Effects of family business towards the course choice of Grade 12 Accountancy Business

Management students in Mangagoy Bislig City who has family businesses

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Young students have diverse dreams and interests in life. There is an old adage which inspires

people to succeed: “if there is a will, there is a way.” In choosing a career, suitability to the

interest of the students is given importance. Students must know on what degree to pursue in

college, one that interest them and must also fit their abilities so that it will not be hard for them

to choose the right career path. Being adolescent can be extremely lonely. It is not unusual to

have a feeling that there is no one turn to when problems come arise. This is the stage where

major decisions and deep concerns affect the courses of their lives. Most adolescents are

pressured to perform and succeed, which experience severe stress in meeting these expectations.

Senior high school students need a lot of professional advice especially when it comes in

choosing their careers. It is in this period, where students are advised to prepare for their future

worthwhile occupations. Choosing the perfect career that will fit is one of the most important and

crucial decision that every person has to make. This can be one of the measures whether an

individual will be successful in the future or not. At this stage, self-realization, role try-outs,

occupational explorations in schools, and finding the first job is the tentative step. 2 It is this

stage when teenager needs guidance in the proper selection of their desired career. Where, they

will arrive at the right decision considering their innate capacities, educational privilege offered

to the students and other resources that society makes available for them to be more efficient and

effective.. The researchers, inquired the Grade 12 students of Mangagoy Bislig City to know the

factors affecting their decisions in choosing a career.

Background of the study

Family business is the oldest and most common model of economic organization. The vast

majority of businesses throughout the world—from corner shops to multinational publicly listed

organizations with hundreds of thousands of employees—can be considered family businesses. .

In addition to the family systems literature, which conceptualizes an individual being

interconnected with other family members to produce a functional whole, postmodern career

theorists have developed theoretical frameworks to predict how family roles and related factors

influence career paths. For example, home represents the first workplace (e.g., chores) and young

adults commonly follow in their parents’ footsteps, whether that results in taking over the family

business or adding to a family’s generation of doctors or lawyers. A researcher found that the most

significant influence on the career choice of Indian students was the father. Likewise, parent’s

perceptions of their children’s interests and abilities and their specific expectations for their child’s

success can influence choices, beliefs, and career actions. Similarly, because college students

typically seek approval and family support regarding specific career decisions, these students will

likely experience a struggle if their career decision does not align with familial expectations. It

should also be noted that individuals expressing inadequate emotional support from their families

are more indecisive when making career decisions. Influencers are always aware of who is already

influencing their mark. Everyone has a circle of friends or colleagues whose opinion has more

weight than others. Sometimes your path to influencing your mark begins by first influencing one

of those people first. Friends often encourage each other, encourage others to do worst and they

can also encourage to do well. A teen might join a volunteer project because all of his or her friends

are doing it, or get good grades because the social group he or she belongs to thinks getting good
grades is important. A positive peer group can help boost her self-esteem. It might prevent her

from engaging in harmful or risky behaviors

Influencers operate within the perceived reality of their marks. So, understanding how your mark

sees themselves is critical in how you frame your influential discussion. If your mark sees

themselves as inherently lazy, then you will point out how your idea is super easy and takes little

to no energy to accomplish. If you mark sees they as a pessimist, then you will present your idea

with contingency plans for all worst case scenarios.

Teens are very quick and accurate in making judgments and decisions on their own and in

situations where they have time to think. However, when they have to make decisions in the heat

of the moment or in social situations, their decisions are often influenced by external factors like

peers. People make the mistake of believing that they have to share the same interests as their mark

in order to create rapport. While it is an easier path to connection.

Objectives

This study aims to determine the following:

1. To determine the profile of the respondents based on their age, gender and family business.

2. To determine whether taking Accountancy Business and Management their choice or not.

3. To determine whether family businesses really affects the students in choosing the

accountancy business and management strand.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer this question:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Family Business

2. Does taking Accountancy Business and Management strand their choice or not?

3. Does family business really affects the students in choosing the accountancy business and

management strand?
Significance of the Study

Students- to know the factors affecting their decisions in choosing a career.

Parents- Parents can have the idea of the issue that their child was going through. They can be

able to have the idea of the proper way of guiding their child so that teenagers would be able to

take chances of doing right things together with their peers.

Future Researchers- This study can be a source of information for the future researchers

especially this study could be easily related for. Society is not really aware and conscious about

this issue. Researchers can be a way to let people know the importance of having knowledge about

the how Family business affects.

Scope and limitation

This study focuses only on the grade 12 Accountancy Business Management students of Andres

Soriano Colleges of Bislig, Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College, Recaredo Castillo College

and De La Salle John Bosco College in Mangagoy Bislig City who’s associated with family

business. The respondents will be asked 1st whether they have family business before handing the

questionnaire.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

Profile of Grade 12-ABM

Students
Conduct a survey, interview
Informational
 Age questionnaire. Infographic
 Gender Descriptive Method Using
 Family Business Survey

Shown above is the conceptual paradigm in which the study is based upon. It can be said that the

questionnaire and through actual interview provided by the researchers are the things necessary in

the conduct of the study. Man to man interview and analysis of data is conducted
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The ACIP Decision Making Method Theory

A simple, science-based way to make a good decision

Choosing a career path, making a career decision, or deciding on a college major - all are critical

decisions. They demand high-quality decision making.

