17011BA015-Sruthi Thesis Final

URBAN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESILIENT PLANNING – |A CASE OF KUKATPALLY WARD|

PLANNING THESIS

ON

EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF JAWAHAR NAGAR

DUMPSITE BY INCORPORATING ALTERNATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
Prepared in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING)
By
K.S.S. SRUTHI
17011BA015
Under the supervision of
Ms. P. Dhruvitha
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING
HYDERABAD, TELANGANA - 500 028

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
JNAFAU
Mahavir Marg, Hyderabad – 500028
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

CERTIFICATE
I/We certify that the Final Thesis entitled

“EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF JAWAHAR NAGAR DUMPSITE BY INCORPORATING ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES”
Submitted by Mr. /Ms. K.S.S SRUTHI bearing Roll No.
17011BA015 on 28th July 2021 in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Planning) of this
University is a bonafide work to the best of my/our knowledge and may be placed before
the Examination Board for their consideration.
Ms.P.DHRUVITHA Mr. M. SIDDHARTHA

Thesis Guide Project Coordinator
MRS. E. SANDHYA REDDY External Examiner

Head of the Department, URP
DR. S. KUMAR
Principal, SPA
ii
PLANNING THESIS GOUTHAM NETHI | 17011BA039| B TECH PLANNING
DECLARATION
I here declare that this thesis is a presentation of my original research work. Wherever
contributions of others are involved credits are given. Every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with the
references to the literature, and acknowledgement of collaborative research and
discussion. This Thesis work was done under the guidance of Ms.P.Dhruvitha at
Department of Urban and Regional Planning of Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture
And Fine Arts University, Hyderabad.
I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge
K.S.S.Sruthi
SPA, JNAFAU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis guide Ms.P.Dhruvitha, she has
supported me throughout my semester. I would also like to acknowledge Mrs. Sandhya
Reddy HOD, Urban & Regional Planning, School of Planning and Architecture,
JNAFAU as I am gratefully indebted to her for her very valuable comments/ feedback on
this thesis.
Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and to my dearest
friend’s SPA, JNAFAU for providing me with unfailing support and continuous
encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and
writing this thesis and it was a both learning and a fun-filled experience that I would cherish for
a long time.
K.S.S.Sruthi
SPA, JNAFAU
ABSTRACT
ISWM system has inbuilt mechanisms to handle wastes in an eco-friendly manner as well as
meet energy requirements to a considerable extent. There has been an increasing awareness in
the developing countries about the hazardous threats of wastes on quality of life. It is evident
that smart cities are exposed to complex and diverse urban issues which are in the ever
increasing order. In this context, adopting innovative and newer technologies to decrease the
load of toxins on environment is becoming quintessential. The benefits of treating wastes as
renewable energy are significant. Providing adequate number of dustbins (for both bio
degradable and non-biodegradable wastes separately), regular collection of wastes, adopting
modern garbage management techniques, recruitment and training of staffs, covered vehicles
for transportation of wastes, regular monitoring of city sights, promoting awareness about
waste management amongst public, conducting waste management programs in schools and
colleges, promoting eco-friendly products in the market, arranging regular meetings of
residents within communities are some of the steps to be aimed for cleaner, safer and healthier
smart cities. However, challenges to be faced would be in terms of co-ordination of
community groups, citizens, private sectors; funding prospects; cost of ISWM installation
units.
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EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF JAWAHAR NAGAR DUMPSITE BY INCORPORATING ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………… ……… iii
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… …. iv
List Of Figures ………………………………………………………………………viii
List Of Tables ……………………………………………………………………… xi
List Of Graphs ……………………………………………………………………… x
Glossary Of Abbreviations ………………………………………………… …….xi
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Aim ........................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................. 12
1.3 Need for the study. ................................................................................... 12
1.4 Scope of the study .................................................................................... 12
1.5 Limitations ............................................................................................... 12
1.6 Expected outcomes................................................................................... 12
1.7 Methodology ............................................................................................ 13
2 Literature Review................................................................................... 14
2.1 Municipal solid waste (msw) ................................................................... 16
2.2 Importance: .............................................................................................. 16
2.3 The sustainable waste management hierarchy ......................................... 17
2.4 Overall status of solid Waste sector in India ........................................... 18
2.5 Technologies avaiable in india ................................................................. 18
2.5.1 Pyrolysis .......................................................................................... 18
2.5.2 Gasification ..................................................................................... 19
2.5.3 Incineration ..................................................................................... 19
2.5.4 Biomethanation ............................................................................... 19
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PLANNING THESIS K.S.S. SRUTHI | 17011BA015| B TECH PLANNING|2021|
3 Desktop studies ....................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 PYROLYSIS ................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 GASIFICATION – A CASE FROM CHINA ................................. 21
3.1.3 Landfill Gas Recovery technique - Cases of USA, Taiwan, Phuket,

