CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter contains about research design, population and

sample, data collecting method, and data analysis.

A. Research design

When we do the research, we can use several methods, and as it did

so can be used various research design. One of the most important in this

research is the research design (Suryabrata,1983:71).

Research design are plans and the procedures for research to

detailed methods of data collection and analysis (Cresswell,2009:3).

According to Best and Kahn (2007), “The term descriptive research has

often been used incorrectly to describe three types of investigation that are

different. Descriptive research is a research method that try describe and

interpret object appropriate with situation (Best, 1982:119).

In descriptive research there are numerous category. They are case

studies, surveys, trend studies and many others. (Ary,1985:26-27), explain

that “There are several subcategories of descriptive research : case studies,

surveys, developmental studies, follow up studies, documentary analysis,

trend studies and co-relational studies”.

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In this study, the writer used descriptive quantitative surveys. So,

the writer classify this study into survey that is uses observation method of

collecting data. Survey research is the most frequently used in all

disciplines. Survey research involves acquiring information about one or

more groups of people – perhaps about their characteristics, opinions,

attitudes, or previous experiences – by asking them questions and

tabulating their answers.

The method of research which concerns itself with the present

phenomena in terms of conditions, practices beliefs, processes,

relationships or trends invariably is termed as “descriptive survey study”.

According to Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal (2008) descriptive research is devoted to

the gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations for

the purpose of description and interpretation. This type of research method

is not simply amassing and tabulating facts but includes proper analyses,

interpretation, comparisons, identification of trends and relationships.

(IJTBM) 2012, Vol. No.1,Issue No.6, Apr-Jun)

The survey research employs applications of scientific method by

critically analyzing and examining the source materials, by analyzing and

interpreting data, and by arriving at generalization and prediction.

(IJTBM) 2012, Vol. No.1,Issue No.6, Apr-Jun)

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Creswell (2008:388) explain that :

Survey research designs are procedures in quantitative research in

which investigators administer a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe the attitude, opinions, behaviors,
or characteristics of population.
The research design of this study was descriptive. Descriptive

research is a research method that try describe and interpret object

appropriate with situation. This research describe type of code switching

for using in the sentence in the Novel Negeri 5 Menara.

B. Population and Sample

A population as defined as all members of any well defined class,

people events, and objects (Ary,2006:167). The population of study is the

sentences used in the conversation excerpts the novel Negeri 5 Menara. A

sample is a portion of a population (Ary,2006:167). The sentences used by

characters containing code switching were selected as the samples of the

study . In this study writer found many sentences used code-switching in

the communication in the novel. The data as presented in appendices 2.

In purposive sampling - also referred to as judgment sampling –

sample elements judgment to be typical, for forecasting or representative,

are chosen from the population. Researcher often use purposive sampling

national elections. In each state they choose a number of small districts

whose returns in previous elections have been typical of the entire state.

They interview all the eligible voters in these district and use the results to

predict the voting patterns of the state. Using similar procedures in all
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state, the pollster forecast the national result.

The critical question in purposive sampling is the extent to which

judgment can be relied on to arrive at a typical sample. There is no reason

to assume that the units judged to be typical of the population will

continue to be typical over a period of time. Consequently, the results of a

study using purposive sampling may be misleading. Because of its low

cost and convenience, purposive sampling has been useful in attitude and

opinion surveys. Be aware of the limitations, however, and use the method

with extreme caution. (Ary,2006:174)

C. Data collecting method

The researcher in this research is the main instrument. She

conducts the describe many sentences in the Novel Negeri 5 Menara. The

supporting instrument is observe sentences in the novel.

In this research, data collecting conducted at natural setting, source

of primary data, and data collecting technique stressed at sentences the

novel.

According to Suharsimi Arikunto observation method is direct

observation, so observation can we do by using sight, sense of smell, sense

of hearing, organ of touch, and sense taste (Arikunto,2010:199).

In Arikunto (2010:200), Observation used in two methods, than

named it kind of observation :

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1. Observation non-systematic, that do of observer with not using

observation instrument.

2. Observation systematic, that to do of observer using orientation

observation instrument.

Observation method is a system to get data by doing survey and

making notes systematically about phenomena being researched.

In this study researcher use observation non-systematic, so the

researcher just read the novel and make a note about sentences and

conversation in the novel.

And to collect the data, writer does some steps as follow:

1. Write data from sentences and sentences conversation in the

novel Negeri 5 Menara.

2. Finding the type of code switching in the sentences and

sentences conversation in the novel.

3. Arranging the fifty data above into data analysis.

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D. Data analysis

Data analysis in my research using frame work as presented in the

appendices 1.

After all the data are collected, the next step is data analysis. The

steps that the writer takes in analyzing the data are as follows :

1. Reading and understanding the novel Negeri 5 Menara.

2. Identifying the data based on the purpose of study in the

novel Negeri 5 Menara.

3. Categories and classifying the types of code-switching

based on analysis framework as seen in appendices 1

reason of code switching. The analysis uses the 6 types

of code switching and the 10 reasons why the characters

in the Negeri 5 Menara or switch their language based

on Hoffman’s theory.

After the category of the code-switching are classified, the writer

conducted percentage analysis to get the clear of number of occurrences of

the code-switching in the novel. In this stage it, means the counting of

occurrences the code switching and the type of code switching and also

conducted to know the frequency of code switching. The result of the

counting is then transformed into percentage. In this stage the researcher

uses the formula as follows :

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P = f/N x 100%

Where P is symbol of percentage, f is the frequency of occurrences

of code switching and the type of code switching. N is the total number of

code switching found in the entire data.

Finally, the writer draw several conclusions according to the

findings previously coined.