CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The Sunway Opus Grand Neville is a result of a joint venture between Sunway City of
Malaysia and Opus of Hyderabad, India. Sunway City is one of Malaysia‟s best-known
and well-diversified conglomerates, with interests in property development, leisure,
entertainment, hospitality, conventions, education and healthcare.

Opus is a leading consortium of builders and property developers in Hyderabad, India.

With a collective experience of over 100 years, Opus is a name that stands for solid
expertise.

The Grand Neville-Phase 2 is a one-of-a-kind project. A refreshingly new residential

township spread across 9.4 acres of lush landscape and the first to introduce a „concept‟
into every construction: Giving you absolute choice to live in either single, duplex or
three-storey villas- all of which are „corner‟ villas, with sizeable space outside your front
door.
1.1 PROJECT DETAILS
52, 3 – storey with the convenience of a lift
Enhanced privacy – absolutely no shared walls anywhere Every villa is a corner villa
Amazing natural ventilation of living spaces Safe, secure covered car park Resort style
club house: Designed to cater to varied lifestyles and deliver maximum utility, the Resort
– style clubhouse at Neville has been specifically conceptualized in keeping with Indian
ethos andvalues. A completely enclosed indoor swimming pool to provide total privacy.

To the extent available, selected surplus soils from excavated materials shall be used as
backfill. Fill material shall be free from clods, salts, sulphates and organic or other
foreign materials. All clods of earth shall be broken or removed. Where excavated
material is mostly rock, the boulders shall be broken in to pieces of size not more than
150mm, mixed with properly graded fine material consisting of murram or earth to fill up
the voids and the mixture used for thefilling.

1
STANDARD VILLA

Fig 1.1 Standard Villa

Artist‟s impression of a cornervilla
1.2 STRUCTURE SPECIFICATIONS
Frame  R.CC Frame
Internal and external walls  clay bricks/r.c.c. walls.
Villa types:
2 BHK Typical floorplans:

Fig 1.2 Structure Specifications

3 BHK Typical floorplans:
2
Fig 1.3 3 BHK Typical floorplans

1.3 PROJECT BRIEF

Fig 1.4 Project Brief

CONTRACT DETAILS:
th
Contract Sum: Rs. 27, 90, 95,400 Date of site possession: 17 Sep, 2012
th
Expected date of completion (As per Contract): 16 June, 2014
SITE DETAILS:
TOTAL AREA OF PROJECT SITE - 5.5 acres – 22, 258 sqm

3
SEISMIC ZONE – ZONE 2
SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL – 300 N/mm2
1.4 WORK
As an intern with GIPPL at the Sunway Opus Grand-Neville project, I was trained in the
duties of a site engineer encompassing site supervision and quality control of which the
major time was spent on site supervision. Part of my assignment was to take out
quantities of shuttering, concreting and reinforcement in order to prepare the bills. I was
majorly stationed at, but not limited to, E-Block, which was at the foundation-stage
initially as I joined and thus a logical place tostart.

1.5 BLOCK DETAILS:

Plinth area of E-block = 1728 sq.m.
Control Benchmark Reduced Level = 567.85 m Total Footings – 89
Isolated Footings – 85 Raft (lift) Footings – 4
Shorter span length = 2.425 m E-block levels as per drawing: Basement level = 566.5
Landscape level = 567.5 Ground floor level = 569.7
st
1 floor level = 573.0
nd
2 floor level = 576.3 Roof terrace level = 579.6
Listed below are details of various stages of construction works, as followed on site,
which I supervised along with the site engineers.

4
CHAPTER-2
ESTIMATION
An estimate is defined, as computation or calculation of the required quantities of
finished items of work and its expenses (cost) likely to be incurred for its construction.
The main object of estimate is to know the required quantity of material, labour and cost
before actual execution .It helps an engineer to plan the construction work, for quick and
proper construction with requiredquality.

2.1 TYPES OF ESTIMATES:

In general, the estimate can be divided into the following three types. They are:
Approximate estimate, Detailed estimate & Abstract estimate.
DETAILED ESTIMATE:
It is a accurate estimation in which, each item of work (Earth work, cement concrete etc.,)
is worked out separately.All the similar items of works are grouped at one place to sum
the total contents. The dimensions are written and calculated accurately in the prescribed
format.
Item Description of No Measurements Contents Total quality
no work (quality)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 length width
height/depth

2.2 TYPES OF DETAILED ESTIMATE:

They are two types of detailed estimation

 long wallmethod

 short wallmethod

5
LONG WALL:
Item no: Particulars of No. Length Breadth Height or Quantity Explanatory
items depth note

Earthwork in
1. excavation in
foundation-
Long
walls…
Short
walls…

Lime
2. concrete in
foundation-
Long walls..
Short walls..

st
1 class
3.
brick-work
in 1:6
cement
mortar in
foundation
and plinth-
Long walls..
st
1 footing..
nd
2 footing.
rd
3 footing.
th
4 footing.

6
Plinth wall
above
footing.
Short walls-
st
1 footing.
nd
2 footing.
rd
3 footing.
th
4 footing.
Plinth wall
above
footing

Damp proof
4. course 2.5cm
thick c.c-
Long walls.
Short walls..
Deduct door
sills.

st
1 class
5.
brick-work
in lime
mortar in
super
structure
Long walls.
Short

7
walls.
Deduct-
Door
openings
Window
Openings..
Sheleves..

Lintels over
doors..
Lintels over
windows.
Lintels over
shelves..

Table No. 2.1 Long Wall

SHORT WALLS:
Item no: Particulars of No. Length Breadth Height or Quantity Explanatory
items depth note

Earthwork in
1. excavation in
foundation-

Lime
2. concrete in
foundation-
st
1 class
3.
brick-work
in 1:6

8
cement
mortar in
foundation
and plinth-
st
1 footing..
nd
2 footing.
rd
3 footing.
th
4 footing.
Plinth wall
above
footing.

Damp proof
4. course 2.5cm
thick c.c-
Deduct door
sills.

st
1 class
5.
brick-work
in lime
mortar in
super
structure
Deduct-
Door
openings
Window
Openings..
Sheleves...

Table No 2.2 Short Walls

9
10
CHAPTER-3

WORK PROGRAMME DETAILS

3.1 EARTHWORK EXCAVATION:
Soils are the most complex of all engineering materials, and the excavation of soil is the
most hazardous of all construction occupations. Soil type is used by construction workers
to properly excavate the ground for utility and other purposes. Different methods of
construction are permitted that include sloping, shoring, shielding, and benching of the
soil for protection. We employed sloping for soil excavation here onsite.