Hong Kong and South Korea ................................................................... 22
3.2 One of the best practices of roads and circulation patterns- plastic roads,
Bangalore 23
3.3 Biomethanation plant at koyambedu wholesale vegetable market .......... 24
3.3.1 City Profile ..................................................................................... 24
3.3.2 Governance structures..................................................................... 24
3.3.3 Waste generation and management at koyambedu Market ............. 25
3.3.4 Installation of the Biomethanation Plant ......................................... 26
3.3.5 Logistics and Operations ................................................................. 26
3.3.6 Sustainability and Transferability ................................................... 27
3.3.7 Key Outcomes ................................................................................. 28
4 Study area selection criteria .................................................................. 28
5 Study Area .............................................................................................. 30
5.1 Introduction to GHMC ............................................................................. 30
5.2 Demographic profile ................................................................................ 31
5.3 Solid waste management -ghmc............................................................... 33
5.4 Collection of municipal solid waste ......................................................... 35
5.5 Collection of municipal solid waste ......................................................... 37
5.6 Source of waste ........................................................................................ 38
5.7 Spatial distribution of waste ..................................................................... 39
5.8 Current senario in msw collection (GHMC ) ........................................... 40
5.9 17 transfer stations in ghmc ..................................................................... 42
6
5.10 Jawahar nagar project ............................................................................... 43
5.11 Observations from the vicnity .................................................................. 48
5.12 Observations ............................................................................................. 50
6 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 51
6.1 SOURCE .................................................................................................. 51
6.2 TRANSFER STATIONS ......................................................................... 51
6.3 COLLECTION ......................................................................................... 51
6.4 JAWAHAR NAGAR DUMPAYAD ....................................................... 51
7 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 51
.................................................................................................................................... 53
8 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 53
7
List of figures
Table 1: Circle Wise Number Of Households And Commercials .........................................................36
Table 2:Source Of Waste .......................................................................................................................38
Table 3: Transfer Station Of GHMC......................................................................................................40
Table 4: Percentage Of Quantites In Each Transfer Station...................................................................42
8
List of graphs
graph 1: Urban Population ....................................................................................................................14
Graph 2: Trend Of Municipal Solid Waste ...........................................................................................33
Graph 3: Infrastructure On Swm ...........................................................................................................33
Graph 4: Man Power .............................................................................................................................34
Graph 5: Population And Waste Projections .........................................................................................34
Graph 6: Number Of Households In Ghmc ..........................................................................................35
Graph 7: Number Of Commercial In Ghmc ..........................................................................................35
Graph 8: Source Of Waste ....................................................................................................................38
Graph 9: Spatial Distribution Of Waste ................................................................................................39
Graph 10 Quantity Of Msw In Past 3 Years .........................................................................................41
Graph 11: Waste Treatment -2018 ........................................................................................................46
Graph 14: Soil Quality ..........................................................................................................................49
Graph 15: Water Quality .......................................................................................................................49
9
List of Tables
Figure 1: Municipal Solid Waste ...........................................................................................................16
Figure 2: Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy ............................................................................17
Figure 5.1: Location Map Of Ghmc .......................................................................................................30
Figure 4: On Site- Jawahar Nagar Dump Yard ......................................................................................43
Figure 5:On Site- Jawahar Nagar Dump Yard .......................................................................................43
Figure 8: Foot Print Of Dumpyard .........................................................................................................44
Figure 9: Rdf ..........................................................................................................................................45
Figure 10: Waste To Energy Plant .........................................................................................................45
Figure 11: Compost Plant.......................................................................................................................46
Figure 12: Vicinity Observation .............................................................................................................48
Figure 13: Vicinity Observation .............................................................................................................48
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Glossary of Abbreviations
SWM- Solid waste management
TPD- tones per day
GHMC- Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
RDF- Refused Derived Fuel
CMDA- Chennai municipal development authority
TS- Transfer station
PPP- Public private partnership
HH- households
MSW- Municipal solid waste
IMSW-Integrated municipal solid waste
DRCS- Recycling Units
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim
To study and recommend alternative approaches in Jawahar Nager dump yard for efficient
management of solid waste
1.2 Objectives
1. To understand the present situation of management of municipal solid waste in Hyderabad city
2. To study and understand the municipal solid waste management practices and techniques
3. To study the gaps and recommend alternative approaches in Jawahar Nager dump yard
4. To identify the cost effective techniques used to covert municipal solid waste to energy
1.3 Need for the study.

The development of mega cities with irregular and unorganized growth of population, throwing a big
challenge in solid waste management and Traditionally the dumping of waste due to lack of
infrastructure and inappropriate technologies
1.4 Scope of the study
Study approach would be to understand municipal solid waste of Hyderabad, and understand
on how the solid waste is being effectively managed in Jawahar Nagar dump site.
1.5 Limitations
The study is restricted to GHMC limits.
1.6 Expected outcomes

To identify the gaps in solid waste management in GHMC and recommend suitable solutions mainly
focusing on function of Jawahar Nagar dump yard
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1.7 Methodology
13
2 Literature Review
▪ The growth of urbanization in India is basically through two ways, one is through increase in
the urban population, which will be natural and the second one is through migration, which is
result of people migrating from rural to urban areas and also from small towns/cities to big
metros.
▪ The economic growth was more of urban growth, which led to rapid migration of rural
population to urban areas.
▪ In the year 1951, only five cities are having population of more than one million, which
increase to 53 cities in 2011 and it was estimated that by 2031, it will be 70 cities in the
country with million populations. Similarly, three cities are having more than 10 million
populations in the year 2011, and it was estimated that six cities will be having 10 million
populations by 2031
Graph 1: URBAN POPULATION
PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION

35 31.16
30 25.72
25 19.91
20 17.29 27.78
11.99
15 10.29 23.33
17.97
10
13.86
5 10.84 11.19
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001* 2011
▪ Increasing urbanization and the concentration of the population are associated with increasing
issues in cities and towns, such as high population density, traffic congestion, pollution, slums,
rise in urban poverty, environmental degradation, shortage of housing, civic services and
infrastructure etc.
▪ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) which bear the primary responsibility of providing basic civic
amenities are experiencing a number of constraints such as poor revenues, inefficient
organizational and human resources, lack of supportive environment etc.
▪ Hence, ULBs are not in a position to discharge their responsibilities effectively to improve
service levels.
▪ Urbanization directly contributes to waste generation, and unscientific waste handling causes
health hazards and urban environment degradation. Waste Management is now a problem not
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only of urban areas but also in semi-urban and rural areas. Waste lying on roadsides, low lying
areas and vacant places, outside drainages etc. not only mars the aesthetic beauty of that place
but is a serious health and environmental hazards to the people. Animal feeding on this waste
and consuming all polythene and hazardous waste mixed with kitchen waste is a serious health
hazard for them. Though solid waste management now exists in metropolitan cities but it is far
away in semi-urban and rural areas creating all environmental and health hazards to the
residents of those areas. Major weaknesses associated with solid waste management (SWM)
system in India are
▪ Now we are 1.21 billion (census 2011) and are rapidly increasing. Newly urbanized areas and
semi-urban areas are already feeling burden of population and accordingly civic services and
waste management is coming as a challenge in these areas. There is no system of Integrated
Waste Management (ISWM) here and waste is increasing day by day with increase in
population and increase in per capita waste generation rate due to changing lifestyles, increase
in income and consumerism.
▪ As civic bodies give very low priority to SWM accordingly very less budget is assigned for it.
Whatever funds are assigned they are only for waste collection and transportation and not for
treatment or recycling. According to one estimate 90% of total fund is assigned for collection
and rest for transportation hence no fund left for treatment of waste.
▪ If we leave big metropolitan cities, in India there is no specifically designed landfill sites in
class II and class III cities to dump the waste. Equipment used for collection, transportation of
waste are very old and the only method to recycle the waste is incineration which creates
serious health and environmental hazards when all mixed waste is burned. Societal Apathy:
Since the social status assigned to SWM is very low and people think it as a degraded task,
they tend to throw their waste wherever they find a vacant and lonely place, outside bins,
alongside road etc. so the work of collecting staff increases manifold and the result is waste is
scattered here and there. Even if it is cleaned one day people again fill it in few days
converting it to dumpsite.
▪ Solid waste is defined as discarded solid fractions, generated from domestic units, trade
centres, commercial establishments, industries, and agriculture, institutions, public
services and mining activities. Characteristics of waste vary based on place of
generation and season in which it is generated. The Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organisation, the technical wing of Ministry of Urban
Development has classified solid waste in fourteen categories based on source, origin and
type of waste. These include domestic waste, municipal waste, commercial waste,
institutional waste, garbage, rubbish, ashes, bulky waste, street sweepings, dead animals,
15
construction and demolition waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste and sewage waste
(CPHEEO, 2000).
▪ A solid waste management (SWM) system includes collection, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
2.1 Municipal solid waste (msw)
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), commonly known as garbage or trash is a waste from everyday
items that is discarded by us. Our daily activities give rise to a variety of solid wastes of different
physicochemical characteristics, which harm the surroundings unless properly managed and
processed.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a complex process which involves various stages such
as storage, collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, resource recovery and disposal
Figure 1: municipal solid waste
2.2 Importance:
▪ With rapid population expansion and constant economic development, waste generation both
in residential as well as commercial/industrial areas continues to grow rapidly, putting
pressure on society's ability to process and dispose of this material.
▪ Also, inappropriately managed solid waste streams can pose a significant risk to health and
environmental concerns.
▪ Improper waste handling in conjunction with uncontrolled waste dumping can cause a broad
range of problems, including polluting water, attracting rodents and insects, as well as
increasing floods due to blockage in drains
Proper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and
environmental quality. It is a labour-intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-quarters of
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the total cost of solid-waste management
2.3 The sustainable waste management hierarchy