Scientific studies show that there are four essential steps you will want to follow. They are

abbreviated ACIP, like “a sip” of tea!

A stands for Alternatives. When making an important decision, look at all your choices. Ask

yourself, "Are there any other ways I can solve this problem? Ways that I haven't thought of?"

C stands for Consequences. Once you have narrowed down your choices to those that look best,

weigh the pros and cons of each.

I stands for Information. Search for new information about each option you are considering.

P means Plans. Make detailed plans for (a) how you will carry out your decision, and (b) what

you will do if one of the negative consequences that you thought of under "C" occurs.
Definition of Terms

Family business - A family-owned business may be defined as any business in which two or

more family members are involved and the majority of ownership or control lies within a family.

Influencer - is an individual who has the power to affect purchase decisions of others because of

his/her authority, knowledge, position or relationship with his/her audience.

Multinational - Including or involving several countries or individuals of several nationalities.

Pessimist- A person who tends to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will

happen.

Inadequate -Lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a

purpose.

Contingency- A future event or circumstance which is possible but cannot be predicted with

certainty.
CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN AND LOCAL LITERATURE

The concepts of aspirations are rooted in psychology and guided by the theory of

Achievement motivation (Quaglia & Cobb,1996). Achievement motivation theory postulates that

people can learn to establish and acquire goals. Teachers, peers, parents, and other people who

have a relationship with a person may affect that person’s motivation. Thus, education

contributes to the process of aspiration formation. Education helps people be more knowledgeable

about the world, more sensitive and understanding of their relationship to it, and more eager to

contribute to the civilizing process. It helps people develop the ability to discern opportunities and

options that they may confront in their day-to-day activities. The formation of educational and

occupational aspirations is integral to education, enabling students to better understand who they

are and how they can function effectively for their own well being and for the betterment of

society (Kozol, 1984). The study of aspirations is also rooted in sociology and social comparison

theory (Collier, 1994). People tend to compare themselves to groups with similar beliefs and

abilities.The definition of aspirations has undergone development and refinement. Social

comparison theory described the need and the pressure to assess beliefs and abilities which

develop uniformity in a group (Festinger, 1954), and achievement motivation theory describes

a conscious desire to perform well and reach high standards of excellence (McClelland,

1961). The definition of aspirations developed from these theories is the “student’s abilityto set

goals for the future while being inspired in the present to work toward those goals”(Quaglia &

Cobb, 1996, p. 130). According to a survey by Muddy (2000) in France, only 10% of high
school students got any career guidance at school. More than half could think of no one at school

who helped them with career exploration or their student career planning. Many adolescents' career

decisions are influenced by the media or by their peers with little thought of what they might

personally be interested in or motivated to do. If they are college bound, they may simply keep

changing majors until they find something they like. However, as parents, you know that you affect

your child’s career development and choices, the same way you know that the career choices young

people make will affect their job satisfaction, where they live, how much they earn and who their

friends may be. In view of the above, in the early years, hundreds of studies were conducted to try

and understand the different factors that influence a young adult’s career choice. While confirming

the influence of other personal and environmental factors, such as, personality, school and the role

of peers and teachers on career aspirations, researchers unanimously proved that a large number

of variables influencing students’ occupational goals were linked to their family environment.

These include; level of parental education, family size, employment and socioeconomic variables

like parental income. In addition, the majority of papers published on this subject consistently

ranked parents as the most important and influential individuals regarding career decisions, as

compared to teachers, peers, counsellors and others. however, Parents often wonder and worry

about what their children will do when they grow up after many years of investing into their formal

and informal education, thus, they always hope that their children launches into a successful career.

As such, the importance of their influence towards career choice of their children is consistently

critical (Ferry 2006). The current study similarly support the views that parents are of great

importance in career choices of their children and that children seek advice from their since they

trust them more than any other people. Although schools, peers, and the community in which the

children come live in all have an impact on the children‘s self-identity and career choice, the
expectations and perceptions of parents on vocational fit for their children have been found to be

the key players in shaping career choices of these children. This study with the view that all parents

always want the best out of their children, confirmation if that these parents support their children

and encourage them to work hard while at secondary school so that they may obtain good results

to help them access a good career. This could be a career of their interest and capability. Creamer

and Laughlin (2005) conducted a longitudinal study in Maryland Catholic University in Ireland on

parental influence on careers of learners with visual impairments. Findings indicated that influence

of parents on career choices of children was so strong that it overrides the influence of teachers,

faculty, and career counsellors, who may know more about the career field in question but were

not as well-known and or trusted as the student‘s parents for this type of decision. Thus, apart from

peers, the parents are the most influential people in children’s lives. Researchers went on saying,

although peers are of great influence in many cases, most studies indicates that when it comes to

choice of subject and career, adolescents are more influenced by parents. Children’s own

aspirations are influenced by their parents’ aspirations or expectations to the extent that those