SCOPE: Covers the activity of Earthwork Excavation for foundations under floors.
MANPOWER:
Engineer – As required Surveyor – As required Supervisor – As required Labour – As
required EQUIPMENT:
Total Station Levelling instrument Proclain
JCB Backhoe Tippers Compactor

3.2 METHODOLOGY:
The boundary lines will be marked with the help of total station as per co-ordinates
mentioned in drawings. Pre levels will be taken at 5 to 15m interval (or) as directed by
Engineer in charges in both direction (x-axis & y-axis). The levels will be plotted on plan
and the same may be recorded in field books. It will be signed by both contractor and
engineer. Excavation will be done by mechanical means (i.e. proclaim and tippers)
Excavated earth will be disposed in location as directed by engineer in charge. If there is
any minor variation, it will be dressed by manual means.

FORMWORK:
SCOPE: Covers the activity of formwork for foundations, plinth beam, columns and slab.
MANPOWER:
 Engineer – Asrequired
 Surveyor – Asrequired
 Supervisor – Asrequired
 Labour – Asrequired

11
EQUIPMENT:
 ShutteringPlates
 AdjustableProps
METHODOLOGY:
 Formwork for footings, plinth beam, columns, beams and slabs for shuttering will
be M.S. Plates (Fabricated with M.S. Sheet and M.S.Angles)
 The shutters shall be made free from dirt and deadmortar.
 Appropriate shutter releasing oil shall be applied all over theshutter.
 All the joints of the shutters are pasted with 3mm foam to avoid slurryleakage.
 Adequate support is provided to formwork to maintain the alignment, verticality at
the time ofconcrete.
 Alignment, verticality of formwork shall bechecked.
 All dimensions and levels of the formwork shall be as per thedrawings.
 For facilitating concreting and for inspection, a staging with working platform
shall beprovided.
 To check the verticality, a plumb bob weighing 1kg tied to a binding wire shall be
made to fall fromtop.
 To avoid slurry leakage, 3mm foam shall be pasted on the face of the shutters as
well as on all the joints of theshutters.
3.3 REINFORCEMENT:
SCOPE: Covers the activity of reinforcement for foundations, columns, plinth beams and
slabs.
MANPOWER:
 Engineer – Asrequired
 Surveyor – Asrequired
 Supervisor – Asrequired
 Labour – Asrequired
EQUIPMENT:
 Rod cuttingmachine
 Rod bendingmachine
METHODOLOGY:
 After receiving G.F.C (Good for Construction) drawings from the client, B.B.S
12
may be prepared as per drawings and it should be submitted to client.
 After getting required approval from the client, cutting, bending, and tying of
reinforcement steel will be done as per approved B.B.S &drawings.
 Bar bending and cutting machines shall be used for bending and cutting of steel.
 Alllapsinreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewiththedrawingsandshallbe
 provided in the “Lap Zone” as indicated in the drawings.
 Bars shall be firmly fixed using 18 gauges annealed steel binding wire.

 Binding wires shall be bent inwards and loose ends out, so that they do not
protrude out of concrete.
 Clear cover of 15mm to 50mm to all outer reinforcement shall be maintained or as
shown in drawings.
 Preparation of Bbs And Record Of Consumption:
 Prepare bar bending schedule from approved, latest revised drawings and check
for error/inconsistencies and take approval from consultant/client.
 Plan and check for fix ability and sequence of fixing.
 Plan intelligent cutting from full length bars by preparing cutting length.
 Cutting length shall be worked out after considering bend effect.
 Check the bent shapes for dimensional accuracy against full scale template and get
approval from client.
 Keep painted specimen bars for comparison with production.
 Use cut pieces for ancillary works and record consumption.

13
3.4 GROUND FLOOR QUANTITES

14
15
16
Table No. 3.1 Ground Floor Quantites

17
PLINTH BEAM QUANTITES:

Table No. 3.2 Plinth Beam Quantities

18
FOOTING REINFORCEMENT:

Table no. 3.3 Footing reinforcement

19
SLAB REINFORCEMENT:

20
Table No. 3.4 Slab Inforcement

21
22
23
3.5 FIXING OF REINFORCEMENT:
 Avoid substitution of bars, if unavoidable check for overconsumption.
 Do not use tack weld at cross points.
 Avoid excessive chairs. Arrive at optimum spacing of chairs by trials.
 Use cut pieces/welded scraps for chairs. Avoid using full length bars for making
chairs.
 Use spider beam to lift heavy cages.
 Check spacing's, number of bars, location of bars etc. before start of concrete.
 Fix the bars accurately with specified cover of size and grade.
 Plan best fixing sequence to achieve accuracy and to accommodate form work,
void formers, starter bars etc.
 Ensure inspection of reinforcement fixing intermittently to avoid redoing.
 Avoid large time gap between the concrete pours to prevent deterioration of
projected reinforcement.

CONCRETING:
SCOPE: Covers the activity of concreting for foundations, plinth beams, columns and
slabs.
MANPOWER:
 Engineer – A srequired
 Surveyor -1
 Supervisor – As required
 Labour – As required
EQUIPMENT:

 Concrete vibrators
METHODOLOGY: During concreting:
 Before concreting commences, proper access and working platform for workers
involved in placing, compacting and finishing shall beensured.
 40mm immersion type needle vibrator shall be used for compaction ofconcrete.
 Effective distances between the reinforcement shall not be disturbed while
concreting. Corrective action shall be immediately taken in case of loosening of
supports and fixings due to vibrations transmitted to theformwork.
 Concrete shall be laid up to the required levels as per drawing(GFC)

24
After Concreting:
 Once the concreting is complete, the verticality shall bechecked.
 If any deviations are found, then the supports shall be adjusted and shall be
straightened. De-shuttering:
 After 12-24 hrs. of casting the concrete, de-shuttering shall be done by loosening
the nut bolts. The frames shall be smoothly struck, so that the concrete edges are
notdamaged.
 All the ties, supporting arrangements should be loosened and removedgradually.
 Use of crowbars to open the forms shall be avoided at allcosts.
 On removal of frames, the formwork shall be carefully lowered and not dropped
anddamaged.
 Panel faces shall be carefully removed andlowered
 Formwork as soon as removed shall be cleaned with a stiff brush and immediately
lowered and stacked neatly over the ground at the allottedarea.
 Dust, dirt shall beremoved.
 Damaged formwork shall be sorted out and immediately repaired beforere-use.
 Loose mailing, soldiers etc shall be stored with respective panels after numbering
for proper match whenre-used.
 Bolts, nuts, clamps and ties shall be stored in separate bins andboxes.
3.6 CURING:
Quality of water: Rain water, fresh water and bore water can be used. However,salty/sea
water cannot beused.
 Curing shall be commenced on immediate removal offormwork.
 Curing shall be done by applying wet jute bags,sprinkling.
 SamplingandTestingConcreteinthefield:
 Facilities required for sampling materials and concrete in the field, if Engineer-in-
charge so desires, shall be provided by contractor at no extra cost. The following
equipment with operator shall be made available at Engineers request (all must be
in serviceable condition):

25
1 Cast iron cube moulds 15cm, size 24
nos.(min)

2 Slump cone complete with tampingrod 2 sets

3 Lab. Balance to weigh up to 5kg with sensitivity of 10gm 1 no.

Laboratory balance of 2kg. capacity and of sensitivity of 1 no.

