INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

COVERAGE:

Intellectual revolutions that

defined society

A. Copernican

B. Darwinian

C. Freudian

D. Information

E. Meso - American

F. Asian

G. Middle East

H. African

The aspects of Science as a/an...

IDEA

It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and observations about the
natural and physical world.

INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

The study involves systematic observations and experimentations

BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

It is a subject or a discipline or a field of study

It deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world

PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY

This explains that science is both knowledge and activities by humans to develop better
understanding of the world around them.
Variables that Influence the Dev't of Science and Technology

Creativity

Curiosity

Critical Thinking

Passion to know

Passion to discover

3 Revolutions that defined society

Ideas of Known Intellectuals

Copernican

Darwinian

Freudian

Cradles of Early Science

MesoAmerica

Asian

Middle East

African

Information revolution

Before the intellectual revolution, many people view god as a puppeteer -> People used religion
to rationalize the origin of life.

1500s-1700s

time period in which the intellectual revolution occured

Scientific Revolution (Age of Reason)

Period in science during the 16th and 17th centuries (1600's-1700's)

Scientists challenged traditional authority

Used observations and reason to reach conclusions

Period of elightenment

Transformed the views of society about nature through the fields of:

Mathematics

Physics

Astronomy

Biology

Chemistry

Why did the scientific revolution begin in Europe?

Invention of printing press

Intellectual activities

Number of scholars

Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists. Scientific
individuals were condemned to death from religious institutions. These did not stop scientists to
satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world.

Age of Exploration

European historical period from the 15th century to the 18th century

marking the time in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in
European culture.

Geocentric Theory

The theory that the Earth is the center of the universe (Geo=Earth)
Church’s theory

Heliocentric/Copernican Theory

The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe

Position of the stars, however, was its greatest problem

Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Was inspired to take up astronomy by reading “Epitome” by Johannes Muller

Advanced the Heliocentric theory that earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Convicted of heresy by the Catholic Church.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Book by Nicholas Copernicus explaining his heliocentric theory which states that the Earth orbits
the Sun

Was considered very controversial because it went against the bible

Galileo Galilei

Used a telescope to confirm Copernicus's theory.

He discovered the law of falling bodies, improved on the telescope, and was charged with
heresy.

Remainder of life was spent under house arrest.

Jupiter = 4 moons + dark spots

Moons = rough surface

Johannes Kepler

Laws of Planetary Motion/Elliptical/Oval/Movement of the Planets.

Philosophy
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when
considered as an academic discipline.

The nature,causes, and principles of the reality of science.

Charles Darwin

Attended Shrewsbury School, where he developed an interest for natural history

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Darwinian revolution -> evolution by means of natural selection

- Provided the framework for doing scientific activities marked by observations & experiences

Came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family.

Joined the 5 year voyage through HMS Beagle on the island of Galapagos

Majorly contributed to the fields of:

evolutionary biology

philosophy of science

2 Books that gave birth to the Darwinian Revolution

On the Origin of Species (1859)

Presented evidence on how species evolved over time

The Descent of Man (1871)

Introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking

"One general law leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let
the strongest live and the weakest die. " –Charles Darwin

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalaysis

Stream of consciousness

Free association
Freudian Revolution -> Developed an observational method to study human's inner life

Method of Psychoanalysis

Consisted of two:

Stream of consciousness

Free association

a scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illness

This method was unorthodox focuses human secuality and the evil nature of man

Human Sexuality

is the way people experience and express themselves sexually.

This involves:

Biological

Erotic

Physical

Emotional

Social

Spiritual feelings and behaviors.

3 Aspects on effects of Freudian revolution

Literature

Visual Arts

Music

Scientific Method

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century.
There are 6 main steps:

Step 1: Ask a question

Step 2: Do background research

Step 3: Construct a hypothesis

Step 4: Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment

Step 5: Analyze the data and draw a conclusion

Step 6: Share your results

Francis Bacon

Laid important rules for experimental science, including the Scientific Method.