• Waste hierarchy is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that protects the
environment alongside resource and energy consumption from most favorable to least
favorable actions.
• The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on sustainability. To be

sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and
an integrated approach is necessary.
• The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and
to generate the minimum amount of waste.
It can help prevent emissions of greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, save energy, conserves
resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green technologies
Figure 2: SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
REUSE
Reuse is a waste reduction strategy where a product is used for the same or new purpose without
undergoing a physical change.
RECYCLE
Recycling provides the opportunity to reclaim valuable resources and to minimize the amount of waste
placed in landfills. Recycling diverts materials (such as metal, glass, plastic and paper) from final
waste disposal back into the consumer market and contributes to considerable energy savings in the
manufacturing of new products made from recycled feedstock
Recycling may also help defray potential cost escalation for solid waste collection and disposal.
ENERGY RECOVERY
The process of waste-to-energy (WTE) involves the capture of energy from trash. This is
accomplished through a variety of approaches, including waste incineration, pyrolization, anaerobic,
17
digestion, gasification and landfill gas recovery.

DISPOSAL
Disposal is the final option in the waste hierarchy, however, a key component of integrated waste
management. Landfills are the most common approach to disposal, with the design, operation and end-
of-life requirements strictly controlled
2.4 Overall status of solid Waste sector in India

Urban areas in India generate more than 1,00,000 MT of waste per day (CPHEEO,
2000). A large metropolis such as Mumbai generates about 7000 MT of waste per day
(MCGM, 2014), Bangalore generates about 5000 MT (BBMP, 2014)and other large cities
such as Pune and Ahmedabad generate waste in the range of 1600-3500 MT per day
(PMC, 2014). Collecting, processing, transporting and disposing this municipal solid
waste (MSW) is the responsibility of urban local bodies (ULBs) in India. Most local
bodies are struggling to provide efficient waste management services to citizens. The
coverage and efficiency of waste collection is still low; waste is collected in open
trucks in an unsafe and insanitary manner; there is limited waste recovery and pro-
cessing; and the waste is often dumped indiscriminately at open dump sites without
leachate treatment (HPEC, 2011). Improper waste management has led to worsening
sanitation conditions in urban areas. Recent events such as closing of landfills in Pune
and Bangalore and processing plant in Thiruvananthapuram following protests by
villagers highlight the severe impact of poor waste management on public health and
environment.
2.5 Technologies avaiable in india

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to recover the energy from the waste in the form of Electricity
and Biogas/Syngas are given as below:
1. Biomethanation
2. Incineration
3. Gasification
4. Pyrolysis
2.5.1 Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials in the absence of oxygen, producing a
mixture of combustible gases (primarily methane, complex hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon
monoxide), liquids and solid residues. The products of pyrolysis process are:
(i) a gas mixture;
18
(ii) a liquid (bio-oil/tar);
(iii) a solid residue (carbon black).
The gas generated by either of these processes can be used in boilers to provide heat, or it can be
cleaned up and used in combustion turbine generators. The purpose of pyrolysis of waste is to
minimize emissions and to maximize the gain.
2.5.2 Gasification
Gasification is a process that uses high temperatures (500-1800o C) in the presence of limited amounts
of oxygen to decompose materials to produce synthetic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and
hydrogen (H2)). Biomass, agro-residues, Segregated MSW and RDF pellets are used in the gasifier to
produce Syngas. This gas further can be used for thermal or power generation purposes
The purpose of gasification of waste is to generate power more efficiently at lower power level (<
2MW) and also to minimize emissions and hence it is an attractive alternative for the thermal
treatment of solid waste.
2.5.3 Incineration
• Incineration technology is complete combustion of waste (Municipal Solid Waste or Refuse
derived fuel) with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through
steam turbines.
• The flue gases produced in the boilers have to be treated by an elaborate air pollution control
system. The resultant ash from incineration of solid waste can be used as construction material
after necessary processing while the residue can be safely disposed of in a landfill.
This technology is well established technology and has been deployed in many projects successfully at
commercial level in India to treat solid wastes like Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial solid Waste
etc. and generate electricity
2.5.4 Biomethanation
• Biomethanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted into
biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bacterial fermentation process that operates without free
oxygen and results in a biogas containing mostly methane (~60%), carbon dioxide (~40%) and
other gases. Biomethanation has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end
product.
• This technology can be conveniently employed in a decentralized manner for biodegradation

of segregated organic wet wastes such as wastes from kitchens, canteens, institutions, hotels,
and slaughter houses and vegetables markets.
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• The biogas generated from Biomethanation process can be burned directly in a

gas boiler/burner to produce heat for thermal application industries and cooking or burnt in a
gas engine to produce electricity. Alternatively, the biogas can be cleaned to remove the
carbon dioxide and other substances, to produce Bio CNG. This can be injected into the
national gas grid to be used in the same way as natural gas, or used as a vehicle fuel.
By using Biomethanation process, 20-25kgs of Cattle dung can generate about 1m3 of biogas and
further 1m3 of Biogas has potential to generate 2 units of electricity or 0.4kgs of Bio CNG
3 Desktop studies
3.1.1 Pyrolysis
• Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid waste using high temperatures of 3000 C to 18000
C under the absence of oxygen. Before feeding the stock, heterogeneity of solid wastes are
considered by segregation. Hence, waste needs to be pre-treated by mechanical separation of
glass, metals, plastics, organic wastes etc.
• This method is commonly used to produce charcoal from wood. At 3000 C with reduced
oxygen or absence of oxygen, the process of thermal decomposition of organic wastes occurs
within heated chambers. At 8000 C in a non-reactive atmosphere the final products of solid,
liquid and gas fuels are obtained. Primary pyrolysis reactions are those which occur in the
initial stages of thermal decomposition and secondary pyrolysis treatments are those which
occur upon further heat treatment.
• The process of pyrolysis is accomplished in the absence of oxygen. This technology produces
carbon char and inorganic materials (ash) that remain as solids. Synthetic gas commonly
known as syngas, produced during this method contains some particulate materials like fly ash
mainly composed of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In a recent
study, it is found that cleaned syngas can be used in place of natural gas for energy production.
• In an experiment at Bangladesh to implement the process of thermal treatment by using waste

paper as feedstock, liquid oil, solid char and gas were obtained at the temperature of 4500 C .
In addition to that, air emissions from using the syngas are substantially similar to those with
natural gas.
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Figure 3: pyrolysis
3.1.2 Gasification – a case from china