4 1gm
1 set
5 I.S. sieves for coarse and fine aggregates
set
6 A set of measures from 5ltrs. To 0.4 ltrs.
1 no.
7 Electric over with thermostat up to 120 degree C.
1 no.
8 Pycenometer
2 nos.
9 Calibrated glass jar 1 litrecapacity
As required
10 Glass flasks and metalcontainers
1 no.
11 Concrete cube testing machine

26
BRICK WORK:

27
28
29
Qty in Cum
Deductions Qty in sqm

Columns 7 0.45 2.7 0.23 1.956 8.505

2 0.45 3.0 0.1 0.270 2.700
Openings D1 1 2.1 1.1 0.1 0.231 2.310
D2 4 2.1 0.75 0.1 0.630 6.300
D3 4 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.756 7.560
SD1 1 3.3 2.55 0.1 0.842 8.415
W 28/B1 1 2.7 0.6 0.23 0.373 1.620
1

W11/B1 1 2.7 1.35 0.23 0.838 3.645

W19/B & B1 1 2.55 0.6 0.23 0.352 1.530
W13/B&B1 1 2.4 1.5 0.23 0.828 3.600
W22/B1 1 1.4 1.75 0.23 0.564 2.450
W9/B1 1 1.8 3.1 0.23 1.283 5.580

W21/B1 2 1.4 1.75 0.1 0.490 4.900

WL3/B1 1 2.7 1.85 0.1 0.500 4.995
W4/B1 1 2.7 1.25 0.23 0.776 3.375
W26/B1 1 2.55 0.75 0.23 0.440 1.913
11.13 69.40

Projections
1 3.45 3.2 0.07 0.77
2 3.75 3.2 0.07 0.84
3 0.6 3.2 0.07 0.13

Deductions in Projections
1.5 2.7 0.07 0.2835
0.7 2.7 0.07 0.1323
0.4158

30
ABSTRACT:

31
PLASTERING QUANTITES:

32
33
ABSTRACT

34
3.7 BACKFILLING:
SCOPE: Covers the activity of quarry dust filling, earth filling in the trenches of
foundations, plinth, under floors in all towers.
MANPOWER:
 Engineer: Asrequired
 Supervisor: Asrequired
 Labour: Asrequired
EQUIPMENT:
 1MT mechanical vibratory compactor (DieselOperated)
 Levellinginstrument
 Rapid moisturemeter
 Field density core cutter with dolly andhammer
Types of backfilling:
 Dryfills
 Cement rockfills
 Hydraulic sandfill
 Paste backfill
Dry fills:
Generally consists of surface sand, gravel, open pit waste rock, underground waste rock,
smelter slag generally unclassified except to remove large boulders usually transported
underground by dropping down a raise from surface directly into a slope or to a level
where it is hauled to a slope with an LHD or trucks. Usually contains some adsorbed
surface moisture. Suitable for mechanized cut and fill or Avoca or other method where
structural backfill is not required.

Cement rock fills:

Generally consist of waste rock mixed with cement slurry to improve the bond strength
between the rock fragments. Methods of placement involve mixing the rock and cement
slurry in a hopper before placing in slopes, or percolating slurry over the rock after it has
been placed. The waste rock can be classified or unclassified.

35
CRF contains a mixture of coarse aggregate (<150 mm) and fine aggregate (<10 mm
fraction). The ideal gradation is one which minimizes the void space. Cement slurry
concentration is approximately 55% by wt. (1.2:1 water: cement ratio) Suitable for long
hole open sloping, undercut and fill, and other methods where a structural fill is required.

Hydraulic sand fill:

Hydraulic sandfill can consist either of classified mill tailings (Westmin-Myra Falls) or
naturally occurring sand deposits mined on surface (Detour Lake Mine). Hydraulic
sandfill is prepared by dewatering the mill tailings stream to a pulp density of
approximately 65-70% solids (depending on S.G) and then passing it through hydro
cyclones to remove the "slimes" and retain the sand fraction for backfill. Slimes are
removed to improve the percolation rate of the backfill. The backfill mixture is
hydraulically pumped from surface through a network of pipes and boreholes to the slope.
Sand obtained from surface borrow pits will be screened prior to use in a backfill plant to
remove oversize particles that could plug the backfillline.
Sandfill can be cemented or uncemented.

Paste Backfill:
 Paste backfill is a high density backfill (>70% solids depending onSG).
 In order to pump material at this density, a component of fines isrequired.
 As a general rule, the fines content (<20 micron) should be a minimum of 15% by
weight
 The slump of paste backfills is approximately in the 7-10 inchrange
 Paste backfill is pumped by piston type pumps of the same type used to pump
concrete.
 Whole mill tailings can often be used to make paste backfill. The final product has
a lower void ratio so the backfill is denser.
 Many mines are moving towards paste backfill because it a lower cement content
is required to gain equivalent strengths when compared to conventional hydraulic
fill.
METHODOLOGY:
 The earth used for filling should be free from all roots, grass, shrubs, vegetation,
rubbishetc.

 The top soil containing salts/sulphates and other foreign materials shall be
36
removed. The materials so removed shall be burnt or disposedoff.
 All lumps & cods exceeding 150mm, in any direction should bebroken.
 All backfilling shall be done in layers (as specified below). For site grading
filling, work layer thickness can be up to200mm.
 Each layer is to be properly spread, watered & compacted. Thickness of each
subsequent layer and rammer/compactors shall be as mentionedabove.
 The backfilled layers shall be well consolidated by means of rammers to atleast
90% of the standard density atOMC.
 Care shall be taken while ramming near walls, columns & plinth beam sides. The
layers shall be laid at 150mmthickness.
 When backfilling reaches the finished level, the surface shall be flooded with
water and allow for atleast 24 hours drying. Then the surface shall be again
compacted as specified above to avoid settlement at a laterstage.
 Ensure that the consolidated top layer is dressed to required slope &level.

