S.Y.B.

PHARM SEMESTER - IV

BP401T PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory) 45 Hours

Scope :

The subject imparts knowledge on stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and
organic reactions, important name reactions, chemistry of important heterocyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.

Objectives :

Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

1. Understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds.

2. Explain the stereochemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical
reactions.
3. Know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds

COURSE CONTENT

UNIT-I 07 Hours

Stereo isomerism

Reactions of Chiral molecules

Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
Introduction to Asymmetric synthesis with suitable examples.

UNIT-II 06Hours
Geometrical isomerism

Conformational isomerism in n-Butane and cyclohexane.

Stereoisomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity.
Stereospecific and stereo selective reactions.

UNIT-III 08 Hours
Heterocyclic compounds

Nomenclature and classification of heterocyclic compounds in to classes: Oxygen containing

five & six membered rings, Nitrogen containing five & six membered rings, sulphur containing
five & six member rings; Oxygen & nitrogen containing five & six membered rings, oxygen &
sulphur containing five & six membered rings, and sulphur and nitrogen containing five & six
membered rings; benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds as benzimidazole, benzthiazole,
benzopyran

Chemistry, Synthesis (any one), reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds

 Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene and their derivatives (any one from each class)

UNIT-IV 12 Hours

Chemistry, Synthesis (any one), reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds and
their derivatives (any one from each class)

 Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.

 Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole

Synthesis (any one) and medicinal uses of following compounds Pyrimidine, Purine, Azepines
and their derivatives (any one from each class)

UNIT-V 12 Hours

Name Reactions of synthetic importance

Pinacol-Pinacolone, Hofmann, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Benzilic acid rearrangement reaction,

Beckmann‟s rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement, Claisen-Schmidt condensation,
Clemmensen reduction, Wolff rearrangement, Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction, and
Birch reduction.

Recommended Books
1. Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. D., Textbook of Organic Chemistry, VI (ed.) ELBS, London,
1996
2. Advanced General Organic Chemistry-A Modern Approach by Sachin Kumar Ghosh,
3/Ed. 2009, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
3. Pine, S. H, Organic Chemistry, V, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2003 4. Finar, I. L.,
Organic Chemistry Vol. I, V (ed.), ELBS, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2003
4. Joule and Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, IV (ed.), Blackwell Publishing House, Oxford,
UK, 2004
5. Li, J. J., Name Reactions, III (ed.), Springer, Berlin, 2006
6. Stereochemistry of Organic Compound Principles and Applications by Nasipuri, Revised
Edition, New Age International Publishers.
7. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism by P.S. Kalsi, 7/Ed 2008, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Stereochemistry of Organic Compound Principles and Applications by Nasipuri, Revised
Edition, New Age International Publishers.

BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory) 45 hours

Scope:
This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry and
therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity relationships of
drugs,importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs. The syllabus
alsoemphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each class.

Objectives:
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to -
1. Understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity.
2. Understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of Drugs.
3. Know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs.
4. Write the chemical synthesis of some drugs.
COURSE CONTENT:
Note: Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, classification,
mechanism of action, Structure activity relationship, uses of drugs mentioned in the
course. The synthesis of drugs mentioned in bracket [ ] only needs to be covered.

UNIT-I 06 hours
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry:
a) History and development of medicinal chemistry
b) Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action Ionization, Solubility,
Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical
and Geometrical isomerism.
c) Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles - Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism.