Who perceive their parents to have high educational aspirations for them choose careers in line

with parent’s expectations? In Zambia however, support and encouragements from parents

influence vocational outcomes in children through positive conversations, verbal and nonverbal

reactions, in which parents convey their ideas, hope and trust in their children which in turn affect

what children think, say and perceive about various careers. To the contrary however, children do

not really follow careers of their parents but do get advice from parents and later make their own

decisions on which career to settle for. For example; children to Nurses may not really choose

nursing career but might go further to being Doctors instead. Additionally, a case study by

Mathatha (2013) on career development of learners with visual impairments at Lions and Magwero
Special Schools in Zambia indicated that of all the various factors to career choices of children,

parents draws a huge portion as they are believed to know their children first and better than any

other person. As such, parents’ advice is seen easily taken by the child due to that natural trust and

attraction which exist between children and their parents. Thus, this is similar as far as this study

is concerned in that parents are seen to be of greater influence for some children get inspired by

what their parents are doing or

Did especially if they were successful in life. Ellie and Williams (2009) of Boston College of

Business Science in a survey on value of parental involvement on career choices of students in the

rural areas of Peru confirmed that parents influence career choices of their children both

Intentionally and inadvertently such that by the time children move into adolescence, they

seriously begun considering their futures, often, looking to their parents either as role models or

for career advice. A parent’s approach to this can either inspire teenagers to explore a diverse set

of potential occupations or to stick to a path they think their parents will approve of. As such, it is

not surprising that people are the third or fourth generations of their families to work in the same

profession. By so doing, they acquire an insider glimpse of their parent’s

Occupations, making it easier for them to break into the industry. To the contrary, if parents

complain about their jobs or struggle to support the family on the income their jobs provides,

children are more likely to seek more fulfilling or higher paid roles. For example, parents who

encourage their children to take music or dance lessons or sports sometimes influence them to

commit to those activities full-time. The earlier a child is introduced to an interest area, the more

Time he or she has to explore it and strengthen his or her skills. In support of the above views, data

from the longitudinal study of American youth (2008) revealed that in families where parents never

encourage children to attend college, just 4% of the children decided to pursue higher education.
This is in stark contrast to families where parents encouraged children to attend college, with 41%

of those children choosing to do so. Parents play an important role such

That even their ideas about gender, race, socio- economic background and other characteristics do

influence children’s career decisions. A longitudinal study by Nazima (1999) in Australia among

first years medicine students at Northridge University on the involvement of parents on career

aspirations of children indicated that out of the one hundred students which were sampled, 75%

showed that parenting style, support, responsiveness and guidance may even have more influence

than family demographics. This proves how children from impoverished, low educational and

disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds can have great academic achievements and proceed to

more fulfilling and prosperous careers. This fact strongly encourages open engagement and

involvement of parents in their children’s academic pursuits. An authoritative parenting style (a

demanding and responsive child-rearing style which includes a high level of parental involvement,

high expectations and standards, adequate support, guidance and encouragement) is seen to be

associated with better career choices as it balances clear, high expectations with emotional support

and recognition of an adolescent’s autonomy. Authoritative parents set standards, promote

independence and provide a warm family climate, which results in selfconfidence, persistence,

social competence, academic success and psychosocial development. This in turn leads to more

active career exploration on the part of children and greater career choice and satisfaction. The

current study however shows that parents in their own ways influence children on which careers

to undertake as they grow up. This may happen unconsciously through the way they take and view

various careers or people in those careers. Parents know that children through reading or the media

have an idea about careers but may not know how and what to consider when choosing any form

of career. These parents observe and know the capabilities and let children know that they can still
weigh parental ideas on career choices as they explore in life and later put together ideas from

home and those from books or the media for a concrete decision in life. However, little is known

by parents themselves on how huge their impact is on career choices made by their children and

this was what brought about this study. Thus, with the findings of this paper, with children may

know and value the influence parents have towards their career choices.

Gander and Gardner (1998) conducted a comparative study in Japan’s Tokyo University on effects

of parental involvement on career choices made by their children in both disabled and non-disabled

adolescents. Findings were that children frequently interacted with their parents as they approach

adolescence. In turn, parents influenced them through indications that they were expected to take

over the family business or follow the parents’ profession hence, career

Aspirations and choices later on. Thus, parents had various intentions regarding the career

development and choices of their children. The researchers further discovered that parental

involvement in the education of their children was one determinant of parental influences in the

children’s career choices. This is seen when involvement of parents influenced what the child

learnt about work and the work experiences. The study also reflected parental attitudes about

school and work which in turn had a long term impact on their children’s decision, plan and career

choices later in life. The current study however, is of the favor that parents talked to their children

about career matters as they discussed about the world of work using examples from people they

know and are doing fine in those careers. That helped children open up to various views on careers

available. This study therefore recognizes the fact that some parents have limited knowledge of

available careers but they still reminded their children that good grade at grade twelve gives them

the chance to pursue a good career like teaching. Ferry (2006) conducted a correlational study on

factors influencing career choices of hearing impaired children in the rural areas of Pennsylvania.
Findings indicated that parents frequently interacted with their children, by so doing, and as the

school leaving age drew nearer, the aspiration and career choices levels of their children tended to

move closer to the occupation levels of their parents even though earlier were closer to the

occupational goals common in their various schools. Thus, it can be deduced that parental-child

interaction results into career advice which children get from their parents and later on be able to

make a decisive action upon which choices to go for.

