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    Lesson Six

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    Apple Asne
    1) Standards or exemplars refer to known genuine writings used for comparison with questioned documents. They are important for determining writing habits and identifying writers. 2) There are different types of standards including collected, requested, and those produced after a dispute. 3) When obtaining requested standards it is important to replicate conditions of questioned writings and avoid influences on the writer. 4) Signatures and writings that are difficult to analyze require specialized standards to facilitate comparison.

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    Lesson Six

    Uploaded by

    Apple Asne
    2K views4 pages
    1) Standards or exemplars refer to known genuine writings used for comparison with questioned documents. They are important for determining writing habits and identifying writers. 2) There are different types of standards including collected, requested, and those produced after a dispute. 3) When obtaining requested standards it is important to replicate conditions of questioned writings and avoid influences on the writer. 4) Signatures and writings that are difficult to analyze require specialized standards to facilitate comparison.

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    LESSON SIX

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    1) Standards or exemplars refer to known genuine writings used for comparison with questioned documents. They are important for determining writing habits and identifying writers. 2) There are different types of standards including collected, requested, and those produced after a dispute. 3) When obtaining requested standards it is important to replicate conditions of questioned writings and avoid influences on the writer. 4) Signatures and writings that are difficult to analyze require specialized standards to facilitate comparison.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views4 pages

    Lesson Six

    Uploaded by

    Apple Asne
    1) Standards or exemplars refer to known genuine writings used for comparison with questioned documents. They are important for determining writing habits and identifying writers. 2) There are different types of standards including collected, requested, and those produced after a dispute. 3) When obtaining requested standards it is important to replicate conditions of questioned writings and avoid influences on the writer. 4) Signatures and writings that are difficult to analyze require specialized standards to facilitate comparison.

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    of 4

    SOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

    Questioned
    Document
    Examination

    LESSON SIX: STANDARDS

    STANDARDS OR EXEMPLARS

    ▪ Standard - are known writings, which indicate how a person writes.


    A writer manifests fixed habits in his writings that identify him. This fact provides the basis for an opinion

    of conclusion regarding any writing identification problem. The term standard is a general term referring to all
    authenticated writings of the suspects.
    ▪ Exemplars – specimen of the writing of suspects are commonly known as exemplars.

    Exemplars refers more especially to specimens of standard writing offered in evidence or obtained or

    request for comparison with the questioned writing. ▪ Sample - a selected representative portion of the whole is
    known as a sample.

    TYPES OF HANDWRITING STANDARDS

    a. Collected Standards are known (genuine) handwriting of an individual such as signature and endorsements
    on canceled checks, legal papers letters, commercial, official, public and private document and other handwriting
    such as letters, memoranda, etc. Written in the course of daily life, both business and socials.

    b. Request Standards are signature or other handwritings (or hand printings) written by an individual upon

    request for the purpose of comparison with other handwriting or for specimen purposes.

    c. Post Litem Motan Exemplars - writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have come into dispute
    and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions.

    STANDARDS DESIRABLE FOR COMPARISON

    a. Submit collected and request standards signature from both individual cases.
    b. When anonymous letter writings other than signature are in questioned:
    SOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

    1. Submit request standards writings of general nature from both victim and suspect's (as much standards
    writing as possible to obtain within reason).

    2. Submit request standards of the questioned text written (or printed) - at least 3 writings by the suspect/s

    and in some instanced by the victim.

    SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS

    a. Have subject seated in a natural position at table or desk having smooth writing surface.
    b. Furnish subject with paper and writing instrument similar to those used in questioned writings, lie;

    paper should be same size, and ruled or unruled; as questioned document: if questioned document is in written

    furnish subject with pen and ink, etc.


    c. Never permit the subject to see any writing on the questioned document.

    d. Dictate material to be written (or printed, if questioned material is hand printed): give no assistance in
    spelling or arrangement on page. Dictate at a rate of speed, which will produce the subject natural writing habits.
    e. Remove each specimen upon completion by subject number in consequence, date, time and identify
    by initiating each, and request subjects to sign each specimen.

    f. Observe all writing done by subjects and indicate any attempt of disguise, and whether subjects appear
    to be normally right or left-handed, etc. ▪

    SPECIAL PROCEDURE FOR TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS


    a. Furnish subjects with check blanks similar to the questioned check/s.

    b. Dictate the entries to be made on specimen checks as follows, same as shown on questioned check:

    1. Date
    2. Payee
    3. Amount

    4. Signature
    5. Any other handwriting shown on questioned check
    c. Give subjects to help or suggestions in completing specimen checks.

    MISCELLANEOUS

    a. The laboratory should be informed of the age apparent health and physical condition of the time standards
    are written.

    b. Do not fold, staple or pin document: handle questioned documents with care.
    c. Indicate in the sample handwriting the time, place, date signature of writer as well as witness of the
    handwriting.

    SOURCES OF SIGNATURES WRITTEN IN THE COURSE OF DAILY AFFAIRS


    a. Canceled Checks

    b. Signature cards for saving, checking and charge accounts and safe deposit boxes.
    c. Credit applications and cards d. Signature on sales slips, on job orders slips, requisition slips and purchase
    slips.
    SOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

    e. Court records and affidavits, such as naturalization papers, bankruptcy proceedings, divorce papers. Probated
    wills and estate files, powers of attorney, etc.

    f. Passports, marriage application, license and affidavits.

    g. Driver automobile chauffeur, and other types of licensee applications


    h. Application for gas, electricity, water and telephone services

    i. Loan application and receipts

    j. Records from currency exchanges, check-cashing agencies and pawnshop


    k. Time sheets, payroll, pay receipts and personal forms

    l. Barangay registration, petitions

    m. Signature for certain drug purchases, hotel registrations


    n. Church, club and professional society record

    o. Veteran records
    p. Fingerprint records
    q. School or University class records and cards
    r. Application for firearm and licenses

    s. Application for export and import and dollar allocations


    t. ID cards

    PREPARING AND COLLECTING HANDWRITING STANDARDS

    ▪ Factors to Consider in the Selection of standards


    a. The amount of standard written

    b. Similarly of subject matter. If the questioned writings are hand printed, then get hand printed

    standard or exemplar.

    c. Relative dates of the questioned and the standards writing standard signatures or writing must

    be those written five (5) years before or five (5) after the date of the questioned signature or writing.

    The importance of contemporaneous standards includes:

    Helps to determine or trace gradual changes on one’s handwriting or signature.

    Aids in tracing the development of any writing variation

    d. Condition under which both the questioned and the standard are prepared. look for standards

    prepared under comparable circumstances such as: paper rested on the knee; standing; sitting; lying

    down; and/or while on moving vehicle.

    e. Writing instrument and paper. same instrument used in the preparation of the questioned

    document must be obtained in the standards

    HANDWRITINGS/SIGNATURES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO SOLVE

    ▪ Type of Signature

    a. Signature of the careless or highly erratic writer.


    b. Receipt Signature.
    SOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

    c. Near - Illiterate Writer.

    d. Signatures of Physical Impaired Writer - intoxicated signature, old age deterioration, sick bed

    signature

    e. Disguised signature or writing

    Remedy (Required Standards)

    a. Collected standards

    b. Other receipt signatures

    c. Requested standards if writer is still living - Collect standards written in the same situation;

    Collect 2 or 3 times more standards; Similar to old age deterioration

    d. Specimen written in normal condition could not be used therefore consider collected and

    requested standards.

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