Members:

Borja, Vesperre

Casnici, Graziella Margherita

Dublin, Duane

Gatpolintan, Althea

Gepitulan, Ryle Christian

Gorre, Thia Kares

Inghog, Brendessa Mae

Langomes, Stephanie

Lu, Mariel

Rallon, Dan Alister

Solis, Arvin Jay

Takeshima, Angel

BSN 1-D
NURSING THEORIST

Members:

Borja, Vesperre

Casnici, Graziella Margherita

Dublin, Duane

Gatpolintan, Althea

Gepitulan, Ryle Christian

Gorre, Thia Kares

Inghog, Brendessa Mae

Langomes, Stephanie

Lu, Mariel

Rallon, Dan Alister

Solis, Arvin Jay

Takeshima, Angel

BSN 1-D
Theorist Name of Theory Major Assumptions
Florence Environmental Theory • Health
Nightingale and sickness are governed by
natural law
From: May 12,1820 • Mankind can achieve
(Florence, Italy) perfection
To: August 13,1910 • Nursing is a calling
(London, England, 90) • Nursing is an art and a
science
Area of Specialty: • Nursing is achieved through
English social reformer environmental alteration
and statistician, and
founder of modern
nursing.

Jean Watson Theory of Human  Caring can be effectively

Caring demonstrated and practiced
From: June 10, 1940 only interpersonally. There
(Williamson, West must be personal contact for
Virginia) caring to occur.
To: Present  Caring consists of curative
factors that result in the
Area of Specialty:
satisfaction of certain
 M.S. in
psychiatric and human needs.
mental health  Effective caring promotes
nursing health and individual or family
 Ph.D. in growth. Caring can directly
educational contribute to the overall
psychology and welfare of the patient and the
counseling patient's family.
 American Nurse  Caring responses accept
Theorist, person not only as he or she
Nursing is now but as what he or she
professor,
may become. The potential of
American
a person is as important as
Academy of
the person in their current
Nursing Living
Legend state of being.
 Held the  A caring environment is one
nation’s first that offers the development
endowed Chair of potential while allowing the
in Caring person to choose the best
Science for 16 action for himself or herself at
years. a given point in time. People
 Recipient of 15 feel more cared for when they
Honorary are empowered to make their
Doctorates; 12 own choices about health
international care.
 Author/ co-
author of over
30 books on
caring

Marilyn Ray Theory of Bureaucratic  Nursing is holistic, relational,

Caring for nursing spiritual, and ethical caring
From: 1938 (Hamilton, that seeks the good of self
Ontario, Canada) and others in complex
To: Present community, organizational,
and bureaucratic cultures.
Area of Specialty:  A person is a spiritual and
 Worked cultural being. Persons are
primarily in created by God, the Mystery
emergency, of Being, and they engage co-
critical care, creatively in human
maternal-child organizational and
department transcultural relationships to
 First Lieutenant find meaning and value
in USAF and  Health provides a pattern of
served as flight meaning for individuals,
nurse families, and communities.
 MA in  Environment is a complex
anthropology spiritual, ethical, ecological,
focusing on and cultural phenomenon.
political and
cultural
anthropology

Patricia Benner Novice- Expert Model  Caring is basis of altruism

 Caring and interdependent
From: August 1942 are the ultimate goals of
(Hampton, Virginia) adult development
To: Present
 Practice is a systematic whole
Area of Specialty: with a notion of excellence
 nursing theorist
 academic
 author
Kari Martinsen Theory of Care  It involves a collectivist vision
From: January 20, of humanity in which the
1943 individual is dependent upon
To: Present the community and creation,
or nature, and caring rather
Area of Specialty: than control should be the
 Norwegian guiding philosophy.
nurse and
academic,  As it relates to nursing, caring
whose work is simultaneously relational,
focuses on practical, and moral. Caring
nursing theory involves concrete action
 Works as based on education and
psychiatric training, without which
nurse concern for the patient is
mere sentimentality.