In a similar view, using the inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA), to examine how

parents influenced career choices of children, Ketterson and Blustein (1997) in Perth Community

Colleges found that parents who were closely connected and attached to their children influenced

career choices of their children through discussions where they shared what careers they wanted

their children to pursue in future. Thus, parents who enjoyed their work and constantly shared their

enjoyment with children inspired them to take up careers with hopes of enjoying too. In turn, such

children developed and made successful career choices and also learnt positive work values.

Zambia is not an exception in this outcome such that those children whose parents had much time

in the education and career activities of their children are seen settling for careers they are aware

of and have an idea on which industry the career will direct them to. On the other hand, children

from those families where career and school activities were never a major topic due to lack of

information or because parents were too busy with work and other family businesses, such children

chose careers which they had no much information on. Parents are therefore the major tool towards

children’s career choices and how they influence these children in the choices of careers was the

major concern of this research paper. Super, (1957) states that parents feel their career goals

worthy, and in most cases will expect their children to follow suit. Thus a student, who has no

value in education, in order to raise themselves above their parent’s level, will likely be viewed as
ungrateful by their parents. In those cases the student needs to have found a job or career that

started where their parent’s level of ability has left off. When education, skill, abilities, and

interests have not lead to the same level of income producing jobs, the discrepancy between

aspiration and achievement has become a sore issue. In Zambia however, children have the right

to choose careers of their interest after all the advice given by parents. Parents actually positively

advice, encourage and help children cope with careers of their choices. This later brings about

satisfaction and good work culture as children join various industries. Career guidance offered by

parents to their children constantly changing patterns of work and education worldwide make it

essential that every school student has access to career education and guidance that is future-

focused and personalized. This has long term benefit for individuals and for the country they live

in. Career education and guidance is an inherent element of every school’s provision of a rich and

balanced education. It assists students to make decisions at key transition points and supports their

successful transition from school to tertiary education or work. It also aims at developing the career

management competencies that will equip students to manage their career path ways and

opportunities throughout their lives. Clutter and McMillan (2008) suggested that it is useful to

understand some of the basic principles of career guidance, the processes involved in planning and

building a successful career and how they can be harnessed by the parents as they support and

guide their children on career and life journey. Therefore, parents play a huge role in the choices

children make when they start looking for a career. They influence the level of education or

training that their children achieve, the knowledge they have about work and different occupations,

the beliefs and attitudes they have to working and the motivation they have to succeed. However,

most of this is learned unconsciously especially that children and teenagers absorb the attitudes

and expectations of parents as they grow up. Thus, parents’ career

guidance is important since they are primary counsellors, as much as teachers, peers and

consultants do, if not more, parents play a huge role in drawing a study plan and shaping the career

and future of their children. These parents have rich knowledge and experience and can encourage

their children to choose a career or subjects that they have understood over their life and know the

prospects in depth. Perspectives of this study however, are that parents’ exposure and expertise,

may steer their wards in the right direction of career choice. More obviously, it has been a wish

for every parent and child that efforts in provision of career education and guidance of young

people in school education and homes where children come from can grow. Thus, the role of

parents in their children’s career education and guidance is being increasingly perceived as very

important. Clutter and Macmillan (2008) in their unpublished paper on seeking a career guide in

London outlined various ways in which parents guide their children towards career selection. For

instance, the attitude of parents matter the most in such a way that each and every parent has to

stay positive when advising children about which career to select. Bringing up a positive gesture

about your work place despite main changes and challenges involved may help children develop

a positive attitude and learn about varied set of industries. However, it is advisable that parents

give children room for their own views and opinions on such choices as they keep encouraging

them to gather information on various available career choices and later make informed choices.

Parents can also inform their children on available opportunities through informal discussions

about the world of work. For example, explain to them about the jobs which are well paying and

let them know that as long as they work hard, they too can go for such paths.

In Zambia however, parents are seen guiding their children to consider careers of Teaching and

Nursing as they are some of the well-known careers and both the educated and uneducated parents
are aware of these careers. Jocelyn (2000) asserts that parents offered career guidance to their

children as they gave them the freedom to make choices and not to impose their own ideas.

Thus, the goals of the parents here was to help their children find their own way based on their

interests and skills and not to follow ideas of parents and interests which could prove counter-

productive. By discussing interests, dreams and goals, parents got to know their children better

which helped them guide them properly. In the same view, parents may try and step outside the

way of the children and be able to observe, know them, and know their likes and dislikes, know

how they work, play or interact with others of which may help as a parent to see your children in

a different light and provide you with valuable information to assist them in career exploration.

Parents can guide by being practical and realistic in their approach and be able to examine and find

out whether the interests of the children are genuine and would suit them or were mere aspirations

which were influenced by others. Thus, it is important for parents to encourage their children to

explore their options through work experiences, also by talking to people in occupations that

interests them. For example, industrial visits would be helpful in spotting and proving a platform

to nurture their talents.