UNIT-II
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System 10 hours
a) Adrenergic Neurotransmitters: Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine. Adrenergic
receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
b) Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents Directacting: Nor-
epinephrine,Epinephrine,Dopamine,Phenylephrine,Methyldopa,Clonidine,
Dobutamine,Isoproterenol,Terbutaline,Salbutamol,Oxymetazolineand Xylometazoline
 Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine
 Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Amphetamine.
c) Adrenergic Antagonists:
 Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine,Prazosin.
 Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol, Atenolol,Labetolol,
Carvedilol.
[Phenylephrine, Salbutamol, Tolazoline, Propranolol]
UNIT-III 10 hours
a) Cholinergic neurotransmitters : Biosynthesis and catabolism
ofacetylcholine.Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
b) Parasympathomimetic agents : SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents Direct acting
agents : Acetylcholine, Carbachol, Bethanechol, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible) : Physostigmine,
Neostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Donepezil, Tacrinehydrochloride, Parathion, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator : Pralidoxime chloride.
c) Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolyticagents :Solanaceous
alkaloidsand analogues : Atropine sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents : Tropicamide, Cyclopentolatehydrochloride,
Dicyclomine, Glycopyrrolate, Propantheline bromide
[Neostigmine, Dicyclomine hydrochloride]

UNIT-IV 10 hours
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
a) Sedatives and Hypnotics :
Benzodiazepines : SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam,Oxazepam,
Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes : SAR of barbiturates, Barbital, Amobarbital, Butabarbital,Pentobarbital,
Secobarbital Miscelleneous : Amides& imides Alcohol & theircarbamate derivatives
Aldehyde & their derivatives
b) Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines : SAR of Phenothiazines– Chlorpromazinehydrochloride,
Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Trifluoperazinehydrochloride
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines : Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
Flurobuterophenones : Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Benzamides: Sulpiride.
c) Anticonvulsants : SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsantaction
Barbiturates : Phenobarbitone, Mephobarbital
Hydantoins : Phenytoin, Mephenytoin
Oxazolidinediones : Trimethadione
Succinimides : Phensuximide, Methsuximide
Urea and monoacylureas : Phenacemide, Carbamazepine
Benzodiazepines : Clonazepam
Miscellaneous : Levetiracetam, Valproic acid , Gabapentin ,Felbamate
d) General anesthetics :
Inhalation anesthetics : Halothane, Enflurane
Ultra-short acting barbitutrates : Methohexital sodium, Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics : Ketamine hydrochloride.
[Diazepam, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, Carbamazepine, Halothane, Ketamine
hydrochloride]

UNIT-V 09 hours
Centrally Acting analgesics
a) Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics Morphine and related drugs : SAR of
Morphine analogues, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride,
Fentanyl citrate, Methadone hydrochloride, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine.
Introduction to Narcotic antagonists
b) Anti-inflammatory agents : Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid, Indomethacin,
Sulindac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Piroxicam, Acetaminophen, Phenylbutazone.
[Fentanyl citrate, Mefenamic acid, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen]

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. John Marlowe Beale, Wilson and Giswold‟s Organic medicinal and
PharmaceuticalChemistry. 11th E/d,
2. Thomas L. Lemke, David A. Williams, Victoria F. Roche, Foye‟s Principles of
MedicinalChemistry.
3. Burger‟s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV, 6th E/d, M. E. Wolff. John Wiley &
Sons,New York. 1997.
4. Smith and Williams, Introduction to principles of drug design, CRC Press; 4 edition.
5. John E. Hoover, Remington‟s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company;
13thedition (1965).
6. Sean C. Sweetman, Martindale‟s extra pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Society of
GreatBritain.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II, Longmans Green & Co., 3rd E/d.
8. Daniel Lednicer, Lester A. Mitscher, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis,
JohnWiley & Sons, Inc, Vol. 1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.
11. An Introduction to Medicinal chemistry, Graham Patrick

BP 403 T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory) 45 Hours

Scope:

The course deals with the various physical and physicochemical properties, and principles
involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical components of the subject help the
student to get a better insight into various areas of formulation research and development, and
stability studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objectives:

Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to

1. Relate various physicochemical properties of drug and excipient molecules in designing

the dosage forms
2. Distinguish the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing and
determination of expiry date of formulations
3. Demonstrate the behavior and mechanism of drugs and excipients in the formulation
development and evaluation of dosage forms.

Course Content:

UNIT-I 07 Hours

Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size &
shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general
properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation,
peptization& protective action.