Helen Erickson, Modeling and Role  The Theory of Modeling and

Evelyn Tomlin & Modeling Theory Role-Modeling enables nurses
Mary Ann Swain to care for and nurture each
client with an awareness of
Helen Lorraine and respect for the
Erickson individual's uniqueness which
exemplifies theory-based
From: 1936 clinical practice that focuses
To: on the clients' needs.
 Developed Modeling and Role
Area of Specialty: Modeling Theory. The focus
 She specialized of this theory is on the
in ER and person. The nurse models
medical- (assesses), role models
surgical (plans), and intervenes in this
nursing. interpersonal and interactive
 Bachelors of theory
Science in  They asserted that each
Nursing and a individual unique, has some
Master’s degree self-care knowledge, needs
in Psychiatric simultaneously to be attached
Nursing in 1976 to the separate from others,
 Erickson then and has adaptive potential.
proceeded to Nurses in this theory,
developer facilitate, nurture and accept
career as an the person unconditionally.
independent
psychiatric
nurse
consultant
 She has since
written
numerous
articles and
studies over
nursing
theories and
holistic
approaches to
nursing.

Evelyn Malcolm
Tomlin

From: March 4, 1931

(Pleasant Ridge)
To: February 13, 2011

Area of Specialty:
 Worked in
several
different areas
of nursing
including
critical care,
home
care, independ
ent practice,
and staff
nursing, but
currently
specializes in
women and
children’s care
with a
background in
Christian
healing.
 Tomlin’s focus
on religion and
healing has led
her to publish
works as to the
connection
between
Christian values
and
modeling/role-
modeling
theory.

Mary Ann Price

Swain

From: 1941
To: Present

Area of Specialty:
 M.A. (1964)
and Ph.D.
(1969) from
the University
of Michigan
both in
psychology.
 Swain’s
specialties
revolved
around
her extensive
education in
psychology;
 She furthered
others’
educations by
instructing
psychology in
nursing
 Professor Swain
has also
contributed to
several
different
studies over
nursing
theories
primarily those
in relation to
stress
adaptation and
role-modeling.

Myra Estrin Levine Conservation Model  Assumptions About

Individuals
From: 1920 (Chicago,
Illinois ) 1. Each individual “is an
To: 1996 (Hospice of active participant in
the North Shore) interactions with the
environment…
Area of Specialty: constantly seeking
 experienced in information from it.”
oncology (Levine, 1969)
nursing
 Obtained a 2. The individual “is a
diploma in sentient being and the
nursing at Cook ability to interact with
County School the environment seems
of Nursing in ineluctably tied to his
1944. sensory organs.”
 She obtained
her Bachelor of 3. “Change is the essence
Science in of life and it is
Nursing at unceasing as long as
University of life goes on. Change is
Chicago in characteristic of life.”
1949 (Levine, 1973)
 Got her Master
of Science in  Assumptions About Nursing
Nursing at
Wayne State 4. “Ultimately the
University in decisions for nursing
1962. intervention must be
based on the unique
behavior of the
individual patient.”
5. “Patient centered
nursing care means
individualized nursing
care. It is predicated
on the reality of
common experience:
every man is a unique
individual, and as such
he requires a unique
constellation of skills,
techniques and ideas
designed specifically
for him.” (Levine,
1973)

Martha Elizabeth Science of Unitary  Man is a unified whole

Rogers Human Beings possessing his own integrity
and manifesting
From: May 12, 1914 characteristics that are more
(Dallas, Texas) than and different from the
To: March 13, 1994 sum of his parts.
 Man and environment are
Area of Specialty: continuously exchanging
 She specialized in matter and energy with one
public health another.
nursing.  Pattern and organization
 A Fellow for the identify man and reflect his
American Academy innovative wholeness.
of Nursing.  Man is characterized by the
 Former Professor capacity for abstraction and
and Head of the imagery, language and
Division of Nursing thought, sensation and
emotion.

Dorothea Orem The Self – Care Deficit  People should be self-reliant,

Nursing Theory and responsible for their care,
From: July 15, 1914 as well as others in their
(Baltimore, Maryland) family who need care.
To: June 22, 2007  People are distinct individuals.
 Nursing is a form of action. It
Area of Specialty: is an interaction between two
 Practice or more people.
working as a  Successfully meeting universal
staff nurse, and development self-care
private duty requisites is an important
nurse, nurse component of primary care
educator and prevention and ill health.
administrator  A person's knowledge of
and nurse potential health problems is
consultant. needed for promoting self-
 Focused on care behaviors.
teaching,  Self-care and dependent care
research, and are behaviors learned within a
administration. socio-cultural context.
 Working in the
hospital as an
operating room
nurse, private
duty nursing,
medical-
surgical units,
hospital staff
nursing on the
pediatric floor,
as a supervisor
in the
emergency
room, and as a
teacher of
biological
science.