1 of 2 men considered the "forefathers" of the Scientific Method.

Rene Decartes

Reason and math.

His famous quote: "I think, therefore I am."

Isaac Newton

He made the important discovery of the Scientific Revolution.

He discovered the Force of Gravity which helps us with planets.

The old way of looking at people, before the intellectual revolution, was as sinners.

Enlightenment

The period known as the Age of Reason in the 18th century of Europe.

The thinkers of this period believed that one could use reason to understand the universe, they
rejected traditional ideas based on authority.

Philosophers applied natural laws discovered through scientific methods to government and
human nature
Many people in Europe began to think of God as a clockmaker

Thomas Hobbes

Published Leviathan, he discussed the need for what he called a social contract

Under this contract, people would give up their naturaed by a strong monarch.

Believed that people are naturally bad

Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

The reamble to the U.S. Constitution connects to this

John Locke

Believed that people had the rights to life, liberty, and property.

People should enter a social contract with a government doesn't live up to those purposes, the
people have the right to revolt.

Had the biggest impact on the Declaration of independence

Government should protect life, liberty and property

Spoke the quote "When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another..." which was later used
by Thomas Jefferson

Natural Rights

This is the idea that people are born deserving certain freedoms because they are people; these
are often described so as to include "life, liberty, and property."

Reason

This idea, advocated by Enlightenment philosophers, was that through the use of logical thinking
and problem-solving, one can find solutions to problems and/or questions.
Humanism

Intellectual and cultural movement of the Renaissance stressing the significance of each
individual

The belief that humans had potential and could achieve great things

The focus was on classical works of Greece and Rome.

Voltaire

French philosopher of the Enlightenment

Believed in religious tolerance

Wrote the Candide

Had the biggest impact on the 1st amendment

Freedom of speech

Supported control of enlightened absolute rulers. " I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend
to the death your right to say it."

Baron de Montesquieu

Identified three kinds of governments:

Republics

Monarchies

despotisms.

Wrote that the way to create a strong, uncorrupt government was for it to include three
branches:

Executive

Legislative

Judicial.

Each branch would have separate responsibilities

He believed that this separation of powers would keep any one person or group from gaining
too much power and would protect people's liberty.

Philosopher which the 10th amendment connects most closely

This idea refers to when a government is separated into different parts—such as a legislative,
judicial, and executive branch—in order to prevent one part of the government from becoming
too powerful.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed that the only good government was direct democracy that was focused on common
good

French Enlightenment thinker obsessed with the idea that men are born free

Considered slavery to be one of the worst crimes imaginable BECAUSE it took away the freedom
of others.

"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

Mary Wollstonecraft

She was an influential female thinker during the Enlightenment

She advocated the idea that women should receive the same education as men in order to be
productive members of society.

Helped support the Women’s Suffrage Movement

Charles I

English king who was executed by Parliament during the English civil war

Fought because because the parliament was trying to limit the power of the King of England

Declaration of Independence

Created to show how the world all the ways the King of England had broken his social contract
with the colonist

Satire
Using humor to point out issues in society that the author wants to change

Industrial Revolution

Provided the citizens of democracies with many given rights.

Was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the
use of new energy.

Began in Britain in the 1750's.

Industrialization

The development of commercial enterprise.

Occurs when industry is introduced on a large scale to a region or country.

Factories

A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by

They are often loud and large.

Entrepreneurs

A person who creates, owns, and operates businesses.

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Maya Civilization

Inca Civilization

Aztec Civilization

Maya Civilization

Lasted for about 2,000 years.

Astronomy incorporated in temples or religious structures

Astronomy understanding celestial bodies

Prediction of eclipse

Use astrological cycles in planting and harvesting

Weave cloth, & first people to produce rubber productsaround 3,000 years.

One of the world's first civilization to use a writing, the Mayan hieroglyphics

Skilled in Mathematicsand developed number systems based on Numeral 20

Concept of zero

Chichen Itza pyramid

An example of a temple for astronomical observations by the Mayans

Mica

The mineral from which a rainbow of glittery paints were made by the Mayan

Aztec Civilization

Were a Mesoamerican culture that fluorished.

