Before we will proceed to the next topic there an important reminder in conducting

polygraph examination.

THE EXAMINATION ROOM:

1. Lie-detector test should be conducted in a quiet private room.

2. Select a room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no
distraction within the subjects’ view.

3. Select a room without any windows at all.

4. The interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures or other objects

which would distract the attention of the person being tested or interviewed.

IMPORTANT REMINDERS

1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test.

2. Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or about
him.

3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test.

4. If for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must

continue investigating the case.

5. Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real or

the guilty one.

6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether one is innocent or
guilty. The court will make the decision.

7. If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person
confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is over.

Supplementary Test and Other Methods Detecting Deception

SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS

Aside from the standard tests described on the last discussion, the following
special tests may be performed and incorporated as part of the procedure or may be
used as supplementary tests depending upon the result of the standard test in order to
draw a better conclusion.

PEAK OF TENSION TEST

The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the
offense for which he is being interrogated by the investigation, or by other persons or
from other sources like the print media.

This valid test is only made possibly when there is no widespread publicity about
a crime where intimate details as to the methods of commission of certain facts of the
case is known from the victim and investigator.

The questions formulated are similar in nature and construction, only one which
is true and the perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of such unpublicized
knowledge will usually exhibit a rise in the tracing up to that particular question followed
by a decline thereafter, caused by the relief of knowing that a dreaded question
dangerous to his well-being, is past.

EXAMPLES OF PEAK – OF TENSION TEST:

a. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Allan is a Seiko? (This is an
introductory phrase plus padding question)

b. Is it an Omega? (Padding)

c. Is it a Rolex? (Padding)
d. Is it Timex? (Padding)

e. Is it Alba Quartz? (Padding)

f. Is it a Citizen? (Padding)

Padding means filling of the real brand but one of them will consider the stolen
watch, if the highest peak or response will match to the original brand it means that the
subject has knowledge of the missing watch.

GUILT COMPLEX TEST

This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions are
similar in degree and in consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot determine
whether the subject is telling the truth or not.

The subject is asked questions aside from the irrelevant, relevant and control
questions, a new series of relevant questions dealing with a real incident and that which
the subject could not have committed.

If the subject does not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates that
the subject was being deceptive as to the primary issue under investigation. However,
no conclusion can be drawn if the response to added guilt complex is similar to the real
issue questions.

SILENT ANSWER TEST (SAT)

This test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant and control
questions are asked but the subject is instructed to answer the questions silently, to
himself, without making any verbal response causes distortion in the tracing such as
sniff or clearing the throat.

Other Methods Detecting Deception

USE OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION TEST

List of stimulus and non-stimulus word are read to the subject who is instructed
to answer as quickly as possible. The answers to the question may be “yes” or “no”.
Unlike the lie detector, the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner and
the answer to the question is recorded.

When the subject is asked questions with reference tot his name, address, civil
status, nationality, etc. which has no relation to the subject matter of the investigation,
the tendency is to answer quickly.

But when the questions bear some words which have to do with the criminal act
the subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun or hammer which was used in the killing,
the tendency is to delay the answer

The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a “yes” or “no”. The important
factor is the time of response in relation to stimulus or non-stimulus words.

Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be compelled to be subjected
to the test without consent.

USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR

When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies, and superimposed
on these are the inaudible frequency modulations which are products of minute
oscillation of the muscle of the voice mechanism. Such oscillations of the muscle or
micro tremor occur at the rare of 8 to 14 cycles per second and controlled by the central
nervous system.

When the person I under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice
utterance is moderately or completely suppressed.
The degree of suppression varies inversely to the degree of psycho logic stress
on the speaker.

The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures, and graphically

displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear.

When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the question, those inaudible
frequencies are registered clearly on the instrument. But when a person is under stress,
as when he is lying, these frequencies tend to disappear.

USE OF DRUGS THAT “INHIBIT THE INHIBITOR”

1. ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM

The term “truth serum” is a misnomer. The procedure does not make someone tell the
truth and the thing administered is not a serum but is actually a drug.

In the test, byosine hydro bromide is given hypodermically in repeated doses

until a state of delirium is induced. When the proper point is reached, the questions
truthfully. He forgets his acts or may even implicate others.

The drug acts as depressant on the nervous system. Clinical evidence indicates
that various segment of the brain particularly the cortex and diencephalons are
selectively depressed in the reserve order of their evolutionary development

The use of drugs for the purpose is not without the element of danger and should
not be attempted except by a physician who had experience in using the drug.

Statements taken from the subject while under the influence of truth serum are
evolutionarily obtained hence they are not admissible as evidence. Because of the
potential risk involved in the application of the procedure, it is seldom used by law-
enforcement agencies.

2. NARCOANALYSIS OR NACOSYNTHESIS
This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of
administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. Psychiatric sodium
amytal o sodium pentothal is administered to the subject. When the effects appear,
questioning starts. It is claimed that the drug cause depression of the inhibitory
mechanism of the brain and the subject talks freely.

The administration of the drug subsequent interrogation must be done by a

psychiatrist with a long experience on the line. Like the administration of the truth
serum, the result of the test is not admissible in court.

3. INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL

The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the control mechanism of
the brain, so alcohol, lie truth serum, and narcoanalytic drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”. The
ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the mad which all of us are said to
wear (“mask of sanity”) is reflected in the age-old maxim, “In vino veritas” (“In wine there
is truth”)

The person whose statement is to be taken is allowed to take alcoholic

beverages to almost intoxication. At this point the power to control diminishes and the
investigator starts pounding questions and recording answers.

The questioning must start during the excitatory, state when the subject has the
sensation of his well-being and when his action, speech and emotions are less strained
due to the lowering of the inhibition normally exercised by the higher brain centers.

When the subject is already in the depressive state due to the effect of alcohol, he will
no longer be able to answer any question.

Confessions made by the subject while under the influence of alcohol may utter
after the effects of alcohol have disappeared. But in most instances, the subject cannot
recall everything that he mentioned or he may refuse to admit the truth of the statement
given.
HYPNOSIS

Is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject

manifest a heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained.

Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction, subject who are compulsive-
depressive.

HYPNOTIC STATE

● That it is a comfortable state or complete relaxation in which the subject

will readily and willingly to cooperate in every way with the hypnotizer.
● That it is not actually a sleep.
● That the subject will do whatever he is told to do.
● That the hypnotizer will not order him to do anything injurious.
● After the test, the subject will wake up with feeling of comfort and
refreshment.