Imogene King Theory of Goal  Human beings are open

Attainment/Open systems interacting with their
From: January 30, Systems Theory environments constantly.
1923  The nurse and patient
To: December 24, communicate information, set
2007) goals mutually, and then act
to achieve those goals. This is
 Nursing also the basic assumption of
professor, the nursing process.
scholar and  Patients perceive the world as
theorist a complete person making
transactions with individuals
and things in the
environment.
 Transaction represents a life
situation in which the
perceiver and the thing being
perceived are encountered. It
also represents a life situation
in which a person enters the
situation as an active
participant. Each is changed
in the process of these
experiences.

Betty Neuman System Model  a state of stability. Each

patient has evolved a normal
From: September 11, range of responses to the
1924 environment referred to as
To: October 06, 2012 the normal line of defense. It
can be used as a standard by
 Worked as a which to measure health
hospital staff, deviation.
and head  The particular inter-
nurse; school relationships of patient
nurse and variables can, at any point in
industrial time, affect the degree to
nurse; and as a which a client is protected by
clinical the flexible line of defense
instructor in against possible reaction to
medical- stressors.
surgical, critical  When the flexible line of
care and defense is incapable of
communicable protecting the patient against
disease an environmental stressor,
nursing. that stressor breaks through
 Have a double the line of defense.
major in  The client is a dynamic
psychology and composite of the inter-
public health. relationships of the variables,
And Masters whether in a state of illness or
Degree in wellness. Wellness is on a
Mental Health, continuum of available energy
Public Health to support the system in
Consultation
 Author and
speaker
Sister Callista Roy Adaptation Model of  Health and illness are
Nursing inevitable dimensions of a
From: October 14, person's life.
1939  In order to respond positively
To: Present to environmental changes, a
person must adapt.
 American nun,  A person's adaptation is a
nursing function of the stimulus he is
theorist, exposed to and his adaptation
worked as level.
pediatric staff  The person's adaptation level
nurse, is such that it comprises a
professor and zone indicating the range of
author. stimulation that will lead to a
positive response.
 Nursing accepts the
humanistic approach of
valuing others' opinions and
perspectives. Interpersonal
relations are an integral part
of nursing.

Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioral System  Johnson cites Chin (1961) as

Model the source for her first
From: August 1919 assumption. There is
To: February 1999 “organization, interaction,
interdependency, and
Area of Specialty: integration of the parts and
 Pediatric elements of behavior that go
Nursing to make up the system.”
 A system “tends to achieve a
balance among the various
forces operating within and
upon it (Chin, 1961), and that
man strives continually to
maintain a behavioral system
balance and steady states by
more or less automatic
adjustments and adaptations
to the ‘natural’ forces
impinging upon him.”
 The individual is continually
presented with situations in
everyday life that require
adaptation and adjustment.
These adjustments are so
natural that they occur
without conscious effort by
the individual.
 The third assumption about a
behavioral system is that a
behavioral system, which both
requires and results in some
degree of regularity and
constancy in behavior, is
essential to man; that is to
say, it is functionally
significant in that it serves a
useful purpose both in social
life and for the individual.
(Johnson, 1980)
Johnson acknowledges that
the achievement of this
balance may and will vary
from individual to individual.
At times this balance may not
be exhibited as behaviors that
are acceptable or meet
society’s norms. What may be
adaptive for the individual in
coping with impinging forces
may be disruptive as a whole.

Anne Boykin & Theory of nursing as  Person are caring by virtue of

Savina Schoenhofer Caring: A Model for their humanness - means that
Transforming Practice our caring values are inborn
Anne Boykin to us human.
 Persons are whole and
From: 1944 compete in the moment -
To: Present means that our physical,
spiritual, and emotional
Area of Specialty: aspects will join together as
 Dean and one and the holistic level as
Professor of the well.
College of  Persons live caring moment to
Nursing at moment - means our caring
Florida Atlantic character is a gift and we will
University in carry until death, and even a
Boca Raton, simple "how are you" to a
Florida, and is person shows that we care for
also Director of him/her.
the Christine E.  Persoonhood is living life
Lynn Center for grounded in caring - means
Caring. She is a upbringing the personhood.
former  Persoonhood is enhanced
president of the through participating in
International nurturing relationships with
Association for caring others - means
Human Caring, showing our care to the other
a member of person and treat them as our
several local love one or member of the
boards, and is family.
actively
involved in
various nursing
organizations at
the national,
state, and local
levels.

