SELF LEARNING MODULE

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

PRELIM

Science, Technology and Society

Module 1:
Nature of Science, Technology and Society

Philippine Women’s University CDCEC Calamba Inc.

Alva Center Building, Brgy Uno, Calamba City
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Dear Parents,
The Philippine Women’s University CDCEC CalambaInc. is one with every Filipino family in coping with
the demands of our modern times.
The current situation we are experiencing right now has caused immediate changes in our lives. Above
anything else, our priority is your sons/daughter health and safety, but this does not prevent us from making
education happen. Even if your child will miss regular schooling this year, we want to assure you that no student
will be left behind, because learning is possible anytime, anywhere.
Thus, we present to you this Self Learning Module (SLM) to help your son/daughter meet the most
essential learning competencies in every subject and grade level, and will serve as your son/daughter major
learning tool, whether your child opts for online, modular or blended learning modality. The learning activities in
this SLM are arranged to lead your child to think critically, act skillfully, and reflect deeply on each lesson and
practice into real life skills. Most importantly, this SLM promotes self-paced learning as your child can always
review the least understood lessons as often as he/she pleases.
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more often, then we wish to request one thing from you: please encourage your child not to stop learning.
Consider your child like our hero and fellow Calambeño Jose Rizal who, despite his studies overseas, would
always recall the most significant learning experience he had – his lessons with his parents.
Thank you very much in being one with us! Together, let us envision that, by the end of this school year,
we will see your child as one responsible young person with a heart and mind for humanity, for nature, for the
country, and for God.

Dear Student,
Welcome to a brand-new year of learning! We hope you are doing fine, although we understand that
you already miss going to school and spending fun, learning moments with your teacher in front and your
classmates just right beside you. Unfortunately, we have to wait a bit further for the situation to go back to normal
mode. But one thing is for sure—the opportunity for your learning cannot wait any longer.
By this time, you have already chosen your learning modality. Is your access to internet strong enough
for online learning mode, or does your lack of resources make you prefer modular learning? Well, you do not
have to worry as to what your case may be, because even if you cannot come to school, PWU-CDCEC Inc. is
bringing the school right in your homes.
This is our gift to you: The modules that will help you meet the knowledge and skills necessary for every
subject in your grade level. Your teachers have worked hard in designing these modules, and we guarantee that
through this, everyday will be a wonderful learning experience for you.
Please take time to read and do the activities in these Self Learning Module (SLM) as if you are
reporting in school. Set a regular study schedule for you as much as possible, but keep in mind that these SLM
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you flipping back the pages over and over again for review. Also, remember to keep in touch with your teachers.
Send them a message through your online sessions or write them a note as you do your modular activities.
With this, we wish you good luck in your studies, and we hope that you will remain happy and
enthusiastic in learning!

I. Title
Nature of Science, Technology and Society

II. Overview
1. The Nature of Science and Technology
2. Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology
3. The structure of scientific revolutions
4. Branches of science

III. Objective

In this module, the student will know that this course is not a laboratory-based course that deals with
interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political and economic contexts that
shape with the society.

You are expected to:

1. Discuss and explain fundamental meaning, interrelationships and dynamics, expectations and
challenges in science, technology and society
2. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology
3. Understand domains of different branches of science and identification of some Filipino and foreign
scientists and their achievements.

IV. Discussion
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Science
It concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the
natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. It is done through
observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under
controlled conditions
Science and Technology
• Science: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and
observation.

•  Technology: science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools.

How is Science used in technology?

• Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and
experiments. Through science, we develop new technologies.

• Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose. q Scientists use
technology in all their experiments.

Role of Science and Technology

1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic
development.

2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic
advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.

3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on
micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology. Products are
transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their
effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications
arising when these technologies converge.

4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries

5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and developing
their economies, and those that are not.

6. engine of growth

7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering

Society
The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and
to make things. It is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing
the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural
expectations.
What does Science Technology and Society means?
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society,
politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society,
politics and culture.
Science and Technology Studies
• STS is a relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn’s The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions (1962).