• Gasification process of thermal technology involves partial oxidation to produce fuel gas.
More recently, gasification has been applied to power generation at two large integrated
gasification combined cycle power plants in China and other developed countries. There are
two types of gasification:
(1) Conventional gasification and
(2) Plasma gasification.
Conventional gasification takes place at 8000 C to 12500 C; whereas, plasma gasification takes place at
several thousand degrees centigrade. Several smart cities have adopted plasma gasification units
consisting of rotary kiln, fixed bed, entrained fluidized bed, plasma reactor, vertical shaft and moving
grate furnace which can reduce waste mass up to 90%
Figure 4: glasification
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• In plasma gasification, the plasma arc torches which gets formed due to heat source of
gasifier, creates an electric arc to produce syngas.
• Thus, variable particle size, consisting of coarse lumps and fine powders with minimum
preparation of feedstock can be accepted by plasma gasification which forms the major
advantage and innovative aspect of this thermal treatment method.
• It is observed that waste can swell significantly during thermal treatments, and therefore.
Advanced Fuel Research, Incorporation (AFR) recommends designing heat chambers to be
oversized in relative to volume of waste.
• State-of-the-art commercial plasma technologies can produce hydrogen rich syngas used in
electricity generation .
3.1.3 Landfill Gas Recovery technique - Cases of USA, Taiwan, Phuket, Hong
Kong and South Korea
Landfill Gas Recovery (LGR) technique is an innovative technology where energy is recovered
from landfills of wastes. Methane and carbon- di- oxide is produced due to the complex reactions
of microorganisms in landfills, which is used in production of energy. LGR technique is
considered to be pro environment as the potential GHG methane is used in the production of
electricity and emission to environment is prevented.
Landfill gas utilizations in generation of electricity are gaining importance in the developed world.
Biogas which is produced from landfill is rich in methane and hence used in production of heat
and energy in cogeneration plants. Western countries like USA and UK have adopted this
technology.
In USA, for example, modern regulated landfills collect approximately 2.6 million tons of
methane producing heat and electricity with a capacity up to 50 MW turbine generators. Taiwan
has adopted four LGR plants and production of electricity is reported as constant with energy
efficiency of 25% . It is also reported that GHG emissions reduced substantially contributing
towards environmental benefits.
In a study at Phuket to investigate the holistic impact of integrated MSWM system on GHG
emission, it is concluded that the introduction of LGR plant had major impact on GHG emissions
and electricity production was attainable with utilization of landfill residues
In another study at South Korea to estimate the GHG emissions by using MSW as renewable
energy, it was concluded that the reduction in GHG emissions and power generation is achievable
by WTE technologies in combination with right temperature and landfill residues. In South Asia,
Hong Kong has launched a trigeneration scheme of landfill gas which is the synergy of
environmental protection and energy production .
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Figure 5: landfill recovery techniques
3.2 One of the best practices of roads and circulation patterns- plastic roads, Bangalore
India’s Silicon Valley produces some 5,000 tonnes of waste a day, of which 1,500 tonnes are
plastic. Only 25% goes for recycling and the rest is dumped in land fill or burnt, generating
greenhouse gas emissions.
CONCEPT: The roads constructed using waste plastic, popularly known as Plastic Roads, are found
to perform better compared to those constructed with conventional bitumen. Plastic roads mainly use
plastic carry bags, disposable cups and bottles that are collected from garbage dumps as an important
ingredient of the construction material. plastics melt to form an oily coat over the aggregate which is
mixed with hot bitumen, and the mixture is laid on the road surface like a normal tar road.
BENEFITS OF WASTE PLASTIC ROADS:-
✓Environmental benefits
✓MSWM (Municipal Solid Waste Management)
✓Employment Generation
✓Better resistance towards rain water and water stagnation.
✓The strength of the road is increased by 100%.
✓The cost of road construction is also decreased.
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STEP2: now bitumen, a

STEP 1: plastic waste
petroleum waste product is
(bags,cups,bottles)made of PE,PP etc.
heated to160C to have good
cut into 2.66mm size by shredding
binding and prevent weak
machine which is heated to165C
bonding.
STEP4:: This resultant mix is

STEP3: At the mixing
now used for road
chamber the shredded plastic
construction. The road laying
is mixed with bitumen and
temperature is 100C-110C and
within 30 sec it gives an oily
rollers are used of 8 tone
look.
capacity.
Achievements: The plastic model was successful on major roads in Bangalore, including Shankar
Mutt Road, K H Road, M G Road (towards Trinity Circle), J C Nagar Road, Millers Road and
Cunningham Road, inner ring road, Rajarajeshwari Junction, Mysore Bangalore state highway.
3.3 Biomethanation plant at koyambedu wholesale vegetable market
3.3.1 City Profile

Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu is the fourth largest metropolitan city in India and
is a prominent industrial and commercial centre in South India. As per the Census of India
(2011), the current population of Chennai city is close to 46 Lakh (46,81,087), however the
city has a much larger urban agglom- eration. The Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)
comprises the city of Chennai, 16 Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and 214 Village
Panchayats in 10 Panchayat Unions, and is spread over an area of 1189 sq km. The
population of the Chennai Metropoli- tan Area is above 86 Lakh (86,96,010).
3.3.2 Governance structures
The Corporation of Chennai (CoC) is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai.
The governing body includes the Mayor and over 200 councilors each of whom represents
one of the 200 wards of the city. The executive wing is headed by the Commissioner.
There are Deputy Commissioners and heads of departments who are in charge of various
municipal services and infrastructure provision. The CoC has a decentralized structure
of governance in line with the 74th Amendment Act. There are 15 Zonal Officers each
responsible for administering one of the 15 zones in the city. In addition to CoC, there are
24
several other state-level statutory bodies involved in planning, development and

management functions in the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the chief being the Chennai
Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA).
CMDA was constituted as an ad-hoc body in 1972 and became a statutory body in 1974
vide the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971. The primary function of
CMDA is to prepare the land use plan for the Chennai Metropolitan Planning Area and
provide infrastructure and services. Some key projects in Chennai undertaken by the
CMDA include the construction of the Chennai Mofussil bus terminus, a wholesale
vegetable market at Koyambedu and Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System. The
Koyambedu wholesale market complex was conceived and implemented by the
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) to decongest the central
business district of Chennai city and to facilitate trading of perishable items like
vegetables, fruits and flowers. The market is spread over nearly 290 acres, and has about
3,200 shops. The Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex is maintained by the Market
Management Committee (MMC) constituted as per the Tamil Nadu Specified
Commodities (Regulation of location) Act 1996 so as to give necessary legal protection
to the administration of Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex.
The Market Management Committee is an autonomous functioning body that oversees the
functions of the Market. The main functions of MMC include administration, management,
and maintenance, security of the market complex as well as operation and maintenance of the
biomethanation plant. The Market Man- agement Committee has a total of 18 members with
the Member Secretary of CMDA as the Committee Chairman. Non official members on the
Committee include trader representatives.
3.3.3 Waste generation and management at koyambedu Market