Savina Schoenhofer

From:1940
To: Present

Area of Specialty:
 Professor of
Graduate
Nursing at
Alcorn State
University in
Natchez,
Mississippi. She
is a co-founder
of the nursing
aesthetics
publication,
Nightingale
Songs. Her
research and
publications are
in the areas of
everyday
caring,
outcomes of
caring in
nursing,
nursing values,
nursing home
management,
and affectional
touch.

Joyce Fitzpatrick Life Perspective Rhythm  "The process of human

Model development is characterized
From: 1944 by rhythms that occur within
To: Present the context of continuous
person-environment
Area of Specialty: interaction."
 Bachelor of  Nursing activity focuses on
Science in enhancing the developmental
Nursing from process toward health.
Georgetown  A central concern of nursing
University. She science and the nursing
later founded profession is the meaning
and led the attributed to life as the basic
Bolton School’s understanding of human
World Health existence.
Organization  The identification and labeling
Collaborating of concepts allows for
Center for recognition and
Nursing and communication with others,
has provided and the rules for combining
consultation on those concepts permits
nursing thoughts to be shared
education and through language.
research
throughout the
world, including
universities and
health
ministries in
Africa, Asia,
Australia,
Europe, Latin
America, and
the Middle
East.

Lydia Eloise Hall Care, Core, Cure Theory  The motivation and energy
necessary for healing exist within
From: September 21, the patient, rather than in the
1906 healthcare team.
To: February 27, 1961  The three aspects of nursing
should not be viewed as
Area of Specialty: functioning independently but as
 An advocate of interrelated
community  The three aspects interact, and the
involvement in circles representing them change
public health size, depending on the patient’s
issues total course of progress.
 First director of
the Loeb
Center for
Nursing
 Clinical nursing
 Nursing
educator
 Researcher

Nola Pender Health Promotion Model  People try to create

conditions of living through
From: August 16, which they can express their
1941 unique human potential.
To: present  People have the capacity for
reflective self-awareness,
Area of Specialty: including assessment of their
 Psychiatric – own competencies.
mental  People value positive growth,
 Health nursing and strive to find a balance
 Physical Activity between stability and
 Adolescent change.
Health  People seek to actively
 Health regulate their own behavior.
Promotion  People interact with their
 Health environment, transforming it
behaviour and themselves over time.
counselling


Ramona Mercer Maternal Role  The microsystem is the

Attainment Theory immediate environment
From: October 4, where maternal role
1929 attainment occurs. This
To: August 6, 2009 indicates the family and
factors such as family
Area of Specialty: functioning, mother-father
relationships, social support
 Served as the and stress.
head nurse  The mesosystem
in pediatrics an encompasses, influences, and
d staff nurse in delimits the microsystem. The
intrapartum, mother-infant unit is not
postpartum, contained within the
and newborn mesosystem, but the
nursery units. mesosystem may determine
 She has done in part what happens to the
research into developing maternal role and
parenting in the child. It includes extended
low- and high- family, school, work church
risk situations and other entities within the
and transition mother's more immediate
into the community.
maternal role.  The macrosystem refers to
 Mercer is a the general prototypes
professor existing in a particular culture
emeritus in the or transmitted cultural
department consistencies which include
of family health the social, political and
care nursing at cultural influences on other
the University two systems. It is in the
of California in macrosystem where the
San Francisco. health care environment and
 She spends her the impact of current health
time teaching care system on maternal role
and writing to attainment originate.
educate others
about perinatal
and maternal
nursing.

Merle Mishel Uncertainty in Illness  Clarity: Despite the complex

nature that uncertainty plays
From: 1939 (Boston in a patient’s illness the
Massachusetts) concepts of this model are
To: - presented clearly and they are
easily comprehended. The
Area of Specialty: model translates easily into
clinical and research practice.
 Master of  Simplicity: The antecedents of
Science in uncertainty are concise and
Psychiatric their definitions are clear and
nursing simple.
 Doctorate in  Generality &
social Accessibility Generality: The
psychology theory can be applied to
many areas of nursing
practice and has been used
by clinicians for acute and
chronic illness such as cancer,
cardiac disease, and multiple
sclerosis. Accessibility: With
use of this theory it’s been
shown that uncertainty is
indeed a phenomenon that
patients experience, and
specifies what areas of the
illness may be responsible for
uncertainty. With application
of this theory a goal of
increased coping mechanisms
for patient comfort is made
attainable.