She emphasized that parents can offer career guidance to children by helping them identify the

broad area of work that interests them, what sort of environment they would like to work in and

then link it to their skills, interests, abilities and influence vocational outcome in children through

interactions, such as, conversations, verbal and nonverbal reactions, in which parents conveyed

their influence to their children, which in turn affected what children thought, said and perceived

about various careers.

A study by Jocelyn (2000) in Perth among rural community colleges on career guidance and

parenting styles showed that parenting style, support, responsiveness and guidance may even have
more influence than family demographics. This proves how children from impoverished, low and

proceed to more fulfilling and prosperous careers. This encourages open engagement of parents in

children’s academic pursuits. An authoritative parenting style (demanding and responsive child-

rearing style was found to be associated with better career choices as it balances clear, high

expectations with emotional support and recognition of an adolescent’s autonomy. Authoritative

parents set standards, promote independence and provide a warm family climate, which results in

self-confidence, persistence, social competence, academic success and psychosocial development.

Parents, through their comments and statements, should encourage their children open up to all

factors and ensure that this balance of opinion remains throughout the career development process.

This further leads to more active career exploration on the part of children and greater career

satisfaction Lazaro (2006) conducted a study in Australia on how career information helped in

career development and choices of children. Thus, findings showed that through career guidance,

children have access to career explorations opportunities which make them gather necessary career

information to make informed career decisions, set more realistic goals and experience better

career outcomes. It has helped children identify curricular activities that enhanced their

opportunities to achieve their career goals. Such guidance provides information that enlightens

children on which subjects and skills are useful in future.

Additionally, researchers found out that parents unlike any other person provide the best career

guidance to children as they interact at each stage of career development. Generally most parents

recognize the importance of pursuing a career with good job opportunities as well as the

importance of exploring and discovering all careers that may be of interest to their children. While

some parents confidently plunge into career discussions with their teenagers, many parents from

the older generations fear the communication gap and feel inadequate and ill-prepared to discuss
and support their children’s career aspirations. Studies have found that in reality, however, parents’

and children’s views about career aspirations are more compatible than incompatible. Without

parental approval or support, students and young adults are often reluctant to pursue or even

explore diverse career possibilities.

To the contrary, views of the current study are that children still go for careers even without the

approval of their parents. Furthermore, Bats haw (2006) assets that parents who are eager to

support their children in the best possible way to help them acquire endless opportunities to explore

career and work situations, both in the formal and informal setting.

Therefore, encouraging children to take challenging classes, learning new skills, provide

opportunities to instil confidence in family situations and informal contacts for exploration of

occupational choices are some of the ways. Parental support and guidance can include specific

career or educational suggestions as well as experiences that indirectly support career

development, such as, family vacations, provision of resources, like books and modelling of paid

and non-paid work roles. On an everyday basis, the simple sharing of workplace stories and

Modelling work behaviors allows parents to serve as a context for interpreting the realities of work

while the secure and close family environment facilitates risk-taking and exploration all of which

are needed in formation of a vocational identity.

The current study however indicates that parents still guide their children in choices of career and

they use the capabilities and interests of the children in guiding on which choice to settle for.

However, not all parents may have desired approaches in guiding their children and that is how

children seek advice from peers or rather make their own choices. For instance, parents who never

made it in life may have less visible examples to show their children about matters of career

choices. Thus, conclusions from the reviewed literature may not be taken as a general assumption.
Despite being influential in children’s career choice affairs, parents still have to provide career

guidance to children for clear focus. Thus, it is in the view of the current study that parents together

with children may realize the importance of career guidance at parental-child levels.

According to Keera (2000), career choice is influenced by multiple factors including personality,

interests, self -concept, cultural identity, globalization, socialization, role model, social support

and available resources such as information and financial. He further states that each individual

undertaking the process is influenced by several factors including the context in which they live

in, their personal aptitudes, social contacts and educational attainment.

Hewitt (2010) however, argues that factors influencing career choice among students can either be

intrinsic or extrinsic or both. Hewitt further states that most students are influenced by careers that

their parents favor, others follow the careers that their educational choices have opened for them,

some choose to follow their passion regardless of how much or little it will make them while others

choose the careers that give high income. Student’s perception of being suitable for particular jobs

also has been found to be influenced by a number of factors including ethnic background, year in

school, level of achievement, choice of science subjects, attitudes and differences in job

characteristics.

Research in career development, guidance and choices have been researched way back in the late

1800s (Super et al, 1976). Super and others describe career development as a lifelong process

beginning at birth and that it is through this long period that the choices are finally made.

According to this description, many individuals would seem to influence the career choices of a

person in life.

Although many people, including family, view career choice as a natural life for an adolescent, it

is a major decision in establishing career path that may open up or close opportunities. It is an
important turning point which involves making various career choices while in and after secondary

school.

