

What is the role of mass of the coin and gravity in this activity?

• How do you describe the applied force in this setup?

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Mass and Inertia
One bucket is filled with sand while the other bucket is empty.
Then, both buckets are pushed.

Based on the given bucket which one has more mass?

Which bucket has greater inertia?

Which bucket do you think is more difficult to move? Explain.

Based on the given activity, explain what inertia is.

Adapted from Science 8 Learner’s Materials page 11

and https://www.lakeshorelearning.com/assets/media/product_guides/DD354.pdf
For further information on the First law of motion, you may watch the video using the link.
https://youtu.be/LEHR8YQNm_Q

Directions: Complete the following statements.

1. Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the LAW OF _________________.

2. Newton’s first law says that
a. an object that IS NOT MOVING, or is at , will stay at ________________________,
AND
b. an object that IS MOVING will keep moving with constant
, which means at the same and in the same , UNLESS
c. an _________ force acts on that object.

3. What is inertia?

4. What property of an object determines how much inertia it has?

5. Which of the following has more inertia?

a. Bowling ball or tennis ball

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b. Hammer or feather

c. An elephant or A horse

d. Jeepney or A tricycle

https://www.nwasco.k12.or.us/cms/lib04/OR01001464/Centricity/Domain/97/Newton_s%
20laws%20worksheet.pdf

Learners Signature: _________________ Parents/Guardian Signature: __________________ Teachers

Comments:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Lesson

2 Law of Acceleration
In this lesson, you will find out the concept of Newton’s Second Law of Motion. It will also
provide you concepts that will enable you to apply the concept of the second law of motion in our
daily life.

Guess What?
Direction: Supply the following with the appropriate answer.

First Law of Motion: Law of (1)

A body at (2) will (3) , a body in motion will (4) at a constant velocity unless acted upon by
(5) .

The two factors that affects inertia are ( 6) and the (7)
force. (8) allows object to stay at rest while (9) enable
object to move. Remember that the (10) the mass, the greater the .

What’s the Sense?

Paper Ball Race
Objective: Describe the relationship between mass and acceleration
Materials:
Scratch Papers / News Paper A small stool /
box Scotch tape A plank of
wood
5pcs gravel stone Timer
Procedure:

1. Using scratch paper or newspaper and scotch tape, make a ball that is about the size of your
fist. The first ball is made from a pure paper, label it as ball A. The second ball will be made
by placing the gravel stone enclosed inside of the paper ball, label it as ball B.
2. Start to mount the setup. Refer to the illustration below.
3. Release the ball roll at the same time and observe what will happen.

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B
A

Guide Questions:

1. What have you noticed about the two balls that you made?

2. Which ball able to move/ accelerate faster? Explain your answer.

3. What causes the difference in the acceleration of the two balls?

4. What do you think is the relationship between the mass and the acceleration of the ball?

SECOND LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF ACCELERATION

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net

force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing
forces are not balanced. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent
upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The
acceleration of an object
depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the
object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the
acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the
object is decreased.
Forces are unbalanced

Reference : https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesso n -3/Newto n-s -Se c on d-La w

Acceleration
depends inversely
on the object’s mass
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Calculating the Second Law

This line means

Multiplication
What if Force is missing?

Sample Problem:
A 10kg body has an acceleration of 2 m/s². Find the net force (F) acting on the body.
Given: Formula: Solution:
m= 10Kg F=mxa F = 10Kg x 2 m/s²

a = 2 m/s²

F=? Answer: 20 Kg 2 m/s² or 20 N

What if Acceleration is missing?

Sample Problem:
A force of 5000 Newtons is applied to a 1200 kg car at rest. What is its acceleration?

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Sample Problem:
An object accelerates 3.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass of the
object?

For further information about the Second law of motion, you may watch the video presentation using the link.
https://youtu.be/ZvPrn3aBQG8

Activity 2.1 Force and Acceleration

Objective: Describe the relationship between force and acceleration Materials:
Sipa
Additional washer Procedure:
1. Play sipa
(First Situation: Play sipa using the normal amount of force)
(Second Situation: Play sipa then apply more force to king the sipa as much as you
can).
2. This time add two washer and perform second situation
3. Add another washer and perform the second situation
Guide Questions:
1. What have you noticed about the sipa as you add more washer?
______________________________________________________
2. What have you noticed about the velocity of the sipa when you perform situation no
1 and 2?