3.8 BACKFILLING – LOCATION WISE:

To the extent available, selected surplus soils from excavated materials shall be used as
backfill. Fill material shall be free from clods, salts, sulphates and organic or other
foreign materials. All clods of earth shall be broken or removed. Where excavated
material is mostly rock, the boulders shall be broken in to pieces of size not more than
150mm, mixed with properly graded fine material consisting of murram or earth to fill up
the voids and the mixture used for thefilling.

3.9 BACKFILLING IN PITS AND TRENCHES AROUND

FOUNDATIONS OF STRUCTURES, WALLS etc.
As soon as the work in foundations has been inspected and measured, the spaces around the
foundations, structures, pits, trenches, etc., shall be cleared of all debris and filled with approved
layers not exceeding as specified, each layer shall be watered, rammed and properly consolidated,
before succeeding layer is laid. Each layer is consolidated to achieve 90% standard proctor density
as specified in the Civil Technical specifications, the compaction shall be done as far as possible
by the mechanical compactors. The final backfill surface shall be trimmed and levelled to proper
profile as indicated indrawings

37
BACKFILLING IN PLINTH
Plinth filling shall be carried out with approved material as described herein before in
layers, watered and compacted with mechanical compactors. Client may however permit
manual compaction by hand tampers in case he is satisfied that mechanical compaction is
not possible. When filling reaches finished level, the surface shall be flooded with
water,unless otherwise directed, for at least 24 hours allow drying and then the surface
again compacted as specified above to avoid settlements at a later stage.

COLUMNS QUANTITES

38
39
40
41
42
43
CHAPTER-4
QUALITY CONTROL
Following the compaction, in-situ density test (core-cutter test), moisture content, the
MDD test & OMC test are carried out at the site laboratory as per testing frequency
plan. Density-moisture relationship as per IS 2720 (Part8) shall be carried out at the
site laboratory as per testing frequency plan. Each 100sqm. area compacted in layers
shall be tested {as per IS2720 (Part29) and records for the same shall be maintained}
for each layer in plinth filling before starting placing soil for the nextlayer.

4.1 ANTI TERMITE TREATMENT

SCOPE: Covers the activity of pre-constructional anti-termite treatment for the soil‟s
with approved chemicals in water emulsion in foundation trenches for columns, plinth
beams, plinth filling, at junction of walls and floor, in expansion of joints etc., Unless
otherwise stipulated, the anti-termite treatment shall be carried out as per IS 6313(Part
2). MATERIALS:
Chloropyripos 20EC Emulsifiable concentrate (IS 8944-1974) or equivalent material
Water
METHODOLOGY OF WORKS:
SITE PREPARATION: To ensure uniform distribution of the chemical emulsion
and to assist penetration, the following site preparation shall be carried out:

 All trees, stumps, logs or roots from the building site shall beremoved.

 All concrete form work (if left anywhere), levelling pegs, timber off-cuts and
other building debris from the area to be treated, shall beremoved.

 If the sandy or porous soil to be treated, preliminary moistening shall be done

to fill capillary spaces in soil in order to prevent the loss of emulsion through
piping or excessivepercolations.

 All sub-floor levelling and grading shall be completed. All cutting trenches
and excavations shall be completed with backfilling in place, borrowed fill
must be ree from organic debris and shall be well compacted.

4.2 SOIL TREATMENT:

One of the following chemicals in water emulsion, after approval from the Engineer-
in- charge shall be used uniformly over the area to be treated.
44
%of concentration
of Chemical by
Chemical weight in the
wateremulsion

0.5
I. Premise200SCorImidaclopridemulsifableconcentrates

II. Heptachlor 20 EC emulsifable concentrates (I.S.6439 –1978

0.5
1-R)

III. Chlordance 20 EC emulsifable concentrates (I.S.2682-1984

1.0
II-R)
0.5
IV THIODAN 35 EC emulsifable concentrates(Endosulphan)

V. Chlorpyriphos 20 EC emulsifiable concentrates(I.S.8944-

1.0
1974)
Table No. 4.1 Soil Treatment

4.3 TREATMENT IN FOUNDATION TRENCHES:

 Normal wall load bearing structures, columns, pits, wall trenches and basement, the
treatment shall be at 5 litres/sqm or surface area of the bottom and sides to a height of
atleast300mm.
 After the foundation work, the side shall be treated at 7.5 litres/sqm of vertical surface
of substructure on eachside.
 After the earth filling is done, treatment shall be done by rodding the earth at 150mm
centres close to wall surface and spraying the chemical with the above dose i.e.
7.5litres/sqm.
 Framed structure, the treatment shall start at a depth of 500mm below ground level.
From this depth the backfilling around the columns, beams andRCC
basement walls shall be treated at 7.5 litres/sqm of the vertical and at 5 litres/sqm for
the horizontal surface at the bottom in the trenches / pits.
TREATMENT ON TOP SURFACES ON PLINTH FILLINGS:

45
The top surface of the filled earth within plinth walls hall be treated with chemical
emulsion at the rate of 5 litres/sqm of the surface area before sub-base to floor is laid.
If filled earth has been well rammed and the surface does not allow the emulsion to
seep through, holes upto 50 to 75mm deep at 150mm centres both ways shall be made
with crow bars on the surface to facilitate saturation of the soil with the emulsion.

TREATMENT AT JUNCTION OF WALLS AND FLOORS:

 Special care shall be taken to establish continuity of the vertical chemical barrier on
the inner wall surfaces from the finished ground level (or from level where the
treatment had stopped) up to the level of the filled earthsurface.
 To achieve this a small channel 30 x 30 mm, shall be made at all the junctions of
wall/column with floor (before laying subgrade) and rod holes made in the channel
up to the finished ground level at 150mm apart and the iron rod moved backward and
forward to break the earth and chemical emulsion poured along the channel at 7.5
litres/sqm of the vertical wall/ column surfaces so as to soak the soil right up to
thebottom.
 The soil shall be tamped back into place after thisoperation
TREATMENT FOR EXPANSION JOINTS:
The soil beneath the expansion joints shall receive special attention when the
treatment above is in progress. This treatment shall be supplemented by treating
through the expansion joint after sub-grade has been laid at the rate of 2litres/m
length of expansion joint.
PRECAUTIONS DURING TREATMENT:
 Utmost care shall be taken to see that the chemical barrier is complete and
continuous. Each part of the area shall receive the prescribed dosage of chemical
emulsion.