Various studies, for example; that of Bandura et al, (2001) suggested that adolescent’s career

choice are influenced by many factors, including life context, personal aptitudes, and educational

attainment. This study was also in agreement with Seligman et al. (1988), whose study showed

that even young children, as young as five years, can have career dreams. In a study by Perrine et

al. (2001) in Tanzania on role model influence on the Career decision of college students, it was

found that role model supportiveness, and quality of relationship contributed to the career choices

of students. The study revealed that through identification with a role model, students developed

career decision making skills. As students emulated behaviors, styles and attributes of their role

models, they developed careers. Thus, by observing a successful role model in a specific career

field, students believed they could also be successful in the occupation and as a result, preferred

to pursue it. Similarly, a survey in the United States of America by Swail and Krampit (2001) on

influence of role models on carer choice found that as learners engaged into internship projects,

they had an opportunity not only to apply classroom concepts to real world problems but also to

observe and interact with professional role models. In turn, they get inspired to pursue similar

careers to their role models. In the same view, in a qualitative study on how role model comes to

be a factor in influencing career choices of students.

(2001) showed that students interacted with role models to see what worked and what did not

work out them. As students observed and admired role models, they were helped in preparation

for their own career roles and final choices later on. A cross-sectional study on career choice in

Ethiopia by Stebleton (2007) indicated that students had an external locus of control and believed

that there were numerous external factors which influenced their Career choices. The external
factors included: political and economic considerations, previous work experience and the

influence of key individuals. A case study by Natalie (2006) in Hong Kong community college,

young adults through interaction with the family, school and community learn about and choose

careers which ultimately became their careers. According to Oyamo and Amoth (2008), studies in

Kenya show that rural students tend to seek help from parents more than urban students and that

parents more than teachers play a major role in career choices of students. Generally, the choice

of a career is influenced by parents, friends, and counsellors however variations occur from one

population to the other. Most children in secondary schools do not have accurate information about

occupational opportunities to help them make appropriate career choice. Similarly, a study

conducted Kerka (2000) in rural areas of Uganda showed that career choices are influenced by

multiple factors including; personality interest, self-concept, cultural identity, socialization, role

model, social support and available resources such as information and finances. Therefore, each

individual undertaking the process is influenced by several factors including the context in which

they live in, personal aptitudes, social contacts and educational attainment. Keera further confirms

that most people are influenced by careers which their parents favor, others follow those which

their educational choices have opened for them, some choose to follow their passion regardless of

how much or little it will make, while others choose careers that give higher income. Further,

Harwood (2008) reports that external influences that help to shape an individual’s career choice

are also influenced by significant others through social support from peers. Thus, young people

through interaction with the context of family, school and community learn about and explore

careers which ultimately lead to their career choice. It clearly shows that adolescent’s own

aspirations influenced by their parents’ aspirations or expectations may result into a defined career

choice in the child. Hence, parental support and encouragement are important factors that have
been found to influence career choices. Otherwise, children may choose what their parents desire

simply to please them.

Natalie (2006) assets that, learning experience as a factor combines intellectual challenges,

performance and educational reasons as influential factors to career choice of children. In her case

study in Australia’s Northridge University, it came out that the influences of learning experience

maybe due to the fact that children learn about and explore various careers before they make their

career choices and choose subject combinations that eventually lead to their career choices. This

is the time when students decide on what they would want to pursue in future. She further pointed

out that personal interests matter in career choices such that matching personal interests with career

choice often leads to job satisfaction.

Thus, students’ interests tend to provide the main motives for their career choice. For instance, in

teaching or nursing career, a student would choose that which have availability of advancement

opportunities in it. Employment and self- employment are outcome expectations which children

tend to consider as they choose careers. Additionally, anticipated earnings and prestigious

positions as factors imply that children choose certain careers with the view to earn huge income

as well as to acquire prestigious positions in life. Jocelyn (2009) further confirms that peer pressure

also influences career choices in children. This could be as a result of overloaded curriculum,

overworked teachers who do not have time to advice students and parents spending less time with

their children. This leaves children in the hands of their fellow peers to offer the necessary

guidance. In her longitudinal study where the role of peer relationship in career choices was

examined in learners aged 18 and above, findings showed that the formation and maintenance of

close relationships influenced career explorations and choices later in life as adolescents slowly

detached themselves from the security given by their parents, thus, develop a sense of security in
their peers needed to engage in career exploration and decision making. Additionally, close peers

relationships allowed them to discuss and explore careers in the environment, and eventually, make

career decisions. Hence, similar findings were reported by Patton and McCrindle (2001), that as

children interact with peers, their advice is less important as compared to family members, teachers

and career counsellors. However, despite efforts to attain gender equity, Africa still has a long way

to go especially in career choices. This is from the observations made where in African cultures

some religions specify careers to be pursued by males and females respectively. Thus, gender still

stand as another influencing factor to career choices in children (Heward, 2009). Clutter (2009) in

his study among Nigerian students focused on educational factors that influenced career choice of

students. His view in his study was that career choice was perceived to have been influenced by

significance others such as peers, teachers, motivation speakers and guidance personnel. Findings

from this study however revealed that parents are not influential factors in career choice of children

since they spend little time with children at the time when children begin realizing on which career

to pursue. This is from the general observation that most parents are not involved in the education

and other general academic activities of their children. In Zambia however, parents interact with

their children and during those moments, they talk about careers which are workable in terms of

job availability currently and parents especially those who are educated, use their own experiences