• STS was the result of a “sociological turn” in science studies.

• STS makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially intertwined and that they are
each profoundly social and profoundly political

How Science and Technology Affect Society

• Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing.

• By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics,
aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions.

• Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and the
procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves,
others, and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely
detrimental.

How Science can Affect on Society

• Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and the
procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves,
others, and the environment.

• The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.

What is the relationship between science and society

• The impact of science and technology on society is evident. But society also influences science. There
are social influences on the direction and emphasis of scientific and technological development, through
pressure groups on specific issues, and through generally accepted social views, values and priorities

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

History in the Philippines
•  Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as long
periods of stagnation.

• The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department of Science and
Technology.
• Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in
the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of
tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and many more.

Pre-Spanish Era
• Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the archipelago
already had practices linked to science and technology.

• Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of
extracting medicine from herbs.

• They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.

• The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish era
Filipinos.

Spanish Colonial Era

• The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago.

• The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.

• During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.

• Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.

• Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest existing
university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.

• The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.

• Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.

• Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.

• The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.

American Period
• The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands.

• On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which
was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which
was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases
and laboratory projects.

• On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science
and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.

• The Bureau of Science became the primary

Post-Commonwealth Era
• During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to
science grew.

• Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention was acknowledged.

• In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year Development
Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978.

• Funding for science was also increased.

• The National Science Development Board was replaced by the National Science and Technology
Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.

American Period
•  Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to
free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and
trade.

• In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US Economic
Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the
country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and
low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos
P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National
Science Development

Post-Commonwealth Era
• In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.

• Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and
technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted.

• During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.

Post-Commonwealth Era
•  In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for
the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.

• The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handle the least amount of bills
for deliberation.

Post-Commonwealth Era
• Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget allocation for
science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year's 464
million pesos.

• However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed
down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in
1992

Paradigm Shifts in History

a typical example or pattern of something. Its a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories,
research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.
What is a Paradigm Shift
• a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions. q a concept identified by the American
physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn

• a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Kuhn
presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
(1962).

Why are Paradigm Shifts Important

Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems. Within philosophy of
science this concept is sometimes considered important and is sometimes given great attention within education.
Kuhn’s Paradigm
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American physicist, historian and
philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was
influential in both academic and popular circles,

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Its a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event
in the history, philosophy, and sociology of scientific knowledge.

Kuhn Cycle
Its a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions. In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was that it was a
steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas.
Kuhn’s Paradigm
• Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.

• Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge, each revolution
triggered by introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be called new paradigms.
• Kuhn argues that paradigms change in scientific revolutions. Scientists go through a crisis and transition
to a new paradigm, a new way of seeing the world. It is not possible to compare paradigms and it is not
possible to say whether one is more right than the other.

Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity. In contrast with Popper
then Kuhn presents a descriptive theory in which Kuhn try to observe the factual scientific fields in order to
understand how they function in practice.

Branches of Science
Science is a systematic study of the nature and manners of an object and the natural universe that is established
around measurement, experiment, observation and formulation of laws.
Mathematics and Logic
 It deals with abstract concepts. It goes hand in hand as both are needed in relation to finding out how
social sciences and natural sciences work. They are also both needed in forming laws, theories and
hypothesis.
Biological Science
 It deals with the study of living things. It is divided into different subtopics that includes zoology, botany
ecology and paleontology.
Social Science
 It is the study of the society and man’s relationship to it. It includes Anthropology, economics and
sociology.

Physical Science
 It includes geology, physics, chemistry and astronomy.

Scientific Method
The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer
questions.
Intellectual Revolutions in Science and Technology
Copernican
• This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the
idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric
model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.)

Darwinian
• This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a
different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published
his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.
Freudian
• This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian
Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also
his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete
his/her developmental stage.

Information
• This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age
that has brought so much change on how are we living today.
Asian
• The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
Middle East
• The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to
push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
African
• The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

V. Evaluation

Activity A.
Try to answer as many as you can from the questions below that comes from the general knowledge in
science.

What is sodium How many does a spider What is responsible of What substance are
chloride? have? the deep red color of nails made of?
blood?

