CHAPTER 9 serves as a contrast to the

hero but does not necessarily

PROSE oppose him.
e. BACKGROUND
Definition CHARACTER- the
- Prose is a broad genre of literature that is background character are
written in paragraph form. It is an those characters who provide
expression that does not have a regular reality to the story by their
rhythmic pattern. It differs from poetry mere presence.
in the sense that it does not have
measure and rhyme, besides rhythm with f. UNSEEN CHARACTER-
sustained regularity. the unseen character is an
absent character who, even in
Elements his absence, affects the
development of the story.
1. SETTING- setting refers to the time
and locale of the story. 3. THEME – the theme is the idea or
concept of the author express in a
2. CHARACTERS- the characters are concise statement. Referred to as the
categorized into the principal and message of the story, it concretizes
supporting characters. The principal the abstract idea the writer wants to
characters are the protagonist and the impart.
primary antagonist, whereas the
supporting characters are the 4. PLOT- the plot is the chronological
supporting antagonists, confidants, sequence of events in the story.
foil and background characters.
a. EXPOSITION- The first
a. PROTAGONIST- the part of the plot, the
protagonist or the hero is the exposition introduces the
main character around whom setting and the characters of
the story revolves. the story. It is also called the
introduction or status quo.
b. ANTAGONIST- the When the story starts in the
antagonist or the villain is the conflict or in the middle, it is
main or the supporting called in medias res.
character who opposes the b. RISING INCIDENTS/S-
protagonist. The rising incidents are those
incidents that lead to
c. CONFIDANT/E- the complication.
confidant or confidante c. COMPILATION- the
(feminine) is the supporting compilation is the longest
character upon whom the part of the narrative, in which
protagonist confides. the conflict develops.
d. CRISIS- Climax is the
d. FOIL- the foil is the problem of the story.
supporting character who
e. CLIMAX- the climax is the PHYCHOLOGICAL
highest point of the story, CONFLICT- personal or
during which the readers internal conflict occurs when
know how the conflict will be the character experiences a
resolved. dilemma.
f. DENUOEMENT or
RESOLUTION- The 6. POINT OF VIEW- The point of
denouement or resolution is view is the angle of narration. The
the part of the plot in which frame of reference the author takes in
the conflict is resolved. telling the story is either first person
g. FALLING INCIDENT/S- or third person.
the falling incidents are those
incidents that lead to the a. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
conclusion. POINT OF VIEW- The
h. CONCLUSION- The autobiographical point of
conclusion is the last part of view is the first-person or the
the story’s plot. It gives the “I” of point of view.
story some finality. b. OMNISCIENT THIRD-
PERSON OF VIEW- The
5. CONFLICT- conflict is the omniscient third-person
motivating, driving forces that viewpoint is employed by the
involves both characters and readers author when the narrator does
in the narrative. not take part in the story, but
as an all knowing
a. SOCIAL CONFLICTS- (omniscient) observer, he
social conflicts exist when sees all the events and knows
the protagonist and antagonist the speech, actions, thoughts
are opposed to each other. and emotions (SATE) of the
b. PHYSICAL CONFLICTS- characters and reports them
physical conflicts occur when to the leaders.
the protagonist struggles c.
against physical forces such
as natural calamities, illness 7. VISUAL EFFECTS- the visual
and the like. effects man is in charge of the
c. METAPHYSICAL producing those sites that are not
CONFLICT- metaphysical usually captures by the camera in
conflicts exist when the order to make the scenes effective,
protagonist fights exciting, and appealing to the
supernatural beings such as viewers.
gods and goddesses,
vampires, werewolves, elves, 8. THEME SONG- the theme song is
fairies and the like. the songs composed to represent the
theme or the subject matter of the
drama.
d. PERSONAL or
INTERNAL or
9. MUSICAL STORE- the theme song situation. It is characterized by a
is not the only song played in a sentimental love story, sensational
drama whether it is a comedy, a actions, extravagant emotions, and a
tragedy, a melodrama, or another happy ending.
genre.
5. RELIGIOUS PLAY- A religious
10. STORY- the story is the most play is a drama that serves to reenact
important aspects of a play for a biblical event or to teach a truth or
without it, there won’t be any truths pertaining to a certain religion.
production.
6. HISTORICAL PLAY- just like
11. SCRIPT- the script is that which religious play, a historical play
contains the dialogue or the lines to serves to reenact a historical event
be memorized by the performers. It that plays an important role on the
also contains the director’s lives of the viewers.
instructions. The author if the story
oftentimes the scriptwriter. 7. MUSICAL PLAY- also known as
an Opera, a musical play is an art
form that combines music and
KINDS drama.
1. TRAGEDY- a tragedy is a drama in
which the hero fails to fulfill his goal MEDIUMS
or goals. His failure is attributed to - Before when the camera, radio, and
his tragic flaw, a fatal mistake. The television were not yet invented, the
protagonist cannot overcome an stage was the only venue used for
inevitable failure although he may dramatic purposes.
show courage along the way.
1. STAGE PLAY- a stage play is a
2. COMEDY- a comedy is a drama in drama performed on stage. The
which the hero succeeds in fulfilling dramatic performers perform live
his goal or goals. Sometimes, it is before an audience.
comic all throughout as a comedy of
manners or a slapstick comedy such 2. RADIO PLAY- a radio play is a
that the viewers laugh and laugh as drama aired over the radio. The
they watch the performance. dramatic performers perform live in
the studio but not before an audience.
3. TRAGICOMEDY- a tragicomedy is
a drama in which the hero fails with 3. TELEVISION PLAY- a television
respects to some goals but succeeds play is a drama shown on television.
with respect to the other goals. It is The dramatic performers shoot the
merely a combination of tragedy and film months before it presented to
a comedy. the public.