or those of friends to explain to children more on career choices. Thus, the current study confirms

that parents are a factor when it comes to career choices of children with the view that they are the

first people to interact with their children and the influence they have towards career choices made

by their children.
Summary of literature reviewed and identified gap

The chapter has reviewed international and local related literature on how parents influenced career

choices of children in tertiary institutions, career guidance that parents offered to their children in

tertiary institutions at the time of admission and other factors influencing career choice of children

in tertiary institutions, and various issues on the subject have been brought out. Available literature

revealed that several factors which influenced career choices of children. These came out clearly

as being; availability of resources, educational levels of parents, the interest of a child and the

grades which the child obtains in grade twelve examinations. Peers and significant others also

contribute to the choices of career as shown in reviewed literature. On the other hand, parenting

style such as authoritarian play a part on how parents influence children’s career choices such that

they promote independence and that climate where self-confidence is built on. This further builds

confidence and more ideas on choices in children as they grow. The family size also help parents

to have positive focus on children’s performances and later help on what career to pursue. Parents

also encourage children to attend various career talks and read more about career information. This

helps the children to have an idea about careers offered and what it takes to go for such careers.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology of the study which includes the research methods

used, sources of data, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure used in conducting the

study and data analysis.

Locale of the study

This study took place in Mangagoy Bislig City Schools namely Andres Soriano Colleges

of Bislig, Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College, Recaredo Castillo College and De La Salle

John Bosco College. T h e r e s p o n d e n t s of this study are Accountancy Business Management

students.

Research Design

The suitable research design used in conducting the phenomenology study of evaluating the

Effects of family business towards the course choice of Grade 12 Accountancy Business

Management students in DLJBC who has family businesses in Mangagoy Bislig City is through

a descriptive method, in which the respondents are given questions, administrated through a

survey questionnaire. Descriptive method of research is used to gather information about the

present condition. The researcher opted to use this kind of method to obtain the first-hand data

given by the respondents to formulate rational conclusions and recommendations for the study.
Research Instruments

This study uses a questionnaire in data gathering. Reassured that the data gathered will be

kept for academic purposes only. A set of researches made questionnaires was prepared that is, for

the randomly selected Student who are tenants living in Castillo Village. The interview

questionnaire will be the main instrument to be used in conducting the research study. It is a

significant instrument for data gathering that will be given and answered by the involved

respondents of the study.

Data Gathering Method

In this process, the researchers made a formal letter addressing to the school principal of Andres

Soriano Colleges of Bislig, Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College, Recaredo Castillo College

and De La Salle John Bosco College The researchers then visited the institutions and personally

conduct the interview, and a checklist to ensure the credibility of information to be gathered. The

collected data are tallied for convenience. Result are then tabulated by the researchers are then able

to determine the objectives of this study.

Ethical Consideration

The researcher will ensure that our respondents will participate in our study voluntarily,

and they will be given freedom to withdraw from our study. They will be treated with respect and
fairness. In addition to that, the researchers will show that their study has its own integrity. It will

not harm or affect our respondents that will be involved in our study. The researchers will provide

enough information and assurance part to allow our respondent to understand the implication of

participation and be fully informed, considered, and freely given decision about whether to do so,

without the exercise of any pressure.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Name: ______________________ Gender:_______________________

Age:_______________________ School:_______________________

YES NO

1.) Does ABM strand helps you in choosing what course you are going to

take in college?

2.) Did you choose ABM based in your abilities/Skills?

3.) Did you choose ABM because your parents want ABM strand for you?

4.) I chose this strand because it’s working condition suit well to me.

5.) What kind of business does your family have?

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data that have been

gathered from the observation through the combination of interviews and survey questionnaire.

This chapter also contains the presentation of data in tabular form along with their corresponding

interpretations.

Problem No. 1.1 . What is the profile of the respondents in Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig

City terms of:

Age Frequency Percentage

16-17 2 9%

18-19 18 86%

20-21 1 5%

Total 21 100%
Table 1.1 Age profile of Grades 12 students of Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig City

Respondents

The respondents of the study at the age of 16-17 have 9%; age of 18-19 have 86% , and

age 20-21 have 5%. A total of 100%.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 5 24%

Female 16 76%

Total 21 100%

Table 1.1 Gender profile of Grades 12 students of Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig City

Respondents

The total of respondents is 21 and the frequency between Male is 5 which is 24% and

Female is 16 which is 76%, and a total of 100%.

Family Business Frequency Percentage

Small 19 90%

Large 2 10%

Total 21 100%

Table 1.1 Family Business profile of Grades 12 students of Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig

City Respondents
The respondents frequency of small family business is 19 which is 90% and of large is 2

which 10%.

Problem No. 1.2 . What is the profile of the respondents in Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan

College terms of:

Age Frequency Percentage

16-17 1 6%

18-19 16 94%

20-21 0 0

Total 17 100%

Table 1.2 Gender profile of Grades 12 students of Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College of

Bislig City Respondents

The respondents of the study at the age of 16-17 have 6%; age of 18-19 have 96% , and

age 20-21 have 0%. A total of 100%.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 4 24%

Female 13 76%

Total 17 100%
Table 1.2 Gender profile of Grades 12 students of Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College of

Bislig City Respondents

The total of respondents is 17 and the frequency between Male is 4 which is 24% and

Female is 13 which is 76%, and a total of 100%.