3. What happened in the velocity of sipa when you add one washer? 1 more washer?

4. What do you think is the relationship between the force and the acceleration of the
sipa?

Based on the given activity, explain the second law of motion.

Learners Signature: _________________ Parents/Guardian Signature: __________________ Teachers

Comments:

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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Activity 2.2 Force and Acceleration

Objective: Describe the relationship between force and acceleration Materials:

Pen, paper, and calculator

Procedure:
Solve the following problem systematically. Write your answer below each number.
1. An empty truck with a mass of 2500kg has an engine that will accelerate at a rate of
1.5 m/s². What will the force be if the truck is carrying an additional load of 1500kg?

2. A force of 700 newtons is applied to a 600 kg bowling ball. What is the acceleration
of the bowling ball once the force is applied?
3. A baseball weighs 2.5 kg after it is hit with a bat it has an acceleration of 36 m/s².
How much force was used to make the ball travel that fast?

4. An object accelerates 12.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is
the mass of the object?

5. An object accelerates 5.0 m/s2 when a force of 20.0 newtons is applied to it. What
is the mass of the object?

Directions: Complete the following statements.

1. Newton’s second law of motion is also known as the LAW OF

.
2. Newton’s second law says that when an force is applied to a
, it causes it to .
3. The greater the force that is applied, the the acceleration.
4. The lesser the force that is applied, the the acceleration.
5. If the same force is applied to an object with a large mass, it will have a acceleration.
6. If the same force is applied to an object with a small mass, it will have a acceleration.
7. The equation that is used to solve second law problems is F = ma.
a. What does each of the variables mean?
F=
a=
b. What unit of measurement must be used with each variable?
F=
a=

Learners Signature: _________________ Parents/Guardian Signature: __________________ Teachers

Comments:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Directions: Match each definition with the correct term.

Definitions Terms
1. acceleration due to gravity a. acceleration
2. formula for weight b. weight
3. formula for acceleration c. direct relationship
4. the measure of the force of gravity pulling on an object
d.
5. type of relationship between acceleration and mass e. inverse relationship
6. the measure of the change in velocity of a moving object f.
7. type of relationship between acceleration and force g. 9.8 m/s2

Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.

1. _______ occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

2. The acceleration of an object is determined by the net force acting on the object and the object’s
_____ .
3. Newton’s second law of motion shows that there is a direct relationship between acceleration and .
4. One newton is the force needed to cause a 1-kilogram mass to accelerate at ________.
5. There is a(n) relationship between an object’s weight and its mass.
6. To calculate weight from acceleration and mass, mass must be expressed in ________.
7. An object’s acceleration is zero when the net force acting on the object is __________.

Directions: Explain how the law of acceleration is applied with the illustration below.

https://pxhere.com/en/photo/145848
3

https://cdn7.dissolve.com/p/D985_52_2
4 9/D985_52_249_1200.jpg

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Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the BEST answer.

1. An object is accelerating when it

A. speeds up. C. slows down.
B. changes direction. D. any of the above
2. Newton’s second law of motion relates an object’s acceleration to
A. its mass. C. its velocity.
B. the net force acting on it. D. two of the above
3. Doubling the net force acting on an object
A. doubles its acceleration.
B. decreases its acceleration.
C. cuts its acceleration in half.
D. does not affect its acceleration.
4. If you push a 20-kilogram mass with a force of 40 N, what will be the object’s acceleration?
A. A. 40 m/s2 C. 20 m/s2
B. B.10 m/s2 D. 2 m/s2
5. Which units can be used to express force?
A. N.m C. kg/s2
B. kg • m/s2 D. two of the above
6. If you know the mass of an object, you can calculate its weight
with the formula