Human body’s biggest What do you call a The part of human body What scientist is well-
organ person who studies with the greatest sweat known for his theory of
rock? glands? relativity?

Electric power is Which acid is present in What is table sugar? Powerhouse of a cell
measured in what units lemon?

The most recognized What planet is What is the name of the What vitamin comes
model of how nicknamed “red planet”? substance that gives the from the sun?
the universe skin and hair the
begun pigment

Activity B.
What is your impression of the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines compared to other
countries?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________

The rubric below will serve as guide and basis of your score.

Performance Areas 4 3 2 1 Score

Content The complete The ideas are The idea lacks No supporting points.
idea is clearly vague, lack of supporting points.
stated focus.
Relevance/ The answers are The answers are The answers No relevance at all.
Appropriateness aligned to what is somewhat have a little
needed. misleading. relevance to what
is asked for.
Mechanics and Written answers Written answers Written answers Written answers have
Grammar have no errors in are relatively free have several serious errors in word
word selection of errors in word errors in word selection and use,
and use, selection and selection and use, sentence structure,
sentence use, sentence sentence spelling and
structure, spelling structure, spelling structure, spelling capitalization.
and capitalization. and capitalization. and capitalization.
(1-2 errors) (3-4 errors)

Quiz A.
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Science

2. Technology

3. Society

4. Paradigm Shift

5. Ptolemaic Model

6. Psychoanalysis

7. Scientific Process

8. Geology

9. Anthropology

10. Botany

B. Explain each step of scientific process.

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______________________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________

The rubric below will serve as guide and basis of your score.

Performance Score
4 3 2 1
Areas
Content The complete idea The ideas are The idea lacks No supporting
is clearly stated vague, lack of supporting points.
focus. points.
Relevance/ The answers are The answers are The answers No relevance
Appropriateness aligned to what is somewhat have a little at all.
needed. misleading. relevance to what
is asked for.
Mechanics and Written answers Written answers Written answers Written
Grammar have no errors in are relatively free of have several answers have
word selection and errors in word errors in word serious errors
use, sentence selection and use, selection and in word
structure, spelling sentence structure, use, sentence selection and
and capitalization. spelling and structure, spelling use, sentence
capitalization. (1-2 and structure,
errors) capitalization. (3- spelling and
4 errors) capitalization.

Activity C.

Research about a scientific innovation of a known technology or invention.

Invention:_________________________________________________________
History:
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Present Innovation:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Recitation

Watch these additional supplemental videos from youtube.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xfiBCWL754&feature=share
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv96eGEmAco&feature=share

Activity D.

Give your ideas on the following statement.

1. How scientific and technological advancement improves the society?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. From a glimpse on the history of Philippines scientific progress, what do you think can help improve
its advancement?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

The rubric below will serve as guide and basis of your score.
Performance Score
4 3 2 1
Areas
Content The complete idea The ideas are The idea lacks No supporting
is clearly stated vague, lack of supporting points.
focus. points.
Relevance/ The answers are The answers are The answers No relevance
Appropriateness aligned to what is somewhat have a little at all.
needed. misleading. relevance to what
is asked for.
Mechanics and Written answers Written answers Written answers Written
Grammar have no errors in are relatively free of have several answers have
word selection and errors in word errors in word serious errors
use, sentence selection and use, selection and in word
structure, spelling sentence structure, use, sentence selection and
and capitalization. spelling and structure, spelling use, sentence
capitalization. (1-2 and structure,
errors) capitalization. (3- spelling and
4 errors) capitalization.

S - ______________________
C - ______________________
I - _______________________
E - ______________________
N - ______________________
T - ______________________
I - _______________________
F - _______________________
I - ________________________
C - _______________________

1. I - _______________________
N - _______________________
V - _______________________
E - _______________________
N - _______________________
T - ________________________
I - _________________________
O - ________________________
N - ________________________

XI REFERENCES

Online
1. https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/subject_matter/science/
2. https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xfiBCWL754&feature=share

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv96eGEmAco&feature=share

Books
1. Science, Technology and Society by Ballena, Bernal, Paquiz and Viet