Pamela Reed Theory of Self-  Human beings are integrated

Transcendence within their environment.
From: 1952 (Detroit,  Human beings environmental
Michigan) awareness may be
To: - experienced through altered
states of consciousness, by
reaching out to nature, to
Area of Specialty: one's God or to fellow
individuals (Reed, 2014).
 Master of
science in
psychiatric-
mental health
of children and
adolescents
and PhD
concentration
in nursing
theory and
research, minor
in adult
development
and aging-
1982
 Dissertation
research
focused on
relationship
between
wellbeing and
spiritual
perspectives on
life and death
in terminally ill
and well
individuals.

Carolyn Weiner & Theory of Illness  To examine and refine the

Marylin Dodd Trajectory Illness Trajectory Theory,
which describes the work of
Carolyn L. Wiener managing chronic illness, to
address transitional cancer
From: 1930 (San survivorship.
Francisco, California)  Life is centered in the living
To: Present (San body, therefore physiological
Francisco, California ) disruptions of illness
permeate other life contexts
Area of Specialty: to create a new way of being,
 an adjunct a new sense of self.
professor and  Provides a useful theoretical
research lens for understanding the
sociologist in illness trajectory, it cannot be
the Department theoretically positioned so as
of Social and to overshadow conceptually
Behavioral the dynamic context of living
School of with chronic illness.
Nursing at
UCSF
 In her early
efforts, Wiener
focused on
illness
trajectories,
biographies,
and the
evolving
medical
technology
scene. From
the late 1980s
to 1990s,
Wiener focused
on coping,
uncertainty,
and
accountability
in hospitals.

Marylin J. Dodd

From: 1946
(Vancouver, Canada)
To: Present (San
Francisco, California )

Area of Specialty:
 Her exemplary
program of
research is
focused in
oncology
nursing,
specifically self-
care and
symptom
management.

Georgene Gaskill Theory of Chronic  People respond to ongoing

Eakes, Mary Sorrow loss and clearly defined loss.
Lermann Burke,  People assess themselves on
and Margaret how they compare to the
Hainsworth social norms. It occurs in
between moments of
Georgene Gaskill happiness or satisfaction so it
Eakes is not incapacitating. There is
no concrete evidence that
From: July 3, 1945 chronic sorrow is progressive.
To: Present It has merely the potential for
progressing.
Area of Specialty:  The nature of the loss
 Worked in prevents closure or ensures a
acute and disparity will always exist,
community- chronic sorrow is permanent.
based One reason for the disparity is
psychiatric and a person's comparison of the
mental health idealized perception of life
settings. processes and health versus
the actual reality.
Mary Lermann
Burke

From: 1941
To: present

Area of Specialty:
 Experience in
pediatric
nursing
specialty in
both acute and
primary
settings.
 master’s degree
in parent-child
nursing
 She also
developed and
taught a
nursing course
encompassing
nutrition,
pharmacology,
and
pathophysiolog
y

Margaret
Hainsworth

From: 1931
To: Present

Area of Specialty:
 Hainsworth’s
nursing practice
was in public
health and
psychiatric and
mental health
nursing.

Phil Barker The Tidal Model Theory  People become aware of

these changes and use their
From: November 5, own wisdom to influence
1932 (Paignton, these changes in a positive
Devon) way.
To: Present  Uses the metaphor of water
to describe the patients' fluid
Area of Specialty: state of health.
 Sees treatment as a rescue
 Psychiatric and exploration into what
Nursing caused the storm and what
needs to be done to set sail
again.

Katharine Kolcaba Theory of Comfort  The environment also plays an

essential role in this theory as
From: December 24, comfort or discomfort can be found
1944 in the patient’s environment.
To: Present  The nurse is essential because the
nurse provides the care to increase
Area of Specialty: the comfort.
 Specialized in  Holistic comfort is defined as the
Gerontology, End of immediate experience of being
Life and Long Term strengthened through having the
Care Interventions, needs for relief, ease, and
Comfort Studies, transcendence met in four contexts
Instrument of experience (physical,
Development, psychospiritual, social, and
Nursing Theory, environmental)
Nursing Research  Comfort interventions have three
categories: (a) standard comfort
interventions to maintain
homeostasis and control pain; (b)
coaching, to relieve anxiety,
provide reassurance and
information, instill hope, listen, and
help plan for recovery; and (c)
comfort food for the soul, those
extra nice things that nurses do to
make patients/families feel cared
for and strengthened, such as
massage or guided imagery.