 The treatment shall not be carried out when it is raining or when the soil is wet with
rain or sub-soilwater.
 Once formed, the treated soil barrier shall not be disturbed. If by chance, treated soil
barriers are disturbed, immediate steps shall be taken to restore the continuity and
completeness of the barriersystem.
PRECAUTIONS FOR HEALTH HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES:

46
All the chemicals mentioned above are poisonous and hazardous to health. These
chemicals can have an adverse effect upon health when absorbed through the skin,
inhaled as vapours or spray mist orswallowed.
Brick work quantities: PLASTERING:
SCOPE: Covers the activity of 20mm thick external cement plastering on masonry or
concrete surface for the project.
METHODOLOGY: MATERIALS:
 Cement
 Sand
 Water
 Integral water-proofingcompound
MATERIAL LOGISTICS:
For all towers, mechanical winches shall be provided at such a location that is easily
accessible for manual loading of cement bags and sand etc.
TOOLS AND MACHINARIES:
 Mixer machine/hand mixing as the case maybe,
 Measurement boxes, trowels, plumb bob, straight edges, right angles, nylon
thread, measuring tape, sieve, spades, mortar pan, mortar trayetc.
PREPARATION:
 Material used for plastering viz cement, sand and water shall be inspected and
tested prior to their incorporation into the works. Sand shall be sieved prior to
use. Check the silt content of the sand which should not exceed more than 8
%. In case the silt content is more than 8%, then it should be washed
thoroughly beforeuse.
 Steel scaffolding with necessary safety arrangements shall be erected to carry
out works at height. Erected scaffolding shall be checked and approved by
SPCL All doors, window frames to be checked for line, level, plumb and
holdfasts before starting the plastering work. Check if all the holdfasts are
fixed properly for door frames.

 Opening shall be checked with approved templates fordimensions.

 Loose mortar or dust sticking to masonry walls shall be removed by brushing.
Concrete surfaces shall be cleaned and hacked with hacking machine to get
proper bonding. Chicken mesh shall be provided at the junction of masonry
and RCC for proper bonding, with an overlap of15cm.
47
 Surface to receive plaster should be made sufficiently wet on previous day of
plastering.Tie rod holes in concrete members to be grouted prior to
plasteringwork.
 All related MEP work shall be completed prior to starting of plastering.
Electrical conduits, junction boxes and plumbing pipes shall be fixed in
placeproperly.
 Ensure proper hacking with machine over the concrete surfaces for proper
bonding.Check for dimensions, rectangularity and verticality of the room to
receiveplaster.
 Put the bull marks of appropriate thickness on the surface to receiveplastering.

MESH TO WALLS:
Approved mesh will be laid single layer of GI expanded metal mesh of 0.35 mm
nominal thickness and 125mm width shall be provided at the junctions of the masonry
and concrete members and also over the electrical conduits exceeding more than two
numbers together. The lap should be equal on either sides of the junction, properly
stretched and nailed measuring equal thickness/width on plaster on both sides of
themesh.
Use of mesh walls:
 Meshes are often used to screen out unwanted things, such as insects. Wire
screens on windows and mosquito netting can be considered as types
ofmeshes.
 Wire screens can be used to shield against radio frequency radiation, e.g.
in microwave ovens and Faradaycages.
 Metal and nylon wire mesh filters are used infiltration
 Wire mesh is used in guarding for secure areas and as protection in the form
of vandalscreens.
 Wire mesh can be fabricated to produce park benches, waste baskets and other
baskets for materialhandling.
 Woven meshes are basic to screenprinting.
 Surgical mesh is used to provide a reinforcing structure in surgical procedures
like inguinal hernioplasty, and umbilical herniarepair.
 Meshes are also used as drum heads in practice and electronic drumsets

48
 Human animal trapping now use woven or welded wire mesh cages to trap
wild animals in domestic areas, such as raccoon's, skunks,etc.
APPLICATION PROCEDURE:
Mortar mixing: 20mm thick cement plastering on external surface of masonry or
concrete surface shall be done in two layers.
First coat:
 One portion of cement shall be mixed with five portions of screened, clean,
fine sand as approved, by volume (1:5) and mixed till uniform colour
isformed.
 And add water proofing compound to the water as per the manufacturer‟s
instructions and mix well till the required consistency is achieved. Mixture
shall be made in small quantities as required and applied within 15 min
ofmixing.
 And continue plastering with a 12 mm thickness roughfinish.

Final coat:
 Final coat of plaster with cement mortar of 1:5 with a thickness of 8mm
without any waterproofing compound with/ smoothfinish.
 External plastering shall be applied from top to bottom, in thatfashion.
 Plastering guides using nylon threads are made to ensure uniform thickness of
plastering.
 Mortar shall be applied on the surface, floated with wooden float and shall be
levelled with straight edge to the requiredthickness.

 All the dimensions, line, level, plumb and diagonal must be checked regularly
to ensure the conformity of the on-going work as perdrawings.
 Dimensions of all the openings shall be checked duringplastering.
 Plaster shall be made rough with wire when still green to ensure proper
bonding of tiles later whereverapplicable.
 Necessary grooves in plastering both horizontally and vertically as per
elevation drawings shall be done in final coat ofplastering.
CURING:
Each coat shall be properly cured until the next coat or for a maximum period of 7

49
days. Finished plaster shall be kept for at least 10 days after completion. In hot
weather, walls exposed to high temperatures shall be screened with matting kept
constantly or by continuous curing.
TOLERANCES IN PLASTERING:
The finished plaster surface shall not show any deviation more than 2mm/metre when
checked with a straight edge placed against the surface.
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL AT THE SITE
 General responsibilities of Quality Assurance / Quality ControlDepartment:
 Documenting Quality Assurance Plan and methodologiesetc.
 Reviewing work instruction and qualityplan.
 Carrying out inspection and testing ofmaterials.
 QA/QC Engineer shall also maintain the results obtained from inspections
and testing processes. Also he shall be responsible to maintain the documents
and the results so as to maintain traceability of materials in the finalworks.
 QA/QC engineer shall carry out inspections of subcontractors and suppliers
for qualifying them also once the suppliers are approved they shall be
subjected to routine audits for and they shall be reviewed at regular internal.
The degree of control on subcontractors shall be defined at time of issue of
purchaseorders.
 Conducting various tests as indicated in the qualityplans.
 Maintaining list of Quality relatedrecords.
 Maintaining the recordroom.
IS CODES EMPLOYED ON SITE:
 IS: 1786 (1985) – Specifications for high strength deformed steel bars and
wires for concretereinforcement.
 IS: 1077 (1992) – Specifications for common burnt clay buildingbricks.
 IS: 1199 – Method of sampling and analysis ofconcrete.
 IS: 10262 – Recommended guidelines for concrete mixdesign.
 IS: 4926 – Ready-mix concrete code of practice SPECIFIC SITE-
RELATED QUALITY CONTROL: Concrete mixdesign:
 As mentioned in the drawings, all R.C.C structural elements vis-à-vis
footings, columns, beams and slabs were to be constructed using M-
20concrete.
50
 The concreting of slabs was mostly done at night times and as such, RMC
was used for the concreting ofslabs.
 The RMC was manufactured at company batching plant and delivered to the
site by means of truck mounted in-transitmixers.
 For concreting of all the other structural elements such as footings, pedestals,
columns and plinth beams the on-site reverse drum mixer (capacity of 0.5
cum) wasemployed.

