ECE Lab Manual

DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALANCHUR CHENNAI - 600123

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL

SUB CODE : EC8461

SUBJECT TITLE : CIRCUITS DESIGN AND SIMULATION
LABORATORY
SEMESTER : IV
YEAR : II
DEPARTMENT : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
EC8461-Circuits Design and Simulation Lab Dept of Electronics and Communication Engg
Vision of the Department

To develop committed and competent technologists in electronics and communication
engineering to be on par with global standards coupled with cultivating the innovations
and ethical values.
Mission of the Department:
DM 1: To be a centre of excellence in teaching learning process promoting active learning
with critical thinking.
DM 2: To strengthen the student’s core domain and to sustain collaborative industry
interaction with internship and incorporating entrepreneur skills.
DM 3: To prepare the students for higher education and research oriented activities
imbibed with ethical values for addressing the social need.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):

PEO1. CORE COMPETENCY WITH EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS: Building on
fundamental knowledge, to analyze, design and implement electronic circuits and systems
in Electronics and Communication Engineering by applying knowledge of mathematics
and science or in closely related fields with employability skills.
PEO2. PROMOTE HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT: To develop the ability to demonstrate technical competence and
innovation that initiates interest for higher studies and research.
PEO3. INCULCATING ENTREPRENEUR SKILLS: To motivate the students to
become Entrepreneurs in multidisciplinary domain by adapting to the latest trends in
technology catering the social needs.
PEO4. ETHICAL PROFESSIONALISM: To develop the graduates to attain
professional excellence with ethical attitude, communication skills, team work and
develop solutions to the problems and exercise their capabilities.
DMI College of Engineering 2

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

The Program Outcomes (POs) are described as.
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

PSO1. Analyze and design the analog and digital circuits or systems for a given
specification and function.
PSO2. Implement functional blocks of hardware-software co-designs for signal processing
and communication applications.
PSO3. Design, develop and test electronic and embedded systems for applications with
real time constraint and to develop managerial skills with ethical behavior to work in a
sustainable environment.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE RECORD

In the record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding
experiment number, experiment name, date on which it was done and the page number.
On the right side page of the record following has to be written:
1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters. In the
left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.
2. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
3. Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools/
Equipments/ Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.
4. Theory: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be written.
5. Procedure: Steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly
described(flow chart/ Circuit Diagrams / programs in the case of computer/processor
related experiments)
6. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be
fulfilling the aim.
On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

a) Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams for the experimental set up.
b) Design: The design of the circuit components for the experimental set up for selecting
the components should be clearly shown if necessary.
Observations:
i. Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.
ii. Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned.
iii. Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show
a sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

EC8461 - Circuits And Simulation Integrated Laboratory LPTC

0 0 4 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output
impedance calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clippers and Clampers
SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

1. Tuned Collector Oscillator
2. Twin -T Oscillator / Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stagger tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Analysis of power Amplifiers.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

Course outcomes:
CO 1 Analyze various types of feedback amplifiers
CO 2 Design oscillators, tuned amplifiers
CO 3 Design wave-shaping circuits.
CO 4 Design multi vibrators
Design and simulate feedback amplifiers, oscillators, tuned

CO 5 amplifiers, wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators using
SPICE Tool.
CO PO, PSO Mappings

Course Program Outcomes PSO
Code and
CO
Course
name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
EC8461 CO 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 - - 3 3 - 1 3 3 3
Circuits CO 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 - - 3 2 - 2 3 3 3
And CO 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 - - 2 3 - 2 3 3 3
Simulation CO 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 - - 3 3 - 3 3 3 3
Integrated
CO 5 3 2 3 3 3 2 - - 3 2 - 2 3 3 3
Laboratory
Average 3 2 2 2.4 3 2 - - 3 3 - 2 3 3 3

CONTENTS
Page
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment
No.
DESIGN EXPERIMENTS
1.a Current series feedback amplifer 9
1.b Voltage shunt feedback amplifier 16
2.a RC phase shift oscillator 23
2.b Wein- Bridge oscillator 29
3.a Hartley’s oscillator 34
3.b Colpitt’s oscillator 40
4 Single Tuned Oscillator 45
5 RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits 50
6.a Astable Multivibrator 55
6.b Monostable Multivibrator 60
7 Clippers and Clampers 66
SIMULATION USING SPICE EXPERIMENTS
9 Tuned Collector oscillator 73
10 Wein-Bridge Oscillator 77
11 Double and Stagger tuned Amplifier 79
12 Bistatble Multivibrator 82
13 Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis 85
14 Analysis of power amplifier 88
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
15 Voltage and Current Time base circuits 93

Ex. No.: 1.a CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFER

Date:
AIM:
To design a negative feedback amplifier and to draw its frequency
response.
REQUIREMENTS:
S.No EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTIT

Y
1 AFO (0-1)MHz 1
2 CRO (0-20)MHz 1
3 Resistors 1.5 K, 6KΏ, Each one
2K, 14k,
2.3K, 10K
4 Power supply (0-30V) 1
5 Transistors BC 107 1
6 Capacitors 28F, 1
10F,720F
Design examples:
VCC= 15V, IC=1mA, AV= 30, fL= 50Hz, S=3, hFE= 100, hie= 1.1KΏ
Gain formula is,
AV= - hFE RLeff / hie
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2 (transistor in active region)
VCE = 15 /2=7.5V
VE = VCC / 10= 15/10=1.5V
Emitter resistance is given by, re =26mV/ IE
Therefore re =26 Ώ
hie= hfe re
hie =2.6KΏ
(i) To calculate RC:

Applying KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where RE = VE / IE (IC= IE)
RE = 1.5 / 1x10-3= 1.5KΏ
From equation (1),
RC= 6KΏ

(ii) To calculate RB1&RB2:

Since IB is small when compared with IC,
IC ~ I E
VB= VBE + VE= 0.7 + 1.5=2.2V
VB= VCC (RB2 / RB1+ RB2) ----- (2)
S=1+ (RB / RE)
RB= 2KΏ
We know that RB= RB1|| RB2
RB= R B1RB2/ RB1+RB2--------- (3)
Solving equation (2) & (3),
Therefore,
RB1 = 14KΏ
From equation (3), RB2= 2.3KΏ
(iii) To find input coupling capacitor (Ci):

XCi = (hie|| RB) / 10
XCi = 113
XCi= 1/ 2пf Ci
Ci = 1 / 2пf XCi
Ci = 1/ 2X3.14X 50 X 113=28µf
(iv)To find output coupling capacitor (CO):

XCO= (RC || RL) / 10, (Assume RL= 10KΏ)
XCO= 375
XCO= 1/ 2пf CO
CO = 1/ 2x 3.14x 50 x 375=8µf =10 µf
(v) To find Bypass capacitor (CE):

(Without feedback)
XCE = {(RB+hie / 1+ hfe) || RE}/ 10
XCE = 4.416
CE= 1 / 2пf XCE
CE = 720 µf
Design with feedback:

To design with feedback remove the bypass capacitor (CE).
Assume RE = 10KΏ

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FEED BACK:
WITH FEEDBACK:

MODEL TABULATION:
Without feedback:
Vi=
Frequency Output Voltage Gain = 20 log(V0/Vi)
Sl. No Gain = V0/Vi
(Hz) (V0) (volts) (dB)
With feedback:
Vi=
Sl. No Gain = V0/Vi
MODEL GRAPH:

THEORY
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer function

stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In Voltage series
feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage with a resistance R’ connected
from emitter to ground. This is a case of voltage series feedback and we expect the
bandwidth of the transresistance to be improved due to the feedback through R’. The
voltage source is represented by its Norton’s equivalent current source Is=Vs/Rs.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency
oscillator voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
6. Repeat the steps 1 to 6 with feedback
7. Compare this response with respect to the amplifier without feedback.
INFERENCE:
Thus current series feedback amplifier is designed and studied
its performance.
Parameters Theoretical Practical

With Feed Without Feed With Feed Without Feed
Back Back Back Back
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
Gain(midband)
Bandwidth

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is feedback?
2. What are the parameters used to design the amplifier.
3. Compare the input impedance for with and without feedback?
4. Compare the theortical and practical bandwidth for with feedback.
5. Calculate the value of output impedance with and without feed back.

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 1.b VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Date:
AIM:
To design and study frequency response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
REQUIREMENTS:
Equipment Name Range Quantity
S.No List
Signal generator (0-30)MHz 1
CRO (0-20)V 1
1. Equipments
Regulated Power (0-30)V 1
Supply
Resistor 3k, 1.1 1
k,5k
2.5
2. Components k,1k,
Capacitor 66F, 1
30F,58 µf
Transistors BC 107 1
Bread board - 1
3. Other Connecting Wires Single As required
accessories strand
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 10V, IC=1.2mA, AV= 30, fI = 1 kHz, S=2, hFE= 150, β=0.4
The feedback factor, β= - 1/RF= +1/0.4=2.5KΏ
(i) To calculate RC:

The voltage gain is given by,
AV= -hfe (RC|| RF) / hie
h ie = β re
re = 26mV / IE = 26mV / 1.2mA = 21.6
hie = 150 x 21.6 =3.2K
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where VE = IE RE (IC= IE)
VE= VCC / 10= 1V
Therefore RE= 1/1.2x10-3=0.8K= 1KΏ

VCE= VCC/2= 5V
From equation (1), RC= 3 KΏ
(ii) To calculate R1&R2:

S=1+ (RB/RE)
RB= (S-1) RE= R1 || R2 =1KΏ
RB= R 1R2 / R1+ R2------- (2)
VB= VBE + VE = 0.7+ 1= 1.7V
VB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------- (3)
Solving equation (2) & (3),
R1= 5 KΏ & R2= 1.1KΏ
(iii) To calculate Resistance:

Output resistance is given by,
RO= RC || RF
RO= 1.3KΏ
input impedance is given by,
Ri = (RB|| RF) || hie = 0.6KΏ
Trans-resistance is given by,
Rm= -hfe (RB|| RF)( RC || RF) / (RB|| RF)+ hie
Rm= 0.06KΏ
AC parameter with feedback network:
(i) Input Impedance:

Rif = Ri /D (where D= 1+β Rm)
Therefore D = 25
Rif= 24
Input coupling capacitor is given by,
Xci= Rif / 10= 2.4 (since XCi << Rif)
Ci = 1/ 2пfXCi =66µf
(ii) Output impedance:

ROf= RO/ D = 52
Output coupling capacitor:
XCO= Rof /10= 5.2
CO = 1/ 2пfXCO= 30µf
(iii) Emitter capacitor:

XCE << R’E = R’/10
R’E= RE|| {( hie +RB) / (1+hfe)}
XCE= 2.7
Therefore CE= 58µf

WITHOUT FEED BACK
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+10V
R1 RC 3K
5K C1
VCC
1n
Rs Ci
Q1
1k 66uf
5V Vi R2 R5
CE
1.1K 1k
58uf
WITH FEED BACK
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL TABULATION:
Without feedback:
Vi=
Sl. No Gain = V0/Vi
With feedback:
Vi=
Sl. No Gain = V0/Vi
MODEL GRAPH:

THEORY:
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer function
stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In Voltage shunt
feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage with a resistance R’ connected
from collector to base. This is a case of voltage shunt feedback and we expect the
bandwidth of the Trans resistance to be improved due to the feedback through R’.
The voltage source is represented by its Norton’s equivalent current source Is=Vs/Rs.
PROCEDURE:

2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency
oscillator voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
6. Repeat the steps 1 to 6 with feedback
7. Compare this response with respect to the amplifier without feedback.
INFERENCE:
Thus voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and studied its performance.
Parameters Theoretical Practical

With Feed Without Feed With Feed Without Feed
Back Back Back Back
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
Gain(midband)
Bandwidth

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the bandwidth of feedback amplifier.
2. Give the stability of gain with feedback.
3. Which sampling and mixing network is used in Voltage shunt feed

back amplifier,
4. Calculate the input impedance for with feed back.
5. What type of feedback is used in amplifier?

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 2.a

Date: RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design a RC phase shift oscillator and to find the frequency of

oscillation
REQUIREMENTS:
S. RANGE QUANT
N REQUIREMENT ITY
o S
1 Resistors 7.5k,1.4 k
4.8K,1.2K, 1each, 3
19K, 6.5K
2 Power supply (0-30)V 1
3 Transistor BC107 1
4 Capacitors 1.3f , 2.1f, 1,1,3
1.3f, 0.01F
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread board - 1
Design Example:
Specifications:
VCC = 12V, ICq =1mA, =100, Vceq = 5V, f=1 KHz, S=10, C=0.01 µf,
hfe= 330, AV= 29
Design:
(i)To find R:
Assume f=1 KHz, C=0.01µf

f=1/2∏ RC 6
R=1/2x3.14 6 x1x103x0.01x10-6=6.5KΩ
Therefore R=6.5KΩ
(ii)To find RE & RC:
VCE = VCC /2 = 6V

re= 26mV / IE= 26

hie = hfe re= 330 x 26= 8580
On applying KVL to output loop,
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE ----- (1)
VE = IE RE
RE = VE / IE =1.2/ 10-3 =1.2K
From equation (1), 12= 10-3(RC+ 1200) +6= RC=
4800=4.8K
(iii)To calculate R1 & R2:
VBB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------ (2)

VB= VBE +VE = 0.7+12 =1.9V
From equation (2), 1.9= 12 R2 / R1+ R2
R2 / R1+ R2= 0.158 -------- (3)
S = 1+ RB / RE= RB = 1.2K
RB =R1 || R2
0.15R1= 1.2x10-3=7.5K
R2 =0.158 R1 + 0.158 R2, R2= 1.425K
(iv)To calculate Coupling capacitors:
(i) XCi= {[hie + (1+hfe) RE] || RB }/ 10 = 0.12K

XCi= 1 / 2∏ f Ci == 1.3f
(ii) XCO= RLeff / 10 [ AV = - hfe RLeff / hie]
RLeff = 0.74K, XCO=0.075 K
XCO= 1 / 2∏ f CO , CO = 2.1f
(iii) XCE= RE / 10 = 1.326 f
XCE = 1 / 2∏ f CE=49.27f
(iv) Feed back capacitor, XCF = Rf / 10
Cf = 0.636f = 0.01f

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Time Period Frequency(Hz)

(ms)
Amplitude

THEORY:
The low frequencies RC oscillators are more suitable. Tuned circuit is not
an essential requirement for oscillation. The essential requirement is that there must
be a 180o phase shift around the feedback network and loop gain should be greater
than unity. The 180o phase shift in feedback signal can be achieved by suitable RC
network.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set VCC = 15V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
INFERENCE:
Thus the RC-phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed for the
given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :

6.10 VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is an oscillator?
2. What is barkhausen criterion for oscillation?
3. Which feedback is used in oscillators?
4. Give the frequency of oscillation for RC-phase shift oscillator?
5. Give the disadvantages of phase shift oscillator.