The market complex is visited by about one lakh people daily and receives 700 trucks
every day. The market generates annual revenue of Rs.4 Crore through collection of entry fee.
This market complex being one of the largest in Asia generates large quantity of organic
wastes. About 150 MT of waste is generated every day. Prior to the installation of the
biomethanation plant, the waste was collected and transported by a private agency and trans-
ferred to a transfer station within the market complex. From there, it was transported to the
Perungudi dumpsite by the Cor- poration of Chennai.
However such large amounts of perishable organic waste dumped at the dumpsite emitted
obnoxious odours and gases like methane and carbon dioxide. This posed a potential threat to
the environment and to the health of the people living around the dumpsite. The MMC and
CMDA actively considered installing a decentralized waste processing plant at the market to
manage the organic waste more efficiently and sustainably.
25
3.3.4 Installation of the Biomethanation Plant

In 2005, the CMDA approached the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, (now
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)), Government of India to support a
biomethanation plant at the Koyambedu Market under the Ministry’s waste-to- energy
program. The MNRE agreed to support 75% of the cost of the plant under the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP)- Global Environmental Fund (GEF) Program.
The MNES appointed the Central Leather Research Institute, (CLRI) as the technical
agency to identify the technology most suitable for implementing a viable biomethanation
plant for generating energy and manure from vegetable wastes at the site. A biomethanation
plant with a capacity of 30 MT per day was proposed under the Waste-to-Energy program at
Koyambedu. The plant was designed based on a unique technology patented by CLRI in which
the Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) digester has a unique mixing part which
does not require mechanical moving parts and has the ability to control scum/ sediments while
handling high solids concentration. A financial support of Rs. 5.5 crore was provided to
CMDA by UNDP/GEF through MNRE to implement the pilot project. Prime objectives of
the project were:
1. to evaluate the feasibility of biomethanation of vegetable, fruit and flower waste for
energy generation and manure production.
2. strengthening institutional capabilities in developing indig- enous technology.
3. absorption of process technology for improvisation, scale-up and widening the scope for
implementation of biomethanation technology for management of same or similar type
of solid wastes.
4. capacity building in development of technology package, transfer of technology,
project management & implementation.
The biomethanation plant was established in 2006 in the Koyambedu Wholesale Market as
a unique national level demonstration project in order to utilize the organic waste generated
from the market for power generation. The waste generated from the market was
characterized to reveal that that the major components of waste included vegetable wastes
(21%), fruit wastes (15%), flower wastes (10%), banana stem and related materials (38%)
and packing materials (hay, straw, paper, etc. 16%).
Non-organic waste such as stones, plastics, wood etc. was limited to less than 1% of the
waste quantity. There were also seasonal variations in the quantity and nature of waste
generated daily from the market. The total solids and volatile solids content were 25% and
73.7% respectively. The moisture content was 75%.
3.3.5 Logistics and Operations
26
The vegetable and fruit waste is disposed by the shopkeepers in the open ground near their
shops. A private contractor collects all the waste from the market complex. About 30 MT is
separated and transferred to the receiving platform at the biomethanation unit. The remaining
waste is transported to the landfill site by the contractor.
The waste is lifted by grab from the receiving platform and transferred into the hopper provided in
the belt conveyor and is carried through the conveyor to the shredder to reduce the size of the
waste to about 15-20 mm. The shredded waste is blended with water in a collection tank. The
mixed waste is macerated and pumped into the digester by means of screw pump. Biogas Induced
Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) digester has a unique mixing part which does not require
mechanical moving parts and has the ability to control scum/ sediments while handling high solids
concentration. The biogas generated, as a result of stabilization of the waste, leaves the digester to
a dry typed gas holder (530m3) made of a synthetic membrane (polyester). An in-situ biological
desulphurization unit has been installed in the digester to reduce the H2S concentration in the
biogas below 500 ppm. A group of facultative bacteria which adhere to the walls of digester
separating the upper and main chamber are utilized for biological desulphurization. The biogas,
after removal of H2S, is used as fuel in the engine to produce electricity. The gas is drawn from
gas holder by gas blowers and fed into the gas engine and alternator is connected to the engine to
produce electricity.
The net power generated after in-house consumption is exported to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
(TNEB) grid. In the case of maintenance of gas engine and when gas generation exceeds beyond
the storage capacity of the gas holder, the biogas is burnt in the flare. The dewatered cake is
discharged at the other end of the press. The cake from screw press is converted in to manure by
composting.
3.3.6 Sustainability and Transferability

Establishing a routine operations and maintenance procedure is critical to the long term
sustainability of the plant. The operation of the plant is currently outsourced to a private
contractor who has invested Rs.1 Crore to revamp the facility. The selling price of the
electricity produced is Rs.5 per unit. This cost is sufficient to cover the operational cost
of the plant if it runs efficiently. CLRI has submitted a proposal to MNRE to upgrade the
plant and increase the capacity from 30 MT to 60 MT.
All large to medium sized cities in India have large vegetable/ meat market which generate
a huge amount of organic waste every day. Decentralized treatment of this waste will help
cities reduce the burden on their landfill sites and also contribute to energy generation.
Biomethanation of organic waste is still an expensive option for bio-energy generation in India.
The MNRE provides a capital subsidy to institutions interested in establishing such urban and
waste-to-energy projects. A biomethanation was also piloted in Pune at the Gultekdi market
27
where 1 MT waste was converted to biogas every day which was supplied to restaurants in
the vicinity. The plant was later scaled to 10 MT per day. A similar plant is being
currently constructed in Coimbatore.
❖ The desktop studies were focused on the techniques of conversion of waste to energy
❖ From the desktop studies various recommendations can be inferred for different types of
waste such as
1. Plastic – converted to roads (Bangalore case study )
2. Organic waste – converted to power generation
3. Landfill recovery techniques – the waste which is to be decomposed is converted energy
4. Waste – converted to energy (pyrolysis, gasification, incrementation)
❖ Cost benefit techniques could be inferred for better management municipal solid waste
3.3.7 Key Outcomes