Cheryl Tatano-Beck Postpartum Depression  The result is mental and

theory physical exhaustion that leads
From:- into the next described
To: Present condition, enveloping
fogginess, of stage 1.
Area of Specialty: Symptoms of fogginess may
include losing the ability to
 Certified Nurse- concentrate and/or loss of
Midwife motor skills; thus leading to
 Doctor Of involuntary responses.
Nursing Science  Throughout Dying of Self,
 prolific writer women begin to no longer
feel normal and sense as
though their former identity is
absent; often at times
reporting robot like feelings
that are void of emotion and
caring,
 A women will begin to isolate
herself secondary to the loss
of interest in former enjoyable
activities, friends, and even
family; ultimately leading one
to contemplate and attempt
self-destruction via thoughts
of hurting self, baby, or even
fantasizing about death

Kristen Swanson Theory of Care  Swanson (1991, 1993)

defines nursing as informed
From: January 13, caring for the well-being of
1953 others. She asserts that the
To: Present nursing discipline is informed
by empirical knowledge from
Area of specialty: nursing and other related
disciplines, as well as “ethical,
 Professor personal and aesthetic
 Chair of the knowledge derived from the
Family and humanities, clinical
Child Nursing experience, and personal and
program societal values and
expectations” (Swanson,
1993, p. 352).
 Swanson (1993) defines
persons as “unique beings
who are in the midst of
becoming and whose
wholeness is made manifest
in thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors” (p. 352). She
posits that the life
experiences of each individual
are influenced by a complex
interplay of “a genetic
heritage, spiritual endowment
and the capacity to exercise
free will” (Swanson, 1993, p.
352). Hence, persons both
shape and are shaped by the
environment in which they
live.
 Swanson (1993) views
persons as dynamic, growing,
self-reflecting, yearning to be
connected with others, and
spiritual beings. She suggests
the following: “…spiritual
endowment connects each
being to an eternal and
universal source of goodness,
mystery, life, creativity, and
serenity. The spiritual
endowment may be a soul,
higher power/Holy Spirit,
positive energy, or, simply
grace. Free will equates with
choice and the capacity to
decide how to act when
confronted with a range of
possibilities” (p. 352).
Swanson (1993) noted,
however, that limitations set
by race, class, gender, or
access to care might prevent
individuals from exercising
free will. Hence,
acknowledging free will
mandates the nursing
discipline to honor
individuality and to consider a
whole range of possibilities
that are acceptable or
desirable for those whom
nurses attend.

Cornelia Ruland, A Proposed Theory of  Contribution of developing a

Shirley Moore the Peaceful End of Life theory from this standard of
care is that it can express a
Cornelia Ruland new unifying idea about the
phenomenon of peaceful end
From:- of life for terminally ill
To: Present patients.
 Allows for generating and
Area of specialty: testing hypotheses that can
 RN degree and provide new insights into the
a PhD in nature of this phenomenon
nursing and can contribute to
informatics, increased knowledge about
 has made nursing interventions that
sustained and help patients toward a
influential peaceful end of life.
contributions to  The process of developing
the field in the theory from standards of care
areas of described in this article is
eliciting and generic and can be used for
incorporating theory construction in other
patient areas of nursing practice
preferences
into decision
making by care
providers, use
of hand-held
technologies for
preference-
based care
planning, and
creation and
evaluation of
shared decision
making based
in informatics
principles.

Shirley Moore

From: -
To: Present

Area of Specialty:
 educational
interests are
epistemology
and theory in
nursing,
interdisciplinary
team models of
care, and
continuous
quality
improvement
Ida Jean Orlando Deliberative Nursing  Patients need help
Process Theory communicating their needs;
From: August 12, they are uncomfortable and
1926 ambivalent about their
To: November 28, dependency needs.
2007  The patient is unable to state
the nature and meaning of his
Area of Specialty: or her distress without the
 Practitioner help of the nurse, or without
 Consultant him or her first having
 Researcher established a helpful
 Educator in relationship with the patient.
nursing  Any observation shared and
 Public Health observed with the patient is
Nursing immediately helpful in
 Mental health ascertaining and meeting his
and psychiatric or her need, or finding out
nurse that he or she is not in need
 Clinical Nurse at that time.
 Researcher  Then nurse - patient situation
is dynamic; both the nurse
and the patient influence
actions and reactions.