Sampling and Testing Concrete in the field:

 Facilities required for sampling materials and concrete in the field, if

Engineer-in- charge so desires, shall be provided by contractor at no extra
cost. The following equipment with operator shall be made available at
Engineers request (all must be in serviceablecondition):

51
24
1 nos.(min)
Cast iron cube moulds 15cm, size
2 Slump cone complete with tampingrod 2 sets

3 Lab. Balance to weigh up to 5kg with sensitivity of 10gm 1 no.

4 Laboratory balance of 2kg. capacity and of sensitivity of 1gm

1 no.
5 I.S. sieves for coarse and fine aggregates 1 set

6 A set of measures from 5ltrs. To 0.4 ltrs. set

7 Electric over with thermostat up to 120 degree C. 1 no.

8 Pycenometer 1 no.

9 Calibrated glass jar 1 litrecapacity 2 nos.

10 Glass flasks and metalcontainers As required

11 Concrete cube testing machine 1 no.

Table No. 4.2 Sampling and Testing Concrete in the field

Nominal mix employed on site:
INGREDIENTS M20

310 kgs
Cement Fly ash 0

805 kgs
Fine aggregate
0
River sand 12 mm 450 kgs

680 kgs
20 mm
0
Admixture
146 kgs
Water
0.47
w/c 75+/- 25mm
Slump value at site

52
Third party tests and on-site Lab tests:
 Manufacturer certificates for materials such as reinforcement and cement are to be
submitted.
 Various tests are to be performed on materials used for construction during various
stages of theprocess.
 The on-site lab is equipped to handle most of the important tests required to
ensurequality.
 The remaining tests are performed by a third-party in a separate lab specialized for
suchtests.

Tests performed on raw material in the on-site quality lab:

RAW MATERIAL TESTS PERFORMED FREQUENCY

Weekly
Sieve Analysis
Fine aggregate

Sieve Analysis; Weekly

Coarse Aggregate Aggregate impact value Weekly

Slump test (or workability test) For every batch; For

Fresh concrete everygrade;

7-day cube compression test; As per frequency of

Hardened Concrete 28-day cube compression test casting intostructure

Rolling margin For every lot; For every

Steel diameter

Dimension test
Bricks Water absorption tests For every lot
Compressive strength test

53
Table No. 4.3 Tests performed on raw material in the on-site quality lab

Tests performed by third-party:

RAW MATERIAL TESTS PERFORMED FREQUENCY

Fineness test ; Initial and Final Monthly; or whenever

Cement setting time; sourcechanges

water Weekly; or whenever

Specific gravity;
absorption; flakiness sourcechanges
Coarse Aggregate index; elongationindex
Physical properties As per IS : Whenever source changes
Fine aggregate 383-1970
Each lot; or whenever
Steel Physical properties sourcechanges

Table No. 4.4 Tests performed by third-party

Tests performed on soil:
 Proctor Compaction test IS:2720PartVIII
 Core Cuttertest
CUBE TEST:
 Cube test is the best way to ensure that the concrete cast on site will reach a particular
compressive strength. It is also a good way of testing that the concrete is strong
enough to support its own weight, plus the weight of anything it must support.
 Cubes of concrete are tested after 3,7 and 28 days. Here on site, cubes are tested after
7 and 28days.
 The strength of concrete after 7 days is about two-thirds of the strength it will reach
th
on the 28 day. So if you want to make 20MPa concrete, when you do a cube test
after 7 days, you can expect the cube to have reached13.33MPa.
Given below is a record of 7-day and 28-day cube test results of a few structural

54
elements on site.
Grade of concrete – M20; D.O.C – Date of Casting; D.O.T – Date of Testing

S L NO A LO
UM OF GE AD Avg
Aver 28
COMP P CU OF WT (K 7day (n/m
age day
ONEN T QT Y D.O. C D.O BE S CU Gm s N) Stre m2)
(n/m Stren
.T BE S ngth m2) gth

819 44 19.5
1 6 0 6
19.1 26.1 7D A 822 41 18.2 19.4
2.13 2.13 YS 2 0 2 1
2
815 46 20.4
Block 4 80 3 4 0 4
Footin 834 53 23.5
gs 1 28 7 0 5
19.1 17.1 D 816 52 23.1 22.96
2.13 2.13 2 A 0 0 1
YS 837 50 22.2
3 3 0 2

822 43 19.1
1 0 0 1
21.1 28.1 7D A 822 41 18.2 18.3
E- BLOC
2.13 2.13 YS 2 0 2 7
K 2
815 40 17.7
COLO 3 0 0 8
UMNS
21.1 19.1 28 786 57 25.3 24.77
2.13 2.13 1 D 8 0 3
Table No 4.5 Tests performed on soil

55
A 796 54
YS 0 0
2 24
783 56 24.8
5 0 8
3
808 45
3 0
1 20
7D A 801 45
23.1 30.1 YS 4 0 20.7
2 20
2.13 2.13 828 50 22.2 4
E- 7 0 2
3
BLOC K 800 52 23.1
COLO 4 0 1
1 28
UMNS 806 54
10 85 D A
23.1 20.0 8 0
2 YS 24 22.81
2.13 1.14 812 48 21.3
7 0 3
3
833 43 19.1
4 0 1
1
7D A 812 48 21.3
31.1 6.01
2 YS 3 0 3 19.8
2.13 .14 807 43 19.1 5
H- 6 0 1
3
BLOC 815 55 24.4

K Slab 13 28 6 0 4
7
concret 0 D A 823 55 24.4
13
ing 31.1 28.0 YS 4 0 4
8 24.58
2.13 1.14 834 56 24.8
5 0 8
9
7D A 821 48 21.3
H- YS 1 0 3
6.08. 13.0 1 20.4
BLOC K 8.5 90 13 2 816 45
8.13 4
8 0
20

56
FOOTI 804 45
NGS 3 0
3 20
821 51 22.6
28 8 0 6
7
8 D A 812 50 22.2
6.01. 03.0 YS 5 0 2
22.37
14 2.14 821 50 22.2
3 0 2
9
814 39 17.3
5 0 3
1
2 7D A 806 42 18.6
8.01. 15.0 YS 2 0 6 19.2
14 1.14 810 49 21.7 5
3 0 7
3
4 28 813 45
D A6 0
20
H- YS 826 52 23.1
BLOC K 7 0 1
5
Colum ns 6.5 85
8.01. 05.0
14 2.14
6