4. MELODRAMA- a melodrama is a HISTORY

drama that focuses not on the
protagonist, but on the action of the 1. PREHISTORIC PERIOD
2. GREEK PERIOD 6. TOLENTINO, AURELIO- as
3. ROMAN PERIOD early advocate of the adaptation
4. MEDIEVAL PERIOD of Tagalog as the national
5. RENAISSANCE PERIOD language, Tolentino wrote
6. MODERN PERIOD “Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas,”
and “Bagong Cristo.”
NOTABLE ARTISTS
LOCAL CHOREOGRAPHER FOREIGN CHOREOGRAPHER

1. FLORENTINO, ALBERTO- a 1. AESCHYLUS- named as the

Carlos Palanca awardee, “Father of Greek Tragedy,”
Florentino has a collection of Aechylus is one of the three
plays entitled “The World Is an greatest Greek tragedians. He
Apple and Other Prize Plays.” wrote “The Persians,” an
Agamemnon trigoly.
2. MA. GUERRERO,
WILFRIDO- one of the most 2. ARISTOPHANES- named
outstandinf Filipino playwrights as the “Father of Comedy,”
in English, Guerrero was the Aristophanes is one of the
directore of the UP Dramatic greatest Greek comedians.
Club and the UP Mobile Theater.
3. BARRIE, SIR JAMES- a
3. ILAGAN, HERMOGENES- Scottish dramatist, Barrie
Known as the “Father of Tagalog wrote “The Admirable
Zarzuela,” Ilagan wrote Crichton” and “What Every
“Dalagang Bukid.” Woman Knows.”

4. MONTANO, SEVERINO- a
pioneer of mobile theater in the 4. BECKETT, SAMUEL- a
Philippines, Montano produced French dramatist born in
three compilations of plays, Ireland, Beckett is known for
namely, “3 One-Act-Plays,” “The his play, “Waiting for
Love of Leonor Rivera,” and the Godot.”
“Prize-Winning Plays of the
Arena Theater of the 5. BRETCH, BERTOLT- a
Philippines.” modern German dramatist,
Brecht wrote “The Caucasian
5. REYES, SEVERINO- Better Chalk Circle” and “Mother
known as LOLA BASYANG, Courage and Her Children.”
Reyes authored “Walang Sugat,”
“Mga Bihag ni Cupido,” and 6. CHAKHOV, ANTON-
“RIP.” Like Ilagan, he is known considered by many as the
as the “Father of Tagalog greatest short-story writer of
Zarzuela.” all time, Chekhov was a
Russian dramatist and short
story writer.
15. ROSTAND, EDMOND- a
7. DRYDEN, JOHN- an French Romantic dramatist,
English dramatist and Rostand is famous for his
essayist, he wrote “Marriage play, “Cyrano de Bergerac.”
a la Mode,” a comedy, and
“All for Love,” a tragedy. 16. SCHILLER, FRIEDRICH-
A German Romantic
8. EURIPIDES- Euripides is dramatist, Schiller is noted
one of the three greatest for his works, “Wilhelm
Greek tragedians, Tell,” “The maid of Orleans,”
“Hippolytus” is one of his and “Maria Stuart.”
works.
17. SHAKESPEARE,
9. IBSEN, HENRIK- named as WILLIAM- considered as
the “Father of Modern the greatest dramatist of all
Drama,” Ibsen was a notable time, Shakespeare produced
Norwegian dramatist. tragedies, comedies and
histories that have become
10. KALIDASA- named as the literary classics.
“Shakespeare of India,”
Kalidasa authored the world.
Renowned “Shakuntala.”

11. MILLER, ARTHUR- a

modern American dramatist,
Miller is famous for his work,
“Death of a Salesman.”

12. MOLIERE, JEAN

BAPTISTE POQUELIN-
named as the “Shakespeare of
France,” Moliere was a
French satiric dramatist.

13. O’NEIL, EUGENE- an

American dramatist, O’Neil
wrote a big number of plays,
including “The Hairy Ape,”
“The Great God Brown,” etc.

14. PIRANDELLO, LUIGI- an

Italian dramatist and satirist,
Pirandello is noted for his
play, “Six Characters in
Search of an Author.”