1. The average biogas production from the Biomethanation plant at Koyambedu is 2500 m3
per day in which methane content is 65%.
2. The power generation of plant is on an average 2600 KwH/ day which translates to about
500 units per day. The units are sold to the grid by CMDA. The revenue generated takes care
of the operational expenses of the plant.
3. This plant has reduced Green House Gas (GHG) emission. The reduction accounts to be 8308
tons of CO2 equivalents per annum. The current price of emission reduction credits in existing
markets is in the range of US $ 5 to 15 per ton of CO2 equivalents. Hence in the present project
considering the minimum value of US $ 5 per t of CO2 equivalents, the revenue generated apart
from energy generation accounts to be Rs 16,61,600/- per annum (considering 1 US $ = Rs 40/-)
with considerable significance in Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction.
4. Of the 4500 MT municipal waste disposed at open dumping site everyday, 30 MT is diverted
and used for producing energy.
4 Study area selection criteria
The first and largest waste-to-energy plant in south India was built and will be operated by
environment management services provider Ramky Enviro.
The plant has a capacity to produce 19.8 MW of RDF using on average 1,200 tones of waste per day.
The Jawahar Nagar waste management facility is the only dump yard existing for the Hyderabad city
As effectively converting waste into energy at a municipal level impacts the economy positively by
optimizing waste
28
STUDY AREA
29
5 Study Area
5.1 Introduction to GHMC
➢ The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is the civic body that
oversees Hyderabad, the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It is one of
the largest municipal corporations in India with a population of 7.6 million(2021) and an area
of 625.9km².
➢ The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was formed on 16 April 2007 by merging 12
municipalities and 8 gram panchayats with the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad.
Figure 5.1: Location map of GHMC
30
The city of Hyderabad is divided into six zones:

1. CHARMINAR,
2. L. B. NAGAR,
3. SERILINGAMPALLY,
4. KUKATPALLY,
5. SECUNDERABAD
6. KHAIRATABAD.
➢ Each zone is further divided into circles, thirty in total. The circles are subdivided into 150
wards.
➢ The circles are subdivided into 150 wards, each with around 36,000 people in 2007 which
later increased to 40,000 - 50,000 people in 2020.
5.2 Demographic profile
Area : 625.9 Sq. Kms

Total Population : 7,674,689(2021)
Male Population : 3,927,029 (51.14%)
Female Population : 3,747,660(48.86%)
Density : 12,585 Per Sq.Km
Adult Literates (Men) : 3,007,981
Adult Literates (Woman) : 2,598,183
Average Literacy (%) : 82.90 %
Total No.of Slums : 1,468
Slum Population : 17.61 Lakh
31
BASE MAP
32
5.3 Solid waste management -ghmc
MSW (TPD)
5602
4200
4000
2187
1566
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
graph 2: trend of municipal solid waste
The above graph gives the pattern of waste produced tons per day by GHMC area since 2000
transfer stations 17
31
sweeping machines 44
6
auto 12
142
refuse compactor truck 37
8
no of bins 1085
2632
swatch auto trippers 2500
0 500 10001500200025003000
graph 3: Infrastructure on swm
The above graphs gives the information on existing infrastructure of GHMC in management of solid
waste
33
transport workers 1548

transport drivers 995
transport engineers 40
swm engineers 4
swachh CRPs 2152
swachh auto tripper drivers and… 5000
health assistants 6
sanitary inspectors 6
sanitary supervisors 22
sanitary jawans 284
sanitation field assistants 948
18550
sanitation workers
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
graph 4: man power
The above graphs gives the information on existing man power of GHMC in management of solid
waste
14,000 15,00,000
12,000
10,000 10,00,000
8,000
6,000
4,000 5,00,000
2,000
- -
2009 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041
msw population of ghmc
graph 5: population and waste projections
The graph gives projected population and projected amount of waste in 5 year intervals up to 2041.
And its can be inferred that in coming 10 years production waste will be up to 8500 tpd which is
2500tpd more than the existing capacity
34
5.4 Collection of municipal solid waste
lb nagar
secunder 14%
abad…
charminar
15%
kukatpally
27%
khairtabad
15%
serilingampally
13%
graph 6: number of households in GHMC
It is observed that Kukatpally zone contributes 27% of households from which the municipal solid
waste is been collected in GHMC
lb nagar
secunderabad 12%
20%
charminar
18%
kukatpally
14%
serilingampal
ly
khairtabad
5%
31%
graph 7: Number of commercial in GHMC
It is observed that in Khairtabad zone and Secunderabad zone together contributes 50% of the
commercial shops in which the municipal solid waste is been collected in GHMC
35
Table 1: Circle wise number of households and commercials
36
5.5 Collection of municipal solid waste
• According to GHMC only 71% of the waste is being collected from the households and
commercial shops of GHMC and it can be inferred that even after proper distribution of
swatch auto trippers there are 1000 SAT’s on serious demand
• It can be inferred that due to improper distribution of SAT’s, Lack of man power, improper
transport infrastructure and financial funds and rest 29% of the waste produced in GHMC
couldn’t be collected
• There is no segregation practice followed from households
• In the above map demand of swatch auto trippers in being calculated as
• To calculate actual required SAT’s :Total no. house holds and commercial shops divided
by 500 (As it is observed that a vehicle on average is having the capacity to collect 500
units (combined households and commercial shops))
• And then demand is calculated by subtracting actual required to the total no of veichiles
available in that area
• It is observed that in areas Saroor Nagar, Hayath Nagar, Alwal, Srilingampally, Chandanager
and RC Puram has surplus of swatch auto trippers where in areas like Kukatpally, Amberpet,
Gajulaaram, Moosapet, Falaknaama and Malkajgiri has high demand for swatch auto trippers
37
5.6 Source of waste
Table 2:source of waste
Source of waste 2015 2020

Household – domestic 62 58
Street sweepings and drain
cleanings 9 7.2
Hotels and restaurants 4.5 2.1
Markets 4.5 5.7
Shops / commercial establishments 15 13
Hospitals / clinics 2 13
Construction waste industrial
waste 3 1
It is noticed that the source of wastes is mainly the domestic households (60%), both for the
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (HMC) and the Urban Local Boards (ULBs), which generates the
MSW of 3132 tons per day. The next source of waste is Hospitals, clinics and commercial
establishments, industrial etc, followed by streets and drains hotels and restaurants, markets,.
construction sites are noticed as the least waste generation sources. It is also observed that bio medical
waste has increased from 2% to 10% of the total waste produced due to present situation of covid -19
Hospitals / Constructi
clinics on waste
Shops / 13% Industrial
Commerci Waste
al 1%
Establishm
ents
13%
Markets
6% Household
Hotels and – Domestic
Restaurant 58%
s Street
2% Sweepings
and Drain
Cleanings
7%
graph 8: source of waste
38
5.7 Spatial distribution of waste