803 50 22.2
1 792 42 18.6
1 0 6
2 7D A 804 42 18.6
12.0 19.0
F- BLOC YS 6 0 6 19.1
1.14 1.14 3 813 45
K
6 0
Footin gs 20
14 90 09.0 4 28 814 48 21.3
&
`2.1 4 D A0 0 3
column 12.0
5 YS 806 46 20.4 20.81
1.14
4 0 4

57
Statistical Q/C:
 The most effective and economical system of Q/C must be based on statistical
analysis. As far as concrete is concerned, the most important issue is the sampling of
test specimens. Sampling should be random, and should be as representative of the
entire material aspossible.
 Standard deviation reports are prepared every month after testing of adequate
specimens in the monthly time-period.
Location: Footings, columns & slabs Dateoftesting: 01.01.2014 to18.02.2014

GRADEOFCONCRETE : M20

Grade of
concret e Square
Date Averag e
of Age of (N/Sq. Strengt h
of
Cube ID Date of cube(da mm) Devi Deviat
S.N casti
testing ys) ation ion
o. ng

I-Block stair
case,J&GBl
ocks footings- 1-
Block Jan- 29- Jan 28 20 24.44 1.54 2.4
1 Columns 14 -14

G-Block
Footings-
Block 2-
Columns lift Jan - 30- Jan 28 20 23.84 2.14 4.6
2 wall&footin 14 -14
gs

58
I-Block Plinth 3-
beam&stairc Jan - 31- Jan
3 ase 14 -14 28 20 25.03 0.95 0.9

E-Block E1- 4- 01-

E2 Sloped Jan - Feb-14 28 20 26.95 -0.97 0.9
4 Slab casting 14

F-Block
Columns&
plinth beams 4- 01-
&I- Block Jan - Feb - 28 20 24.59 1.39 1.9
5 Columns 14 14

F-Block
&plinth
5- 02-
beams& g- 0.0
Jan - Feb
Block sub - 28 20 26.07 -0.09
6 14 14
Columns
F-block plinth
beams& J-
6- 03-
block pedestal 1.3
Jan - Feb
- 28 20 27.10 -1.12
7 14 14

F-block plinth
beams&J-
7- 04-
Block 2.5
Jan - Feb
pedestal - 28 20 27.55 -1.57
8 14 14

59
F-block plinth 8- 05-
beams Jan - Feb 0.7
9 &Columns 14 14 - 28 20 26.81 -0.83

G-Block 9- 06-
Footings,& Jan - Feb
10 Lift Columns 14 14 0.1
- 28 20 26.22 -0.24

G-block 10- 07-

Footings Jan - Feb 0.7
- 28 20 26.81 -0.83
11 14 14
F-Block 11- 08-
Columns&G Jan - Feb 4.0
12 -block 14 14 - 28 20 27.99 -2.01
Pedestals
F-block Plinth
Beams&I-
Block 12- 09-
I9 Jan - Feb - 28 20 23.10 2.88 8.3
13 - 14 14

H-Block 17- 15-

H1-H2 1st Jan - Feb 1.1
14 Floor Slab 14 14 - 28 20 27.03 -1.05
casting
I-Block I7- I8 18- 16-
Stilt floor Jan - Feb 0.0
- 28 20 26.07 -0.09
15 Slab casting 14 14
I-Block I5- I6 19- 17-
Stilt floor Jan- Feb 2.2
- 28 20 27.47 -1.49
16 Slab casting 14 14

60
I-Block I1-
I2 Stilt floor
Staircase,I1 0-
I9 S.F to 20- 18-
1st floor Jan- Feb - 1.9
17 columns&F- 14 14 28 20 24.59 1.39
block
columns
Mean AverageStrength Sum of Square 25.98 Mpa
Deviations
of

Standard deviation 1.45 Mpa

Note: As per table no. 01 IS 10262-1982; Degree of control is Very Good.
Rolling Margin for steel:
Rolling Margin is deviation of actual sectional weight to that of IS Standard unit
weight. As per IS Standards unit weight of the Bars is calculated as dia x dia / 162
Standard Rolling Margin for different dia reinforcement bars used for construction
purposes:
8mm to 10mm +- 7% 12mm to 16mm
+- 5% 20mm & above +-3%
Given below is a record for rolling margin.
Date of Testing: 04.02.2014
S.N Dia of No. of Reqd. Actual Avg. Tolerances
o bar(mm samples Weight Weight weight
) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m)

8 1 0.367
1 2 0.395 0.410
0.391 +/- 7%
3 0.396

20 1 2.389
2

61
2 2.47 2.416 2.4 +/-3%

3 2.396
16 1 1.523
3 2 1.58 1.545
1.529 +/- 5%
3 1.520

Monthly lab test reports:

The details of all the tests conducted on various materials in the site lab are
documented and a report summarizing all the conducted tests is prepared every
month.
Given below is a record summarizing the quality tests conducted in the month of
February, 2014.
SUMMARY OF LAB TEST REPORT – JANUARY 2014

62
OTHER ROUTINE INSPECTIONS BY QUALITY DEPT.: COMMON
CHECKS FOR REINFORCEMENT:

Clear cover: Measured from nearest surface of main reinforcement and concrete
surface. Nominal cover: Cover considered for design purpose which includes stirrups
and links. Check Nominal cover as per drawing tolerance 0 to +10 mm for nominal
cover only.
Check Size and spacing of links and stirrups as per drawing.
Check that rebar diameter, numbers, shape and spacing is as per drawing and changes
if made are approved by RCC consultant.
Slab tolerance in spacing of reinforcement:
+/-10 mm for slabs up to 200mm thick
+/-15 mm for slabs more than 200mm thick.

CORRECT SPACING OF SLAB REINFORCEMENT

63
CHECKS FOR SLAB/BEAM REINFORCEMENT:
 Check lap length of steel in beams / slab is 50 d or as perdrawing.
 Check that beam bars are modified for electric down take conduits with
adequate cover to theconduits.
 Between two electrical conduits 25mm gap shall begiven.
 Check that sunk toilet, beam with down takes modified (suspended / taken
below ifrequired.
 Check position of lap in continuous beams bottom bars over intermediate
support, top bars extreme middle third or as perdrawing.
 Check that main beam bars are passing through column main bars or as per
drawing.
 At least one bar of main beam reinforcement shall go throughcolumn

Fig 4.1 Beam-Column Intersection

Check that minimum horizontal spacing between the bars max of :
1) Max diameter ofbar
2) 5 mm more than the max size ofaggregates.
Check spacing of stirrups, diameter, and shape as per drawing.
64
CHAIRS FOR SLABS

 Chairs shall be designed to take manual and mechanical loads during slab
casting chair is meant to maintain spacing between two meshes of slab top
andbottom.