In Central Mexicoin the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

Contributions of Aztec Civilization

Mandatory Education for Children

Chocolates

Antispasmodic Medication

Chinampa -> A form of aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided
into rectangular areas surrounded by canals
Aztec Calendar

Invention of Canoe

Contributions of Inca Civilization

Stone Buildings

Irrigation System

Calendar with 12 months

First Suspension Bridge

Quipu (knotted ropes)

Inca textiles

Development of Science in Asia

Indian Civilization

China Civilization

Middle East Civilization

India

Well known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works

Traditional medicine

Notable in the field of astronomy

Contributions of Indian Civilization

Medicine

Astronomy

360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days

Math
Mohenjo-daro ruler

Trigonometry

Gravity as a force of attraction

Mathematical analaysis

Ayurveda

A form of traditional medicine which originated in ancient India and is still in use at present

Susruta Samhita

An Indian ancient text which describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous
in Ancient India

Siddhanta Shiromani

Ancient text with topics including like longitude and latitude of planets, eclipses, paths of sun
and moon

Indus Valley Civilization

The first people in the Indian subcontinent who studied mathematics

Mohenjo-daro ruler

A ruler created by the Indus Valley Civilization

Aryabhatiya

The book of Aryabhata where he introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms in algebra

Brahmagupta

He suggested that gravity is a force of attractions

The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's book
Brahmasputha Siddhanta (The Opening of the Universe) written in 628 AD

Here Brahmagupta considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for
the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers.

Madhava of Sangamagrama

He was known as the founder of Mathematical analysis

Contributions of Chinese Civilization

Iron plough

Wheelbarrow

Compass

Papermaking

Gunpowder

Propeller

Seismological detector

China Substantial Contributions

Medicine

Astronomy

Science and Mathematics

Arts and Philosophy

Music and among others

Lunar calendar

The calendar used by the chinese

The entire branch of geology dedicated to studying earthquakes and earthquake waves

Seismographs

The instruments used to measure and record seismic waves

Were invented by the Chinese 2000 years ago

Metal spheres were delicately balanced in mouths of dragons, and the slightest vibrations would
cause them to fall out

Middle East Countries

Are predominantly occupied by the Muslims.

The period of Muslim Scholarship or the Golden Age of Islamlasted until the 13th Century.

Placed greater value on Science Experiments rather than Plain Thought Experiments

Decimal point notation

Muslim mathematicians added to the Arabic Numerical System

Golden Age of Islam

Started around 11th - 13th Century

Declined when Mongols conquered Islam.

Contributed to the Golden Age of Islam:

Common language

Access to greek texts

Proximity to india

Ibn al-Haytham

Regarded as Father of Optics

Ibn Sina

Pioneered the science of Experimental Medicine

Discovery of contagious disease & Introduction of Clinical Pharmacology.

The Book of Healing

The Canon of Medicine

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Mathematics

The concept of algorithm

Algebra derived from al-jabar. The beginning of the title of one of his publications.

Contributions of African Civilization

Metallurgy

Alchemy

Mathematics

Astronomy

African Substantial Developments

Astronomy

Mathematics

Medicine

Alchemy

Jabir Ibn Hayyan

Father of Chemistry
The foundation of Modern Chemistry

Lebombo bone

Oldest known calendar - a baboon fibia with 29 notches.

This has been dated to 35,000 years ago.

A 29 to 30 day lunar calendar is extremely old and is found all over the ancient world.

Found in Africa, Swaziland

Geometry

This was used by the Egyptians to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands, build
rectilinear structures and architecture.

Egyptian Civilization

The center for alchemy -> The medieval forerunner of chemistry

Egyptians are good in 4 fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills

Have basic knowledge on Algebra & Trigonometry

3 kinds of Calendars

Lunar

Solar

Stellar

Aryabhata

Famous Mathematics Hindu