Madeleine Theory of Transcultural  Different cultures perceive,

Leininger Nursing know, and practice care in
also known as different ways, yet there are
From: July 13, 1925 Culture Care Theory some commonalities about
To: August 10, 2012 care among all cultures of the
world.
Area of Specialty:  Cultural care is the broadest
 She is a holistic means to know,
Certified explain, interpret, and predict
Transcultural nursing care phenomena to
Nurse, guide nursing care practices.
 A Fellow of the  All cultures have generic or
Royal College folk health care practices, that
of Nursing in professional practices vary
Australia across cultures, and that in
 A Fellow of the any culture there will be
American cultural similarities and
Academy of differences between the care-
Nursing. receivers (generic) and the
professional care-givers.
 Nursing, as a transcultural
care discipline and profession,
has a central purpose to serve
human beings in all areas of
the world; that when
culturally based nursing care
is beneficial and healthy it
contributes to the well-being
of the client(s) – whether
individuals, groups, families,
communities, or institutions –
as they function within the
context of their environments.

Margaret Newman Health as Expanding  Health encompasses

Consciousness Theory conditions here to fore
From: October10, described as illness, or, in
1933 medical terms, pathology.
To: Present  These pathological conditions
can be considered a
Area of Specialty: manifestation of the total
 A fellow in the pattern of the individual
American patient.
Academy of  The pattern of the individual
Nursing. patient that eventually
manifests itself as pathology
is primary, and exists prior to
structural or functional
changes.
 Removal of the pathology in
itself will not change the
pattern of the individual
patient.
 If becoming ill is the only way
an individual patient's pattern
can manifest itself, then that
is health for that
individual patient.
 Health is an expansion of the
consciousness.
Rosemarie Rizzo Human Becoming  Meaning
Parse Theory of Nursing Human Becoming is freely
choosing personal meaning in
From: 1938 situations in the intersubjective
(Pennsylvania) process of living value priorities.
To: Present  Rhythmicity
Human Becoming is cocreating
Area of Specialty: rhythmical patterns of relating in
 Parse is the mutual process with the universe.
founder and  Transcendence
current editor Human Becoming is
of Nursing cotranscending
Science multidimensionally with emerging
Quarterly possibles.
 She is the
president of
Discovery
International,
Inc.
 She is also an
active Fellow in
the American
Academy of
Nursing.

Gladys L. Husted Symphonological  Nursing cannot occur without

Bioethical Theory both nurse and patient. “A
From: October nurse takes no actions that
26,1941 are not interactions”
To: October 13, 2016  A person takes on the role of
patient when he has lost or
Area of Specialty: experienced a decrease in
 Associate agency resulting in his
Professor inability to take the actions
 Coordinator required for survival or
Level 1 happiness.
 Director,  Health is a concept applicable
Registered to every potential of a
Nurse Program person’s life. Health involves
in Duquesne U. not only thriving of the
School, physical body, but also
Nursing, happiness. Happiness is
Pittsburgh realized as individuals pursue
 Distinguished and progress toward the
Lecturer goals of their chosen life plan.
 The environment established
by Symphonology is formed
by agreement. “Agreement is
a shared state of awareness
on the basis of which
interaction occurs”.Agreement
creates the realm in which
nursing and all other human
interactions occur. Every
agreement is aimed toward a
final value to be attained
through interactions made
possible by understanding.

Hildegard Peplau Interpersonal Relations  She believed that the theory

Theory explains the purpose of
From: September 1, nursing as a way to help
1909 others identify their felt
To: March 17, 1999 difficulties
 Nursing is therapeutic in a
Area of Specialty: way that it is a healing art,
 Certified in assisting the individual who is
psychoanalysis in need of care
 Instructor of  Sharing a significant,
Psychiatric therapeutic and cooperative
nursing experience with other people
which makes health possible
for individuals in communities
or hospitals

Virginia Henderson Nature of Nursing  Nurses care for patients until

Model/Need Theory patients can care for
From: November 30, themselves once again.
1897  Patients desire to return to
To: March 19, 1996 health.
 Nurses are willing to serve
Area of Specialty: and that “nurses will devote
 Was an themselves to the patient day
influential and night.” (Henderson,
nurse, 1991)
researcher,  Nurses should be educated at
theorist and the university level in both
author arts and sciences.
 Henderson also believes that
mind and body are
inseparable. It is implied that
the mind and body are
interrelated. (Henderson,
1966, 1991)