The below Graph gives the amount of waste being generated from different areas of GHMC in tons
per day
2500
2000 2013
1500 1312
1000
547
500 289
108
159 133 54 162 53 61 201 321
0
graph 9: spatial distribution of waste
39
5.8 Current senario in msw collection (GHMC )
Table 3: Transfer station of GHMC
TS01-MALLAPUR TS
TS02-SAKET TS
TS03-DEVENDER NAGAR TS
TS04-NAGOLE TS
TS05-IMLIBUN TS
TS06-KATEDAN TS
TS07-JIYAGUDA TS
TS08-YOUSUFGUDA TS
TS09-DEEPTHISRI NAGAR TS
TS10-RC PURAM TS
TS11-KHAITLAPUR TS
TS12-HMTPIPELINE TS
TS13-MACHABOLLARAM TS
TS14-NEREDMET TS
TS15-SANJEEVAIAH PARK TS
TS16-TANKBUND TS
40
TS17-AMBERPET TS
It can be observed that the average municipal solid waste collected per day in
1. 2018 is 5.2 thousand metric tons
graph 10 Quantity of MSW in past 3 years

5.7
5.6
5.2
T O T A L M S W R E C E IV E D T O T A L M S W R E C E IV E D T O T A L M S W R E C E IV E D
2018 2019 2020
41
5.9 17 transfer stations in ghmc
Table 4: Percentage of Quantites in each Transfer station
Transfer station name

Average % of waste collected in transfer station
TS01-MALLAPUR TS 1.6%
TS02-SAKET TS 1.3%
TS03-DEVENDER NAGAR TS 2.5%
TS04-NAGOLE TS 7.7%
TS05-IMLIBUN TS 18.8%
TS06-KATEDAN TS 3.5%
TS07-JIYAGUDA TS 7.4%
TS08-YOUSUFGUDA TS 11.3%
TS09-DEEPTHISRI NAGAR TS 6.0%
TS10-RC PURAM TS 1.4%
TS11-KHAITLAPUR TS 11.2%
TS12-HMTPIPELINE TS 4.5%
TS13-MACHABOLLARAM TS 1.9%
TS14-NEREDMET TS 2.6%
TS15-SANJEEVAIAH PARK TS 3.0%
TS16-TANKBUND TS 11.7%
TS17-AMBERPET TS 3.6%
The table above shows the percentage of waste accumulated from each transfer station
FINANCING :
2012
1440/- per ton of waste
40%- PRIMARY TRANSPORT
20% - TERTIARY TRANSPORT
40% - PROCESSING
Increase of 6-7% every year
42
5.10 Jawahar nagar project
▪ GHMC grants exclusive right and authority during the term to execute IMSWM project in
GHMC area to Concessionaire.
▪ GHMC to handover existing infrastructure viz., dumper bins, vehicles, transfer stations,
dumpsites etc., on “as is” basis.
▪ GHMC to provide encumbrance free access to project sites.
▪ Concessionaire Scope – Design, engineer, finance, construct, operate and maintain project
facilities
▪ Concessionaire free to choose technology in line with MSW Rules
• Area : 351 acres
• Dumping activities commenced in 2000 from Alwal and Kapra Municipalities
• From 2004 onwards, MSW disposal from all over Hyderabad dumped at Jawaharnagar
• Existence of ~ 10-12 Million tones of waste prior to starting Processing & Disposal facility
• Processing & Disposal facility started operations from February’ 2012
• Current processing capacity 6000 TPD
• Single Processing & Disposal facility for the entire city
Figure 2: on site- jawahar nagar dump yard
Figure 3:on site- jawahar nagar dump yard
43
Figure 6: Foot print of dumpyard
44
Figure 7: RDF
Figure 8: waste to energy plant
45
Figure 9: compost plant
The below graphs gives the information on waste treatment in the year 2018
graph 11: waste treatment -2018
5%
0%
16%
38%
35%
6%
Compost produced DRCS (Recycling Unit) Fermentation Loss
Leachate Loss Total RDF Generated Total SLF Inerts
From the above graph it can be inferred that 35% of the waste is converted to Refuse Derived Fuel
where initially on average 51-52% of waste was used for the preparation of the RDF hence 16%-17%
of the waste is lost in fermentation loss, leachate loss and self inert
And only 5% of the waste is converted to compost where initially 47%-48% of the waste was used
46
for the preparation the compost hence the rest 43% of the waste is lost in fermentation loss, leachate
loss ad self inert
4%
0%
16%
33%
43% 4%
Compost produced DRCS (Recycling Unit) Fermentation Loss

Leachate Loss Total RDF Generated Total SLF Inerts
where initially on average 51-52% of waste was used for the preparation of the RDF hence 8%- 9%
loss ad self inert
4%
0%
17%
33%
42% 4%
Compost produced DRCS (Recycling Unit)

Fermentation Loss Leachate Loss
Total RDF Generated Total SLF Inerts
where initially on average 51-52% of waste was used for the preparation of the RDF hence 9%- 10%
47
loss ad self inert
5.11 Observations from the vicnity

SMELL
All 100% of surveyed participants we facing issues with fount smell, which is affecting their health by
headaches, dizziness etc
Figure 10: vicinity observation
Figure 11: vicinity observation
48
SOIL QUALITY
• 70% of the population felt that the quality in soil got degraded as it was hard for them to lay
the foundation while constructing the new houses
graph 14: soil quality
13%
17%
70%
yes maybe no
WATER QUALITY
93% of the locals have the problem regarding water quality, as they were getting water in green and
yellow colours and they were facing severe skin issues after using this water
graph 15: water quality
7%
93%
yes no
Figure 12
MAJOR CONCERNS
1. As open drain is passing beside the houses of residents they are facing health issues like
severe headache & skin infections
2. When it rains the water from the drain is flowing inside their houses
49
5.12 Observations
1. 35% - 45% of the municipal solid waste produced per day is used for the conversion from
waste to energy
2. The municipal solid waste of complete GHMC is being processed in this plant
3. 4-5% of the total municipal solid waste is converted as compost
4. Leachate water is treated and the same water is used for watering plants
5. Current processing capacity 6000 TPD
6. 48% - 52% of the municipal solid waste of Hyderabad is being decomposed in Jawahar Nagar
plant
7. Single Processing & Disposal facility for the entire city
8. Segregation is not been practiced in household level
9. There is only 70% efficiency in terms of collection waste from GHMC
10. The swatch auto trippers are in high demand for the effective ideal sold waste collection
minimum of 1000 vehicles would be required
11. 48%- 52% of the municipal solid waste which is being decomposed could be converted to
energy by using land use recovery techniques
12. The waste produced while generating compost (waste above size 20 mm and waste above size
60 mm) rather than being decomposed it can be used to convert energy
13. The leachate water could me better managed by transferring to a closed pipe
14. Issues regarding foul smell, less water quality to the people living in the vicinity which is in
turn causing the skin allergies and headaches
15. There is overflow of leachate water during the rainy season is causing health hazards to the
people living in the vicinity
16. In next 20 years the projected waste generation is 1250 metric tons per day which is more
50
than the double of the existing capacity of GHMC

6 RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 SOURCE
There should be proper segregation from the household level
Looking at the growth rate of population and municipal solid waste in GHMC it is very crucial to
decrease the waste being produced from the source and it is very important to educate every citizen the
importance of segregation and make understand the adverse effects of both increase in waste
generating and also segregation
6.2 TRANSFER STATIONS