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 2.b

Date: WEIN- BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design a Wein-bridge oscillator using transistors and to find the
frequency of oscillation.
9.2 REQUIREMENTS:
S.No REQUIREMENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 Resistors
2 Power supply 5V 1
4 Capacitors
5 CRO 1
6 Bread board 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
Assume f=1 KHz, C=0.1µf
f = 1/ 2∏RC
R= 1/2∏fC
R =1/2x3.14x1x103x0.1x103
R= 1.59KΩ
To calculate R1:
R1= 10R
R1 =10x1.5K
R1 =15.9KΩ
To calculate Rf (Feedback resistor):
Rf = 2R1
Rf = 2(15.9x103) =31.8KΩ ≈ 33KΩ

THEORY:
Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180o phase shift and
feedback network introduces additional 180o phase shift, to obtain a phase shift of
360o around a loop. This is a condition for any oscillator. But Wein bridge oscillator
uses a non-inverting amplifier and hence does not provide any phase shift during
amplifier stage. As total phase shift requires is 0 o or 2n radians, in Wein bridge
type no phase shift is necessary through feedback. Thus the total phase shift around a
loop is 0o. The output of the amplifier is applied between the terminals 1 and 3,
which are the input to the feedback network. While the amplifier input is supplied
from the diagonal terminals 2 and 4, which is the output from the feedback network.
Thus amplifier supplied its own output through the Wein bridge as a feedback
network.
The two arms of the bridge, namely R1, C1 in series and R2, C2 in parallel are
called frequency sensitive arms. This is because the components of these two arms
decide the frequency of the oscillator. Advantage of Wein bridge oscillator is that by
varying the two-capacitor values simultaneously, by mounting them on the common
shaft, different frequency ranges can be provided.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set VCC = 5V.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL TABULATION:
Amplitude (V) Time(μs) Frequency (Hz)
INFERENCE:
Thus the Wein – bridge oscillator is designed for the given frequency
of oscillation.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give the condition for maximum oscillation.
2. What is the frequency of oscillation under balanced condition?
3. In which way high gain is obtained in wein bridge oscillator.
4. How to improve the amplitude stability of output waveform.
5. What is the frequency of oscillation?

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 3.a HARTLEY’S OSCILLATOR

Date:
AIM:
To design and construct a Hartley oscillator at the given operating frequency.
REQUIREMENTS:
S.No RANGE QUANTITY

EQUIPMENTS
1 Resistors
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
4 Capacitors
5 Inductor 10mH 2
6 CRO 30MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
Design Example:
Design of feed back Network:

Given L1= L2=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V, IC=3mA, S=12
f = 1/2∏ ( L1 + L2)C
C= 3.2nf
Amplifier design:
(i) Selection of RC:

Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC

Therefore RC = 1.6K=2 K
(ii) Selection of RE:

IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE
RE= 1.2 / 3x10-3=400 =1K
(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:
Stability factor S=12
S=1+ (RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)
RB=11K
Using potential divider rule,
RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC
RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB )RB
R1= (12/2)x 11x103=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
(100x103)+R2=R2/0.16=19K
R2=19K=22 K
(iv)Output capacitance (CO):

XCO=RC/10=2x103/10=200
1/2∏fCO=200
CO=1/2x3.14x20x103x200

CO=0.039=0.01µf
(v) Input capacitance (Ci):

XCin= RB/10=11x103/10=1.1x103
1/2∏fCin=1.1x103
Cin=1/2x3.14x20x103x1.1x103
Cin= 0.007=0.01µf
(vi) By pass Capacitance (CE):

XCE=RE/10=1x103/10=100
1/2∏fCE=100
CE= 1/2x3.14x20x103x100
CE = 0.079µf = 0.1µf
THEORY:
Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as
local oscillator in radio receivers. The collector voltage is applied to the collector
through inductor L whose reactance is high compared with X2 and may therefore be
omitted from equivalent circuit, at zero frequency, however capacitor C b acts as an
open circuit.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set VCC = 12V.
5. Verify it with theoretical frequency, f= 1/2∏ ( ( L1 + L2)C ) Amplitude Vs time

graph is drawn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL TABULATION:

1.5 40 25
INFERENCE:
Thus the Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed for the given frequency.
Practical frequency

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?
2. What is the approximate value of hfe in a Hartley oscillator using

BJT?
3. Mention the expression for frequency of oscillation?
4. Mention the reasons why LC oscillator is preferred over RC

oscillator at radio frequency?
5. How the Hartley oscillator satisfy the barkhausen criterion

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 3.b.