Faye Glenn Patient-Centered  Conceptualized nursing as an

Abdellah Approaches to Nursing art and science which will
Model mold the attitude, intellectual
From: March 13, 1919 competencies and technical
To: February 24, 2017 skills of the individual nurse
into desire and ability to help
Area of Specialty: people who are sick or well,
 An American to cope with their needs
pioneering in  She identified 21 nursing
nursing problems which helped the
research nurses know what to do to
 In 1974 she improve their skills as a nurse
became the  She thought nursing as a
first nurse service to individuals and
officer in the families, therefore to the
U.S. to receive society
the rank of
two-star rear
admiral.
 She helped to
change the
focus of
nursing theory
from a disease-
centered to a
patient-
centered
approach

Ernestine Clinical Nursing – A  She believed that nurses meet

Weidenbach Helping Art Model the individuals need for help
through the identification of
From: August 18, the needs, administration of
1900 help, and validation that
To: March 8, 1998 actions were helpful
 Conceptualised nursing as a
Area of Specialty: practice of identification of a
 A nursing patients need for help
theorist through observation of
 Nurse-Midwife presenting behaviors and
 Instructor in symptoms, exploration of the
maternity meaning of those symptoms
nursing with the patient determining
 Named as an the cause of discomfort, and
assistant determining the patients
professor of ability to resolve the
Obstetrics discomfort or if the patient
Nursing has a need for help from the
nurse or other healthcare
professionals
 A nurse is expected to
exercise sound judgement
throught deliberative,
practiced and educated
recognition of symptoms

Joyce Travelbee The Human to Human  Suffering, which is "an

Relationship Model of experience that varies in
From: 1926 Nursing intensity, duration and
To: 1973 depth...a feeling of unease,
ranging from mild, transient
Area of specialty: mental, physical or mental
 Psychiatric discomfort to extreme pain"
nursing  Nursing, which helps a person
 Educator find meaning in the
 Writer. experience of illness and
suffering; has a responsibility
to help people and their
families find meaning; and
the nurse's spiritual and
ethical choices, and
perceptions of illness and
suffering, which are crucial to
help patients find meaning.
 Self-therapy, which is the
ability to use one's own
personality consciously and in
full awareness in an attempt
to establish relatedness and
to structure nursing
interventions. This refers to
the nurse's presence
physically and psychologically.

Josephine Paterson Humanistic Nursing  Nursing involves two human

& Loretta Zderad Theory beings who are willing to
enter into an existential
Josephine Paterson relationship with each other.
 Nurses and patients as human
From: September 1, beings are unique and total
1924 ( Freeport, New biophysical beings with the
York ) potential for becoming
To: Present through choice and inter-
subjectivity.
Area of Specialty:  The present experiences are
 She specialized more than the sum total of
in Mental the past, present and the
Health and future and are influenced by
Psychiatric the past, present and future.
nursing. In their totality they are less
 Conceptualized than the future.
and taught  Every encounter with another
humanistic human being is an open and
nursing to profound one, with a great
graduate deal of intimacy that deeply
students, and humanistically influences
faculty and members in the encounter.
staff in a  Nurses and patients coexist,
variety of they are independent and
settings. interdependent.
 Served on the
faculty of the
State University
of New York at
Stonybrook.
 Retired in 1985
as a clinical
nurse specialist
at the
Northport
Veterans
Administration
Medical Center
at Northport,
New York.
Loretta Zderad

From: June 7, 1925,

(Chicago, Illionis)
To: Present

Area of Specialty:
 She has taught
in several
universities and
has lead groups
on humanistic
nursing.
 Dr. Zderad also
served as a
faculty of the
State University
of New York at
Stonybrook.
 She retired in
1985 as the
Associate Chief
for Nursing
Education at
the Northport
Veterans
Administration
Medical Center,
Northport, New
York.
Grand Theories Middle Range
Abdellah Barker

Benner Eakes, Burke, Hanisworth

Boykin & Schoenhofer Kolcaba

Erickson, Tomlin, swain Leininger

Fitzpatrick Mercer

Hall Mishel

Henderson Orlando

Husted Pender

Johnson Peplau

King Ruland, Moore

Levine Ray

Neuman Reed

Newman Swanson

Nightingale

Orem

Parse

Paterson, Zderad

Rogers

Roy

Travelbee

Watson

Weidenbach