UNIT-II 10 Hours

Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-
Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
determination of viscosity, capillary, falling sphere, rotational viscometers,Visco elasticity
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic
Modulus

UNIT-III 10 Hours

Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in

suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories
of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of

emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation by HLB method.

UNIT-IV 08 Hours

Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight distribution,
particle number, methods for determining particle size by different methods, counting and
separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area,
permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement,
densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

UNIT-V 10 Hours

Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order (complex
reaction:reversible, parallel and side reactions), units of basic rate constants, determination of
reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of
pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific &
general acid base catalysis,Simple numerical problems.Stabilization of medicinal agents against
common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation.Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating
of pharmaceutical dosage forms.Photolytic degradation and its prevention.

Recommended Books:

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition

2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1
to 3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems,
volume 1 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory) 45Hours

Scope:
The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living organisms
and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information
about the drugs, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects
(Pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
contraindications and route of administration of different classes of drugs.
Objectives: Upon completion of the subject, student shall be able to –

1. Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs.

2. Explain the mechanism of action at organ system/sub cellular/macromolecular levels.
3. Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various
diseases.
4. Observe the effects of drugs on animal by simulated experiments.
5. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences.

Course Content:

Unit-I
General Pharmacology: 06 Hrs
Introduction to Pharmacology 03 Hrs
Definition, Historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, Nature and source of
drugs, Essential drugs concept and Routes of drug administration.
Dose response relationship, Therapeutic index, Agonists, Antagonists (competitive
and non-competitive), Combined effects of drugs.
Factors modifying drug action.
Pharmacokinetics 03 Hrs
Membrane transport, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of
drugs. Enzyme induction, Enzyme inhibition, Introduction to kinetics of
elimination.
Unit-II
General Pharmacology 12 Hrs
Pharmacodynamics: 07
Principles and mechanisms of drug action.
Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. Drug
receptors interactions, Signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled
receptors, Ion channel receptors
Introduction to transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, JAK-STAT binding
receptors and receptors that regulate transcription factors, Spare receptors.
Adverse drug reactions: 02
Addiction, Tolerance, Dependence, Tachyphylaxis, Idiosyncrasy, Allergy (explain
with suitable examples).
Drug interactions: 03
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions.
Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs:
Introduction to drug discovery, Preclinical evaluation and Clinical trials.
Introduction to Pharmacovigilance
Unit III
Pharmacology of drugs acting on Peripheral Nervous System 08 Hrs
Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System, Parasympathomimetics, 01
Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics and Sympatholytics.
Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral). 02
Local anaesthetic agents. 03
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma 02
Unit-IV
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system 10Hrs
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.- 01
Special emphasis to be given on importance of various neurotransmitters like with
GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin, Dopamine.
General anaesthetics and pre-anaesthetics 02
Sedatives, Hypnotics and Centrally acting muscle relaxants 03
Anti-epileptics 02
Alcohol and Disulfiram 02
Unit-V
Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central Nervous System 09Hrs
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety 03
agents, anti-manics and Hallucinogens
Drugs used in Parkinson‟s disease and Alzheimer‟s disease 02
CNS stimulants and Nootropics 02
Opioid analgesics and antagonists (including addiction, abuse, tolerance and 02
dependence)
REFERENCES:

1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale‟s Pharmacology,.
Churchil Livingstone Elsevier.
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc
Graw-Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman‟s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K.,
Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams &Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott‟s Illustrated Reviews-Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R. Craig & Robert,
9. Barar, F.S.K., Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics; S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.
10. Das, M. M. and Dutta S. K. : R. Ghosh,s Modern Concepts on pharmacology and
Therapeutics, ( HILTON and Co. Calcutta )
11. Satoskar , R.S. and Bhandarkar S.D. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
(PopularPrakashan, Bombay).
12. Harrison‟s Principle and Practice of Medicine, 18th Edition, Churchill, Livingston,
.London.
13. Roger and Walker. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill, Livingston, London.
14. Dipiro Joseph L. A pathphysiological Approach, Elsevier.
15. Davidson‟s Principle of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill companies.
16. Chatterjee, C.C., Human Physiology. Medical Allied Agency, Kolkata.
17. Ganong, W.F., Review of Medical Physiology. Prentice-Hall International, London.
BP 405 T.PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory) - 45 Hours

Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of
crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their
medicinal properties.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able

1. to know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
2. to know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
3. know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. to carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs
Course Content:
UNIT-I 10 Hours

Introduction to Pharmacognosy:

(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy

(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and
mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero
taxonomical classification of drugs

Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:

 Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic,

physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.
 Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leaf
constants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera
lucida.
UNIT-II 10 Hours

Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin:

 Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin

 Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
 Plant hormones and their applications.
 Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants

Conservation of medicinal plants

UNIT-III 07 Hours

Plant tissue culture:

 Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements,

growth and their maintenance.
 Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
 Edible vaccines

UNIT-IV 10 Hours

Plant description, morphology and anatomy:

Leaves, Roots, Barks, Wood, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, subterranean organs

Introduction to secondary metabolites:

Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,

Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins

UNIT-V 08 Hours

Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing
following drugs

Plant Products:

 Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp

 Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Primary metabolites: General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as
Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:

Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey

Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain,

serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).

Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils): General methods of extraction of lipids.

Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Shark liver oil and Cod liver oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax

Marine Drugs:

Novel medicinal agents from marine sources a) Cardiovascular agents and b) Anti cancer agents

BP406P. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Practical) 4Hrs/week

Synthesis of following medicinally important compounds / drug intermediates with
Recrystallization of compound and monitoring reactions with TLC
Preparation of drugs/ intermediates (any six) 10 turns
 1,3-pyrazole
 1,3-oxazole
 Benzimidazole
 Benztriazole
 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline
 Benzocaine
 Phenytoin
 Phenothiazine
 Barbiturate
Purification of above synthesized compounds by Column chromatography 01turn (any one)
Determination of Partition coefficient and Ionization constants 04 turns
(any two compounds).

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. John E. Hoover, Remington‟s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company;
13thedition (1965).
2. Sean C. Sweetman, Martindale‟s extra pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Society of
GreatBritain.
3. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II, Longmans Green & Co., 3rd E/d.
4. Daniel Lednicer, Lester A. Mitscher, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis,
JohnWiley & Sons, Inc, Vol. 1-5.
5. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
6. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.
7. Medicinal Chemistry By Ashutosh Kar

BP 407P. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II (Practical) 4 Hours/week

1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method

2. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method
3. Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
4. Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald‟s viscometer
6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single
suspending agent
8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies
12. Determination of Cloud point and Krafft point of given surfactant.
13. Determination of effect of salts on stability of hydrophobic sols
Recommended Books:

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition

2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3,
Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1,
2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

BP 408 P. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Practical) 4Hrs/Week

1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
2. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
3. Study of common laboratory animals and its possible use.
4. Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
5. Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation,
anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
6. Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
7. Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping
time in mice.
8. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus
9. Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
10. Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
11. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
12. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
13. Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.
14. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
15. Study of local anaesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated
experiments by softwares and videos

REFERENCES:

1. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.

2. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan.
3. Burn JH. Practical Pharmacology Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
4. Jaju BP. Pharmacology: A Practice Exercise Book, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.
5. Sheth UK, Dadkar NK and Kamat UG. selected topics in experimental
pharmacology,(Kothari Book Depot, Mumbai)
6. Perry W.L.M. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, E&S
Livingstone,London.
7. Goyal R. K., Practicals in Pharmacology, B. S. Shah Prakashan, Ahemadabad.

BP409 P. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Practical):

4 Hours/Week

1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests:

(i) Tragaccanth (ii) Acacia (iii) Agar (iv) Gelatin (v) starch (vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
2. Determination of stomatal number and index
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio.
4. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece micrometer
5. Determination of Fiber length and width
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method
7. Determination of Ash value
8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs
10. Determination of swelling index and foaming index