Date: COLPITT’S OSCILLTOR
AIM:
To design and construct a Colpitt’s oscillator at the given operating

frequency.
8.2 REQUIREMENTS:
S.N
EQUIPME RANG QUANTI
o NTS E TY
1
Resistors
2
RPS (0-30)V 1
3
Transistor BC107 1
4
Capacitors
5
Inductor 10mH 1
6
CRO 30MHz 1
7
Bread board - 1
TAB 8.1
8.3 Design of feed back Network:
Given C1= 0.1 F, L=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V,IC=3mA, S=12
C1 + C 2
f = 1/2∏ , C2= 0.01F
LC1C 2
Amplifier design:
(i)Selection of RC:
Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC
Therefore RC= 1.6K=2 K
(ii) Selection of RE:
IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE= 1K
(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:
Stability factor S=12
S=1+(RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)=11k
Using potential divider rule,

RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC

RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB ) RB=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
R2=19K=22 K
(iv) Output capacitance (CO):
XCO=RC/10=2x103/10=200
1/2∏fCO=200
CO=1/2x3.14x20x103x200=0.039=0.01µf
(v) Input capacitance (Ci):
XCin= RB/10=11x103/10=1.1x103
1/2∏fCin=1.1x103
Cin=1/2x3.14x20x103x1.1x103=0.0101µf
(vi) By pass Capacitance (CE):
XCE=RE/10=1x103/10=100
1/2∏fCE=100
CE= 1/2x3.14x20x103x100=0.079µf = 0.1µf
8.4 THEORY:
Colpitt’s oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as local
oscillator in radio receivers. The collector voltage is applied to the collector through
inductor L whose reactance is high compared with X2 and may therefore be omitted
from equivalent circuit, at zero frequency; The circuit operates as Class C. the
tuned circuit determines basically the frequency of oscillation.
8.5 PROCEDURE:

2. Set VCC = 12V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is
measured from CRO.
5 .Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG 8.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG 8.2
MODEL TABULATION:
TAB.8.2
INFERENCE:
Thus the Collipit’s oscillator is designed and constructed for the given
frequency.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the approximate value of hfe in a colpitt’s oscillator using BJT

for sustained oscillation?
2. What is Tank circuit?
3. Mention the expression for frequency of oscillation?
4. What are the essential parts of an oscillator?
5. Name two high frequency oscillators?

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.:4
Date: SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design a single tuned amplifier and to draw its frequency response.
REQUIREMENTS:
S.No EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Resistors
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
4 Capacitors
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Function generator (0-10)MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
Given specifications
Vcc = 12V, β = 100, Ic = 1mA, L=1mH, f=2 KHz, S= [2-10]
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2=6V
VE = VCC / 10 =1.2V
To calculate C:
F = 1/ 2∏ LC
Therefore C=0 .6μf

To calculate RE:
VE= IE RE (IC= IE)
RE = VE / IE= 1.2 / 1x10-3 = 1.2K
Assume S= 10, S= 1+ (RB / RE)
Therefore RB= 10K
To find R1 & R2:
RB = R1 || R2
RB= R1 R2 / R1+ R2 ------------- (1)
VB= VCC x (R2 / R1+ R2) ------ (2)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
FREQUENCY OUTPUT Vin (V) Gain

VO(V) 20log(Vo/Vin) dB
THEORY:
The single tuned amplifier selecting the range of frequency the resistance load
replaced by the tank circuit. Tank circuit is nothing but inductors and capacitor in
parallel with each other. The tuned amplifier gives the response only at particular
frequency at which the output is almost zero. The resistor R1 and R2 provide potential
diving biasing, Re and Ce provide the thermal stabilization. This it fixes up the
operating point.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. By varying frequency, amplitude is noted down
3. Gain is calculated in dB
4. Frequency response curve is drawn.
INFERENCE:
Thus the class – c single tuned amplifier is designed and frequency response
is plotted.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Q-factor?
2. What is tuned circuit?
3. What is coil loss?
4. Give the application of Single tuned Class-C amplifier.
5. What is tank circuit?

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 5
Date: INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR
AIM:
To design and construct a differentiator and integrator circuit.
REQUIREMENTS:
S.No List
Function (0-30)MHz 1
generator
1. Equipments CRO (0-20)V 1
Supply
Resistor 1 k 1
2. Components
Capacitor 1 uf 1
Bread board - 1
accessories strand
THEORY:
Differentiator:
Differentiator is a circuit which differentiates the input signal, it allows high
order frequency and blocks low order frequency. If time constant is very low it acts
as a differentiator. In this circuit input is continuous pulse with high and low value.
Integrator:
In a low pass filter when the time constant is very large it acts as a integrator.
In this the voltage drop across C will be very small in comparison with the drop
across resistor R. So total input appears across the R.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage.
3. Observe the output waveform.
4. Sketch the output waveform.

INTEGRATOR:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time(ms) Frequency(KHz)
MODEL GRAPH:

DIFFERENTIATOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time(ms) Frequency(KHz)
MODEL GRAPH:
INFERENCE:
Thus the integrator and differentiator are constructed and output waveform
observed and readings were tabulated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is wave shaping circuit?
2. What are the components used in wave shaping circuits.
3. When HPF acts as a differentiator
4. When LPF acts as an integrator.
5. How triangular waveform is obtained using integrator.