A.
B.
C.
D.
7. Newton’s first law of motion states than an object’s motion will not change unless
A. the net force acting on it is greater than zero.
B. a force continues to be applied to the object.
C. its inertia is stronger than the applied force.
D. the object has no inertia.
8. Overcoming an object’s inertia always requires a(n) __________ A. large mass.
B. massive force.
C. unbalanced force.
D. two of the above.
9. It is more difficult to start a 50-kg box sliding across the floor than a 5-kg box because the 50-kg
box has a greater __________
A. size.
B. inertia.
C. volume.
D. velocity.
10. Once an object starts moving along a clear path, it would keep moving at the same velocity if it were
not for __________ A. inertia.
B. friction.
C. an unbalanced force.
D. two of the above

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11. An object’s velocity will not change unless it is acted on by a(n) __________ A. net force.
B. strong force.
C. unbalanced force.
D. opposite but equal force.
12. The direction of a moving object will not change if the net force acting on it is A. greater
than zero.
B. less than zero.
C. zero.
D. two of the above
13. Which of the following describes the relationship between mass and acceleration?
A. Directly Proportion
B. Inversely Proportion
C. Direct Square Proportion D. Inversely Square Proportion
14. How does mass affect inertia?
A. The greater the mass the lesser the inertia.
B. The greater the mass the greater the inertia.
C. The lesser the inertia the greater the mass.
D. The greater the mass the greater the inertia and friction.
15. How does force be related to the acceleration of a moving object?
A. As the force applied increases the acceleration also increases when the mass is
constant.
B. As the force applied increases the acceleration decreases when the mass is constant.
C. As the force applied increases and acceleration also increases.
D. As the force applied decreases the acceleration also decreases.

Develop a written plan and implement a “Newton’s Olympics”

(You may develop games that show concepts of the first and second law of motion)
CATEGORY 5 4 3 2

Explanations by Explanations by Explanations by Explanations

all group all group most group by several
members members members members of
indicate a clear indicate a indicate a the group do
and accurate relatively relatively not illustrate
Scientific understanding accurate accurate much
Knowledge of scientific understanding understanding understanding
principles of scientific of scientific of scientific
underlying the principles principles principles
construction underlying the underlying the underlying the
and construction construction construction
modifications. and and and
modifications. modifications. modifications.

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Accurate Accurate
information is Accurate information is Information is
Information taken from information is taken from a taken from only
Gathering several sources taken from a couple of one source
in a systematic couple of sources but not and/or
manner. sources systematically. information not
systematically. accurate.

Plan The plan is neat The plan is neat The plan does
with clear with clear The plan not show
measurements measurements provides clear measurements
and labeling and labeling measurements clearly or is
and labeling otherwise
for all for most for most inadequately
components. components. components. labeled.

Appropriate Appropriate
materials were materials were Inappropriate
selected and selected and Appropriate materials were
Materials creatively there was an materials were selected and
modified in attempt at a selected. contributed to a
ways that made creative product that
them even modification to performed
better. make them even poorly.
better.

Journal
provides a
complete Journal Journal Journal
record of provides a provides quite provides very
planning, complete record a bit of detail little detail
Journal/Log construction, of planning, about planning, about several
- Content testing, construction, construction, aspects of the
modifications, testing, testing, planning,
reasons for modifications, modifications, construction,
modifications, and reasons for and reasons for and testing
and some modifications. modifications. process.
reflection
about the
strategies
used and the
results.

Learners Signature: _________________ Parents/Guardian Signature: ______________ Teachers

Comments:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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Reference
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Balancedand-
Unbalanced-Forces
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-
First-
Law#:~:text=The%20focus%20of%20Lesson%201,upon%20by%20an%20unbalanced%
20force. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-
Law
Science 8 Learners Materials page 11
Worksheets
https://www.nwasco.k12.or.us/cms/lib04/OR01001464/Centricity/Domain/97/New
ton_s%20laws%20worksheet.pdf
https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/1754/EFM -
Workbook-for-Students_b_v6_6s7_s1.pdf
Photos
https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1458483
https://cdn7.dissolve.com/p/D985_52_249/D985_52_249_1200.jpg

Videos https://youtu.be/LEHR8YQNm_Q
https://youtu.be/ZvPrn3aBQG8