BP401T.

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory)

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Duration of End Semester

L T P C Sessional End Semester Total Examination
Exam
3 1 0 4 25 75 100 3 hours

Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compoundsand

organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cycliccompounds. It
also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
 understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
 explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemicalreactions
 know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds
Course Content:
Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications
UNIT CONTENT No. of
Hrs.
I Stereo isomerism: Optical isomerism –Optical activity, enantiomerism, 10
diastereoisomerism, meso compounds. Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral
molecules, DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS
system ofnomenclature of optical isomers, Reactions of chiral molecules,
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.Asymmetric synthesis:
partial and absolute
II Geometrical isomerism: Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, 10
Syn Anti systems), Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical
isomers.Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.Stereo
isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical
activity.Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

III Heterocyclic compounds: Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions 10

and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives , Pyrrole, Furan, and
Thiophene, Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene
Page 68 of 161
IV Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives 08
Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline,
Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine. Synthesis and medicinal uses of
Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives
V Reactions of synthetic importance: Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and 07
LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch
reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement.Claisen-Schmidt
condensation

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of organic chemistry – Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry byMorrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

Page 69 of 161
BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)
Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Duration of End Semester

L T P C Sessional End Semester Total Examination
Exam
3 1 0 4 25 75 100 3 hours

Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,chemistry and
therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activityrelationships of drugs,
importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism ofdrugs. The syllabus also
emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under eachclass.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
 understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
 understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value ofdrugs
 know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
 write the chemical synthesis of some drugs
Course Content:
Note: Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism
ofaction, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selectiveclass
of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
UNIT CONTENT No. of
Hrs.
I Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 10
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Proteinbinding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.Factors affecting drug
metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

Page 70 of 161
II Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System 10
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.Adrenergic receptors (Alpha &
Beta) and their distribution.
Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*,
Dopamine,Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol,
Terbutaline,Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and
Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine,Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine,Phenoxybenzamine,
Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*,Metibranolol,
Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol,Labetolol, Carvedilol.
III Cholinergic neurotransmitters: 10
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic
& Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol,Methacholine,
Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible):
Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride,Tacrine
hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophateiodide,
Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate,
Hyoscyaminesulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine
hydrobromide,Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide,

Page 71 of 161
Cyclopentolatehydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine
hydrochloride*,Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline
bromide,Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine
hydrochloride,Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide
iodide,Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
IV Drugs acting on Central Nervous System 08
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide,
Diazepam*,Oxazepam, Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital,
Mephobarbital,Amobarbital, Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives:
Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines - Promazine
hydrochloride,Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine,
Thioridazinehydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine
maleate,Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene,Loxapine
succinate, Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.Benzamides: Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant
Action. Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins:Phenytoin*,
Mephenytoin, Ethotoin Oxazolidine diones:Trimethadione, Paramethadione
Succinimides:Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide* Urea
andmonoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*Benzodiazepines:
Clonazepam
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate
V Drugs acting on Central Nervous System 07

Page 72 of 161
General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane,Sevoflurane,
Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylalsodium,
Thiopental sodium.Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphinesulphate,
Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride,Diphenoxylate
hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*,Methadone
hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine,Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan
tartarate,Naloxone hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic
acid*,Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac,
Diclofenac,Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin,
Acetaminophen,Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.

Page 73 of 161
BP 403 T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory)
Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Duration of End Semester

L T P C Sessional End Semester Total Examination
Exam
3 1 0 4 25 75 100 3 hours

Scope: The course deals with the various physica and physicochemical properties, andprinciples
involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practicalcomponents of the subject help the
student to get a better insight into variousareas of formulation research and development, and
stability studies ofpharmaceutical dosage forms.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
 Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in thedesigning the
dosage forms
 Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing and
determination of expiry date of formulations
 Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulationdevelopment and
evaluation of dosage forms.
COURSE CONTENT
UNIT CONTENT No. of
Hrs.
I Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their 07
generalcharacteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of
colloids &
comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical
properties.Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action
II Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of 10
temperature,non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy,
thixotropy informulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere,
rotational viscometers. Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation,
Heckel equation, Stress, Strain,Elastic Modulus

Page 75 of 161
III Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, 10
settling insuspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions.
Emulsions andtheories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions;
Stability of emulsions,preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of
emulsions and emulsionformulation by HLB method.
IV Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and 10
weightdistribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by
differentmethods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific
surface, methods fordetermining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived
properties of powders,porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow
properties.
V Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units 10
of basicrate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical
factors influencingthe chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product:
temperature, solvent, ionic strength,dielectric constant, specific & general acid
base catalysis, Simple numerical problems.Stabilization of medicinal agents
against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation.Accelerated stability
testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.Photolytic
degradation and its prevention

Page 76 of 161
BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)
Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Duration of End Semester

L T P C Sessional End Semester Total Examination
Exam
3 1 0 4 25 75 100 3 hours

Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the livingorganisms
and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers theinformation about the
drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemicaleffects (pharmacodynamics) as
well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion(pharmacokinetics) along with the
adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,contraindications and routes of administration of
different classes of drugs.
Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
 Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
 Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/macromolecular levels.
 Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment ofvarious diseases.
 Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
 Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences
COURSE CONTENT
UNIT CONTENT No. of
Hrs.
I General Pharmacology 08
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of
drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive),
sparereceptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy,
allergy.Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution,
metabolism andexcretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition,
kinetics of elimination

Page 78 of 161
II General Pharmacology 12
Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor
theoriesand classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors
interactionssignal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion
channel receptor,transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-
STAT bindingreceptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose
responserelationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors
modifyingdrug action. Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions
(pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic), Drug discovery and clinical evaluation
of new drugs -Drug discovery phase,preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial
phase, phases of clinical trials andpharmacovigilance.
III Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system 10
Organization and function of ANS.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission
and classification of
neurotransmitters.Parasympathomimetics,Parasympatholytics,
Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal
muscle relaxants (peripheral).Local anesthetic agents.Drugs used in myasthenia
gravis and glaucoma
IV Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system 08
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of
variousneurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin,
dopamine.General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.Sedatives, hypnotics and
centrally acting muscle relaxants. Anti-epileptics, Alcohols and disulfiram
V Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system 07
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety
agents,anti-manics and hallucinogens.Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and
Alzheimer‘s disease.CNS stimulants and nootropics.Opioid analgesics and
antagonists, Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence

Page 79 of 161
BP 405 T.PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory)
Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Duration of End Semester

L T P C Sessional End Semester Total Examination
Exam
3 1 0 4 25 75 100 3 hours

Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification
ofcrude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and
theirmedicinal properties.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to
 know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
 know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
 know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
 carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs
Course Content
UNIT CONTENT No. of
Hrs.
I Introduction to Pharmacognosy: 08
(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts,
gums andmucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo
and serotaxonomical classification of drugs
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic,
physical,chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method,
leafconstants,camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with
camera lucida.

Page 82 of 161
II Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin: 10
Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin, Factors influencing
cultivation of medicinal plants.Plant hormones and their applications.Polyploidy,
mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants, Conservation of
medicinal plants
III Plant tissue culture: Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of 07
cultures, Nutritional requirements,growth and their maintenance.Applications of
plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.Edible vaccines

IV Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine: Role of Pharmacognosy in 10

allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda,Unani, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites: Definition, classification, properties
and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile
oil and Resins
V Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin 08
containingfollowing drugs
Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation,evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial
utility as PharmaceuticalAids and/or Medicines for the following
Primarymetabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain,
bromelain,serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).
Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees
Wax
Marine Drugs:
Novel medicinal agents from marine sources

Page 83 of 161