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 6.a EMITTER COUPLED ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Date:
AIM:
To design an Emitter coupled Astable multivibrator and study the output
waveform.
REQUIREMENTS:
1 Resistors
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
4 Capacitors
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread board - 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
VCC= 10V; hfe = 100; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v;
To design RC:
R ≤ hFE RC
RC= VCC- VC2 (Sat) / IC= 4.9 k
Since R ≤ hFE RC
Therefore R≤ 100 x 4.7 x103=490 k  470 k
To Design C:
Since T= 1.38RC
1x10-3=1.38x 490x103x C
Therefore C=0.01F
THEORY:
The astable multivibrator generates square wave without any external
triggering pulse. It has no stable state, i.e., it has two quasi- Stable states. It switches

back and forth from one stable state to other, remaining in each state for a time
depending upon the discharging of a capacitive circuit. When supply voltage + Vcc is
applied, one transistor will Conduct more than the other due to some circuit
imbalance.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.8.2

TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time
period(msec)
INFERENCE:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and output waveform is
plotted

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by multivibrator?
2. What is the frequency of oscillation of astable multivibrator?
3. Distinguish oscillator and multivibrator?
4. List the applications of astable multivibrator.
5. Why it is called as free running multivibrator.

.

Ex. No.: 6.b MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Date:
AIM:
To design and test the performance of Monostable multivibrator for the given
frequency
REQUIREMENTS:

1 Resistors
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
5 Capacitor 3.2nf 1
25pf 1
6 Bread board - 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
VCC= 12V; hfe = 200; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v; VBB= - 2V,
(i)To calculate RC:
RC = VCC - Vce (sat) / IC
RC = 12 – 0.2 / 2x10-3=5.9KΩ
(ii) To calculate R:
IB2(min)=IC2 / hfe= 2x10-3 / 200 = 10µ A
Select IB2 > IB1(min) (say 25µ A)
Then R = VCC – V BE (sat) / IB2
Therefore R= 12-0.7/25x10-6=452KΩ
(iii) To calculate C:
T=0.69RC
1x10-3= 0.69x452x103xC
C=3.2nf

To calculate R1 & R2:

VB1= {(VBB R1/ R1 +R2) + (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)}
Since Q1 is in off state, VB1 ≤ 0
Then (VBB R1/ R1 +R2) = (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)
VBB R1 = VCE (sat) R2
2 R1 = 0.2 R2
Assume R1=10KΩ, then R2=100 KΩ
Consider, C1= 25pf (commutative capacitor)
THEORY:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state when an external trigger
input is applied the circuit changes its state from stable quasi stable state. And then
automatically after some time interval the circuit returns back to the original normal
stable state. The time T is dependent on circuit components.
The capacitor C1 is a speed-up capacitor coupled to base of Q2 through C.
Thus DC coupling in bistable multivibrator is replaced by a capacitor coupling. The
resistor R at input of Q2 is returned to VCC. The value of R2, V BB are chosen such that
transistor Q1 is off by reverse biasing it. Q2 is on. This is possible by forward
biasing Q2 with the help of VCC and resistance R. Thus Q2-ON and Q1-OFF is
normal stable state of circuit.
PROCEDURE:
2. Give a negative trigger input to Q2.
3. Note the output of transistor Q2 and Q1.
4. Find the value of Ton and Toff.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time period (msec)
TON TOFF
INFERENCE:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and the performance is tested.
Theoretical period :
Practical period :

11.10 VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?
2. What is the use of commutating capacitor?
3. What is the frequency of oscillation of monostable multivibrator?
4. Why it is called as one-shot multivibrator?
5. List the applications of mono stable multivibrator.

WORK SHEET

Ex. No.: 7
Date: CLIPPER AND CLAMPER CIRCUITS
AIM:
To construct and design the clipper and clamper circuits using diodes.
REQUIREMENTS:

S.No List
Function (0-30)MHz 1
generator
1. Equipments CRO (0-20)V 1
Supply
Diode IN4007 1
2. Components Resistor 1k 1

Capacitor 1uf 2
Bread board - 1
accessories strand
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given f=1 kHz,
T=t=1/f=1x10-3 sec=RC
Assume, C=1uF
Then, R=1KΩ

POSITIVE CLIPPER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL TABULATION:
Positive Negative Time (ms)

Cycle (V) Cycle ( V)
Input
Output
MODEL GRAPH:

NEGATIVE CLIPPER:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL TABULATION:

Cycle (V) Cycle( V)
Input
Output
MODEL GRAPH:

CLAMPER CIRCUIT:
POSITIVE CLAMPER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vin=5V
MODEL TABULATION:

Cycle (V) Cycle( V)
Input
Output
MODEL GRAPH:

NEGATIVE CLAMPER CIRCUI DIAGRAM:
Vin=5V
MODEL TABULATION:
Positive Negative Time

Cycle Cycle( (ms)
(V) V)
Input
Output
MODEL GRAPH

THEORY
CLIPPER:
A Clipper is a circuit that removes either the positive or negative part of a
waveform. For a positive clipper only the negative half cycle will appear as output.
CLAMPER:
A Clamper circuit is a circuit that adds a dc voltage to the signal. A positive
clamper shifts the ac reference level upto a dc level.
WORKING:
During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short circuit
across the output terminals. Ideally, the output voltage is zero. But practically, the
diode voltage is 0.7 V while conducting.
On the negative half cycle, the diode is open and hence the negative half cycle
appear across the output.
APPLICATION:
• Used for wave shaping

• To protect sensitive circuits
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage (say 5V, 1 KHz) using signal generator.
3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.
4. Sketch the output waveform.
INFERENCE:
Thus the output waveform for Clipper and clamper was observed and its
readings are tabulated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the other names of clipper circuits?
2. What is combinational clipper?
3. Why clippers are used in TV receivers.
4. Give one application of clamper.
5. What are biased clipper and clamper?