 Chair shall not be touching to shuttering orsheathing.

 Check for rigidity, tightness and cleanliness. The formwork should not
sag/warp/hog or worn off. It should be free from l knots, splits, cracks,
sawdust anddebris.

 The formwork must be adequately supported, braced andtied.

COMMON CHECKS FOR STRUCTURE POST-CONCRETING

 The exposed surface must be free from honeycombs, exposed rebars,

grout loss, segregation, bulging, cracks & formworkdebris.

 Check for accuracy within limits for cross-sectional dimensions

(+10mm/ -5mm) and services‟ opening (size: +/- 10mm; location: +/-
25mm) as per drawings, using a measuringtape.

 Alignment must be checked using a plumbbob.

Structural levelness should be checked using a theodolite. Height deviation of
structural level:

 Above the datum on the level immediately below must be within limits:
+/-5mm

 From the control bench mark must be within limits : +/- 10mm

 Visual checks for curing must be carriedout.

65
CHAPTER-5
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

Material management is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the

flow or storage of input, facilities, service and information efficiently and effectively
from the point of supply to the point of consumption in the conformity of the
company‟sobjective.

Store Management may be defined as a systematic coordination and combination of

efforts in a manner, which would result in optimum efficiency with a minimum
expenditure.

The term Store, Storehouse, or Warehouse refers to a building or a room or a place

where materials are kept.
Functions of a Store

 To receive raw materials, components, tools, equipment and other items and
account forthem.
 To provide adequate and proper storage and preservation to the variousitems.
 To meet the demands of the consuming departments by proper issues and
account for theconsumption.
 To minimize obsolescence, surplus and scrap through proper codification,
preservation andhandling.
 To highlight stock accumulation, discrepancies and abnormal consumption
and effect controlmeasures.
 To ensure good housekeeping so that material handling, material preservation,
stocking, receipt and issue can be doneadequately.
 To assist in verification and provide supportive information for
effectivepurchase action.
5.1 STORAGE OF CEMENT AND AGGREGATE:
Cement must be kept dry at alltimes.

 Cement bags must be stored on construction sites by first spreading a

66
sheet of plastic over the ground under the cement to keep away
dampness rising from the ground.

 .All the cement bags shall be stacked up to a max. Height of 5

bagsonly.

 Cement bags shall be stacked in such a manner that most of the load
will be on beams.

 Cement bags shall be stacked on an elevatedplatform.

 All the material shall be stacked near by the working area but not in
workingarea.

 In no case any material shall be stacked atwinch.

 Sand shall be stacked in a neat manner arresting the spillage by

bundling around sand.
5.2 STORAGE AND ISSUE OF REINFORCEMENT:

 Stock reinforcement on elevated pedestals of minimum 150 mm above

ground level cover with PVCsheets

 Issue reinforcement on FISRT-IN-FIRST-OUT BASIS to minimize

oxidation loss.

 Keep record of all steel issued from storage yard to cutting and
bendingyard.

 In case of theft lodge FIR and register claim with insurancecompany

5.3 HANDLING OF REINFORCEMENT:

 Avoid re bend, reshape and straighten bentbars

 Use tractor trailer for internal shifting of reinforcement in the

projectarea.

 Avoid manual shifting as far aspossible.

 Shift only the required qty of cut and bent bars to nearest location
where barsare to befixed.

67
CHAPTER-6
PHOTO GALLERY

Starters laid for laying P.C.C bed prior to plinth beam

Carpenters and helpers fixing formwork for plinth beams

68
Cube casting for compression test

Slab concreting in process

69
Compaction of soil prior to anti-termite treatment

Anti-termite treatment

70
Cubes arranged for compression test in lab

Formwork of a Raft (lift) footing partially flooded due to rain.

71
Workers using the Bar-bending machine on site

72
CHAPTER-7
SUMMARY

73
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION

It was an absolute privilege to undergo my training at Galacon Infra &Projects (P)

Ltd for Sunway Opus Flexi Villas Project, Hyderabad, A.P. It was indeed a learning
experience and went a long way in increasing my knowledge and skill. It was
wonderful to work alongside a highly skilled and experienced workforce at one of the
major construction sites in the country. It gave me an opportunity to learn about
various aspects of civil engineering. I learnt about the implementation of various
techniques and methods being used for construction. I also learnt how the entire work
site is managed and how the various activities are planned.I feel proud to have
worked at this project and I am thankful to GALCON infrastructure pvt ltd for
having given me the opportunity. In the process of carrying out this project, we learnt
to apply the theoretical aspects of estimation on a live project. We have learnt the
process of Estimation and Costing and we understood that it is an essential aspect in a
project for the arrangement of financial resources necessary for the completion of the
job.Our calculation it are based on precise measurements which gave us approximate
and accurate values. The structural estimate had been prepared in detail such that the
values can be used in the actual project being carried out.Also, the abstract of the
estimated cost was prepared such that the current on going rate per unit of each item
of work were considered. Hence the estimated costs of the structural requirements of
the project are accurate too.Therefore, this project is not a rough, but fairly accurate in
its results of both the estimated quantities as well as the estimated cost, and is quite
useful for the ongoing project on which it is made.

74
REFERENCE
1. Afzal, A., 2004, “Fatigue Behavior and Life prediction of Forged
Steel and PM Connecting Rods,” Master’s Thesis, University of Toledo.
2. Athavale, S. and Sajanpawar, P. R., 1991, “Studies on Some Modelling
Aspects in the Finite Element Analysis of Small Gasolin Engine
Components,” Small Engine Technology Conference Proceedings, Society
of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 379-389.
3. Balasubramaniam, B., Svoboda, M., and Bauer, W., 1991, “Structural
optimization of I.C. engines subjected to mechanical and thermal loads,”
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 89, pp. 337-
360.
4. Bhandari, V. B., 1994, “Design of Machine Elements,” Tata McGraw-Hill.
5. Clark, J. P., Field III, F. R., and Nallicheri, N. V., 1989, “Engine state-
of-the-art a competitive assessment of steel, cost estimates and
performance analysis,” Research Report BR 89-1, Automotive Applications
Committee, American Iron and Steel Institute.
6. El-Sayed, M. E. M., and Lund, E. H., 1990, “Structural optimization with
fatigue life constraints,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp.
1149-1156.
7. Folgar, F., Wldrig, J. E., and Hunt, J. W., 1987, “Design, Fabrication and
Performance of Fiber FP/Metal Matrix Composite Connecting Rods,” SAE
Technical Paper Series 1987, Paper No. 870406.
8. Ferguson, C. R., 1986, “Internal Combustion Engines, Applied
Thermosciences,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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