There are only 17 transfer stations across the GHMC spread with area of 625 sqkm, increase in
number of transfer stations would make the logistics easier and effective
Segregation must be practiced at the transfer stations
6.3 COLLECTION
There is only 71% efficiency in the collection of municipal solid waste which has to be improvised
aim 100% efficiency in waste collection
From the areas with surplus (Saroor Nagar, Hayath Nagar, Alwal, Srilingampally, Chandanager and
RC Puram) of swatch auto tripeers the veichles should be distributed among the areas with high
demand (Kukatpally, Amberpet, Gajulaaram, Moosapet, Falaknaama and Malkajgir)
Even after the effective distribution the swatch auto trippers would be in demand for 1000 more
vehicles and hence man power should also be increased
6.4 JAWAHAR NAGAR DUMPAYAD
48%- 52% of the municipal solid waste which is being decomposed could be converted to energy by
using land use recovery techniques (Methane and carbon- di- oxide is produced due to the complex
reactions of microorganisms in landfills, which is used in production of energy. )
As there is overflow of leache water to the vicinity, the leachate water could be better managed by
transferring to a closed pipe
In next 20 years the projected waste generation is 1250 metric tons per day which is more than the
double of the existing waste generation of GHMC it is highly recommended to plan a alternative
dump site in the vicinity
7 CONCLUSION
ISWM system has inbuilt mechanisms to handle wastes in an eco-friendly manner as well as meet
energy requirements to a considerable extent. There has been an increasing awareness in the
51
developing countries about the hazardous threats of wastes on quality of life. It is evident that smart
cities are exposed to complex and diverse urban issues which are in the ever increasing order. In this
context, adopting innovative and newer technologies to decrease the load of toxins on environment is
becoming quintessential. The benefits of treating wastes as renewable energy are significant.
Providing adequate number of dustbins (for both bio degradable and non-biodegradable wastes
separately), regular collection of wastes, adopting modern garbage management techniques,
recruitment and training of staffs, covered vehicles for transportation of wastes, regular monitoring of
city sights, promoting awareness about waste management amongst public, conducting waste
management programs in schools and colleges, promoting eco-friendly products in the market,
arranging regular meetings of residents within communities are some of the steps to be aimed for
cleaner, safer and healthier smart cities. However, challenges to be faced would be in terms of co-
ordination of community groups, citizens, private sectors; funding prospects; cost of ISWM
installation units.
52
8 Bibliography
Ramachandra TV, Bachamanda S (2006) Environmental audit of municipal solid
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Sahu AK (2007) Present scenario of municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping grounds
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Idris A, Inane B, Hassan MN (2004) Overview of waste disposal and landfills/ dumps
in Asian countries. Material Cycles and Waste Management 16: 104- 110.
Chanakya HN, Ramachandra TV, Vijayachamundeeswari M (2006) Anaerobic
digestion and reuse of digested products of selected components of urban solid waste.
Center for Ecological Sciences & Centre for Sustainable Technologies.
Singh S (2010) Water security in peri-urban South Asia: Adapting to climate change and
urbanization. scoping study report: Hyderabad.
Chigurupati R, Manikonda V (2007) Hyderabad’s water issues and the Musi River
need for integrated solutions. draft version of the paper presented at the international water
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Kaushal RK, Varghese GK, Chabukdhara M (2012) Municipal solid waste
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Drewes T (2013) Aspects of solid waste management in Hyderabad.
Kumar S, Bhattacharyya JK, Vaidya AN, Chakrabarti T, Devotta S et al, (2009)
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capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste Management 29: 883-
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Annepu RK (2012) Sustainable solid waste management in India. New York, Waste-
to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT), Columbia University.
Chatri AK, Aziz A (2012) Public private partnerships in solid waste management:
potential strategies. Athena Infonomics.
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53

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URBAN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESILIENT PLANNING – |A CASE OF KUKATPALLY WARD|

EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF JAWAHAR NAGAR

Prepared in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

(URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING)

Under the supervision of

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

HYDERABAD, TELANGANA - 500 028

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

I/We certify that the Final Thesis entitled

Ms.P.DHRUVITHA Mr. M. SIDDHARTHA

MRS. E. SANDHYA REDDY External Examiner

List Of Figures ………………………………………………………………………viii

List Of Tables ……………………………………………………………………… xi

List Of Graphs ……………………………………………………………………… x

Glossary Of Abbreviations ………………………………………………… …….xi

1.1 Aim ........................................................................................................... 12

1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................. 12

1.3 Need for the study. ................................................................................... 12

1.4 Scope of the study .................................................................................... 12

1.5 Limitations ............................................................................................... 12

1.6 Expected outcomes................................................................................... 12

1.7 Methodology ............................................................................................ 13

2.1 Municipal solid waste (msw) ................................................................... 16

2.2 Importance: .............................................................................................. 16

2.3 The sustainable waste management hierarchy ......................................... 17

2.4 Overall status of solid Waste sector in India ........................................... 18

2.5 Technologies avaiable in india ................................................................. 18

2.5.1 Pyrolysis .......................................................................................... 18

2.5.2 Gasification ..................................................................................... 19

2.5.3 Incineration ..................................................................................... 19

2.5.4 Biomethanation ............................................................................... 19

3 Desktop studies ....................................................................................... 20

3.1.1 PYROLYSIS ................................................................................... 20

3.1.2 GASIFICATION – A CASE FROM CHINA ................................. 21

3.1.3 Landfill Gas Recovery technique - Cases of USA, Taiwan, Phuket,

3.3 Biomethanation plant at koyambedu wholesale vegetable market .......... 24

3.3.1 City Profile ..................................................................................... 24

3.3.2 Governance structures..................................................................... 24

3.3.3 Waste generation and management at koyambedu Market ............. 25

3.3.4 Installation of the Biomethanation Plant ......................................... 26

3.3.5 Logistics and Operations ................................................................. 26

3.3.6 Sustainability and Transferability ................................................... 27

3.3.7 Key Outcomes ................................................................................. 28

4 Study area selection criteria .................................................................. 28

5 Study Area .............................................................................................. 30

5.1 Introduction to GHMC ............................................................................. 30

5.2 Demographic profile ................................................................................ 31

5.3 Solid waste management -ghmc............................................................... 33

5.4 Collection of municipal solid waste ......................................................... 35

5.5 Collection of municipal solid waste ......................................................... 37

5.6 Source of waste ........................................................................................ 38

5.7 Spatial distribution of waste ..................................................................... 39

5.8 Current senario in msw collection (GHMC ) ........................................... 40

5.9 17 transfer stations in ghmc ..................................................................... 42

5.10 Jawahar nagar project ............................................................................... 43

5.11 Observations from the vicnity .................................................................. 48

5.12 Observations ............................................................................................. 50