SIMULATION USING PSPICE

Ex. No.: 9
Date: TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To simulate a tuned collector oscillator using PSPICE.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
Tuned collector oscillation is a type of transistor LC oscillator where the tuned
circuit (tank) consists of a transformer and a capacitor is connected in the collector
circuit of the transistor. Tuned collector oscillator is of course the simplest and the
basic type of LC oscillators. The tuned circuit connected at the collector circuit
behaves like a purely resistive load at resonance and determines the oscillator
frequency. The common applications of tuned collector oscillator are RF oscillator
circuits, mixers, frequency demodulators, signal generators etc.,
PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in
the work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
`
MODEL GRAPH:
INFERENCE:
Thus the tuned collector oscillator is simulated using PSpice.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is PSpice?
2. What is the use of Pspice?
3. What are the different types of analysis done using Spice?
4. List the limitation of Pspice
5. What are the different output commands?

Ex. No.: 10 WEIN BRIGE OSCILLATOR

Date:
AIM:
To simulate voltage and current time base circuits by using PSPICE.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180o phase shift and

feedback network introduces additional 180o phase shift, to obtain a phase shift of
360o around a loop. This is a condition for any oscillator. But Wein bridge oscillator
uses a non-inverting amplifier and hence does not provide any phase shift during
amplifier stage. As total phase shift requires is 0 o or 2n radians, in Wein bridge
type no phase shift is necessary through feedback. Thus the total phase shift around a
loop is 0o. The output of the amplifier is applied between the terminals 1 and 3,
which are the input to the feedback network. While the amplifier input is supplied
from the diagonal terminals 2 and 4, which is the output from the feedback network.
Thus amplifier supplied its own output through the Wein bridge as a feed back
network.
PROCEDURE:
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place them in
the work space
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

7.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
INFERENCE:
Thus the Wein Bridge Oscillator is simulated using Pspice.

Ex. No.: 11
Date: DOUBLE AND STAGGERED TUNED AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To simulate double and staggered tuned amplifiers.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
A double-tuned amplifier is a tuned amplifier with transformer coupling

between the amplifier stages in which the inductances of both the primary and
secondary windings are tuned separately with a capacitor across each. The scheme
results in a wider bandwidth than a single tuned circuit would achieve. There is a
critical value of transformer coupling coefficient at which the frequency response of
the amplifier is maximally flat in the pass band and the gain is maximum at
the resonant frequency. Designs frequently use a coupling greater than this (over-
coupling) in order to achieve an even wider bandwidth at the expense of a small loss
of gain in the centre of the pass band. Staggered tuning is a technique used in the
design of multi-stage tuned amplifiers whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly
different frequency. In comparison to synchronous tuning (where each stage is tuned
identically) it produces a wider bandwidth at the expense of reduced gain.
It also produces a sharper transition from the passband to the stopband. Both
staggered tuning and synchronous tuning circuits are easier to tune and manufacture
than many other filter types. The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed
as a rational function and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter
responses such as Butterworth and Chebyshev. The poles of the circuit are easy to

manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier buffering

between stages.
PROCEDURE:
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DOUBLE TUNNED AMPLIFIER
MODEL GRAPH:
DOUBLE TUNNED AMPLIFIER
INFERENCE:
Thus the double and staggered tuned amplifier is simulated.

Ex. No.: 12
Date: BI-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM:
To simulate an Bi-stable multivibrator using PSPICE.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
Bi- stable multivibrator contains two stable states and no quasi states. It
requires two clock or trigger pulses to change the states. It is also called as flip flop,
scale of two toggle circuit, trigger circuit. It is used in digital operations like
counting, storing data’s in flip flops and production of square waveforms.
PROCEDURE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
INFERENCE:
Thus the Bi-stable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define storage time of bistable multivibrator?
2. What are the different types of triggering of bistable multivibrator?
3. List the application of bistable multivibrator.
4. What is the use of triggering in bistable multivibrators?
5. Give the differences between three multivibrators.

Ex. No.: 13
Date: SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT WITH PREDICTABLE
HYSTERESIS
AIM:
To simulate Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis, implemented by

applying positive feedback to the input of an amplifier. It is an active circuit which
converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. The circuit is named a
"trigger" because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to
trigger a change. In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a
certain chosen threshold, the output is high. When the input is below a different
(lower) chosen threshold, the output is low, and when the input is between the two
levels, the output retains its value. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis and
implies that the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a bistable
circuit (latch or flip-flop). There is a close relation between the two kinds of circuits:
a Schmitt trigger can be converted into a latch and a latch can be converted into a
Schmitt trigger.
Schmitt trigger devices are typically used in signal conditioning applications to

remove noise from signals used in digital circuits, particularly mechanical switch
bounce. They are also used in closed loop negative feedback configurations to
implement relaxation oscillators, used in function generators and switching power
supplies.

PROCEDURE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
INFERENCE:
Thus the Schmitt trigger is simulated using PSpice.

Ex. No.: 14
Date: ANALYSIS OF POWER AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design and test the performance of power amplifier.
REQUIREMENTS:
S.No QUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 Resistors
2 RPS (0-30)V 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
5 Capacitor 3.2nf 1
25pf 1
6 Bread board - 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
VCC= 12V; hfe = 200; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v; VBB= - 2V,
(i)To calculate RC:
RC = VCC - Vce (sat) / IC
RC = 12 – 0.2 / 2x10-3=5.9KΩ
(ii) To calculate R:
IB2(min)=IC2 / hfe= 2x10-3 / 200 = 10µ A
Select IB2 > IB1(min) (say 25µ A)
Then R = VCC – V BE (sat) / IB2
Therefore R= 12-0.7/25x10-6=452KΩ
(iii) To calculate C:
T=0.69RC

1x10-3= 0.69x452x103xC
C=3.2nf
To calculate R1 & R2:
VB1= {(VBB R1/ R1 +R2) + (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)}
Since Q1 is in off state ,VB1 ≤ 0
Then (VBB R1/ R1 +R2) = (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)
VBB R1 = VCE (sat) R2
2 R1 = 0.2 R2
Assume R1=10KΩ, then R2=100 KΩ
Consider, C1= 25pf (commutative capacitor)
THEORY:
An electronic amplifier is used for increasing the power of a signal. It does this
by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input
signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier may be
considered as modulating the output of the power supply.
PROCEDURE:
2. Give a negative trigger input to Q2.
3. Note the output of transistor Q2 and Q1.
4. Find the value of Ton and Toff.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
Amplitude(V) Time period(msec)
TON TOFF
INFERENCE:
Thus the Power amplifier is designed and the performance is tested.
Theoretical period :
Practical period :

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of power amplifier?
2. Write the importance of power amplifier?
3. What is the frequency of oscillation of power amplifier?
4. List the different types of power amplifier.
5. List the applications of power amplifier.

Ex. No.: 15
Date: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TIME BASE CIRCUITS
AIM:
To simulate voltage and current time base circuits by using PSPICE.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
THEORY:
A time base generator, or timebase, is a special type of function generator, an

electronic circuit that generates a varying voltage to produce a particular waveform.
Time base generators produce very high frequency sawtooth waves specifically
designed to deflect the beam in cathode ray tube (CRT) smoothly across the face of
the tube and then return it to its starting position.
Time bases are used by radar systems to determine range to a target, by

comparing the current location along the time base to the time of arrival of radio
echoes. Analog television systems using CRTs had two time bases, one for deflecting
the beam horizontally in a rapid movement, and another pulling it down the screen 60
times per second.Oscilloscopes often have several time bases, but these may be more
flexible function generators able to produce many waveforms as well as a simple
time base.
PROCEDURE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VOLTAGE TIME BASE CIRCUIT
CURRENT TIME BASE CIRCUIT

MODEL GRAPH:
CURRENT TIME BASE CRCUIT
INFERENCE:
Thus the Voltage and Current time base circuits are simulated using Pspice.

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DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALANCHUR CHENNAI - 600123

SUB CODE : EC8461

Vision of the Department

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):

DMI College of Engineering 2

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or

DMI College of Engineering 3

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

DMI College of Engineering 4

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE RECORD

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

DMI College of Engineering 5

EC8461 - Circuits And Simulation Integrated Laboratory LPTC

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

DMI College of Engineering 6

CO 3 Design wave-shaping circuits.

CO 4 Design multi vibrators

Design and simulate feedback amplifiers, oscillators, tuned

CO PO, PSO Mappings

DMI College of Engineering 7

DMI College of Engineering 8

Ex. No.: 1.a CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFER

S.No EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTIT

(i) To calculate RC:

DMI College of Engineering 9

(ii) To calculate RB1&RB2:

(iii) To find input coupling capacitor (Ci):

(iv)To find output coupling capacitor (CO):

(v) To find Bypass capacitor (CE):

Design with feedback:

DMI College of Engineering 10

WITHOUT FEED BACK:

DMI College of Engineering 11

DMI College of Engineering 12

Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer function

Parameters Theoretical Practical

DMI College of Engineering 13

2. What are the parameters used to design the amplifier.

3. Compare the input impedance for with and without feedback?

4. Compare the theortical and practical bandwidth for with feedback.

DMI College of Engineering 14

DMI College of Engineering 15

Ex. No.: 1.b VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(i) To calculate RC:

DMI College of Engineering 16

(ii) To calculate R1&R2:

(iii) To calculate Resistance:

AC parameter with feedback network:

(i) Input Impedance:

(ii) Output impedance:

(iii) Emitter capacitor:

DMI College of Engineering 17

WITHOUT FEED BACK

WITH FEED BACK