Family Business Frequency Percentage

Small 16 94%

Large 1 6%

Total 17 100%

Table 1.2 Family Business profile of Grades 12 students of Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan

College of Bislig City Respondents

The respondents frequency of small family business is 16 which is 94% and of large is 1

which 6%.

Problem No. 1.3 . What is the profile of the respondents in Recaredo Castillo College terms

of:

Age Frequency Percentage

16-17 0 0
18-19 5 100%

20-21 0 0

Total 5 100%

Table 1.2 Age profile of Grades 12 students of Recaredo Castillo College of Bislig City

Respondents

The respondents of the study at the age of 16-17 have 0%; age of 18-19 have 100% , and

age 20-21 have 0%. A total of 100%.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 4 80%

Female 1 20%

Total 5 100%

Table 1.2 Gender profile of Grades 12 students of Recaredo Castillo College of Bislig City

Respondents

The total of respondents is 5 and the frequency between Male is 4 which is 80% and

Female is 1 which is 20%, and a total of 100%.

Family Business Frequency Percentage

Small 5 100%

Large 0 0

Total 5 100%

Table 1.3 Family Business profile of Grades 12 students of Recaredo Castillo College of Bislig

City Respondents

The respondents frequency of small family business is 5 which is 100% and of large is 0

which 0%.

Problem No. 1.4 . What is the profile of the respondents in De La Salle John Bosco College

terms of:

Age Frequency Percentage

16-17 8 20%

18-19 27 68%

20-21 5 12%

Total 40 100%

Table 1.4 Age profile of Grades 12 students of De La Salle John Bosco College Respondents
The respondents of the study at the age of 16-17 have 20%; age of 18-19 have 68% , and

age 20-21 have 12%. A total of 100%.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 7 17%

Female 33 83%

Total 40 100%

Table 1.4 Gender profile of Grades 12 students of De La Salle John Bosco College

Respondents

The total of respondents is 40 and the frequency between Male is 7 which is 17% and

Female is 33 which is 83%, and a total of 100%.

Family Business Frequency Percentage

Small 35 88%

Large 5 12%

Total 40 100%

Table 1.4 Family Business profile of Grades 12 students of De La Salle John Bosco College

Respondents
The respondents frequency of small family business is 35 which is 88% and of large is 5

which 12%.

Problem No.2 Does taking Accountancy Business and Management strand their choice or

not?

School YES NO

ASCB 84% 16%

SVPDC 67% 33%

RCC 59% 41%

DLSJBC 90% 10%

TOTAL 75% 25%

Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig City respondents answered over 84% Yes and 16% No, Saint

Vincent De Paul Diocesan College respondents answered over 65% Yes and 33% No, Recardo

Castillo College respondents answered over 59% Yes and 41% No and De La Salle John Bosco

College respondents answered 90% Yes and 10% No.

Problem No.3 Does family business really affects the students in choosing the accountancy

business and management strand?

School YES NO

ASCB 63% 37%

SVPDC 28% 72%

RCC 5% 95%

DLSJBC 80% 20%

TOTAL 44% 66%

Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig City respondents answered over 63% Yes and 37% No, Saint

Vincent De Paul Diocesan College respondents answered over 28% Yes and 72% No, Recardo

Castillo College respondents answered over 5% Yes and 95% No and De La Salle John Bosco

College respondents answered 44% Yes and 66% No.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the researcher as

based on the obtained results and analysis of the study.

Summary of Findings

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the Effects of family business towards the course choice

of Grade 12 Accountancy Business Management students in Mangagoy Bislig City who has

family businesses and able to meet the objectives of the study. The type of research utilized in

the study is the descriptive type research.

Specifically, this research sought to bring answers to the following question.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Family Business

2. Does taking Accountancy Business and Management strand their choice or not?

3. Does family business really affects the students in choosing the accountancy business

and management strand?

To attain the objectives of this study, the researchers used a checklist, interview and

questionnaire to gathered all the data needed.

Research Findings

Based on the tabulated data, the following findings are herein stated:

1. The chosen respondents number is 75 which is associated with family business. Most

of the respondents ages 17-18, also most of them are females and few of them has large

family business.

2. Does taking Accountancy Business and Management strand their choice or not?

25% of our chosen 75 respondents in Mangagoy Bislig city schools which offers

Accountancy Business and Management answered taking Accountancy Business and

Management strand is not their choice.

3. Does family business really affects the students in choosing the accountancy business

and management strand?

66% of our chosen 75 respondents in Mangagoy Bislig city schools which offers

Accountancy Business and Management answered that Family Business doesn’t really

affect their decision upon choosing Accountancy business and management strand.

Conclusion

The result of the study concluded the following:

Regarding with the data the researcher gathered.The researcher concluded that there are

students that were influenced by their family business based on the number of researcher

respondents in choosing Accountancy Business Management strand and most of the researcher

respondents are females,the researcher concluded that females are mostly affected by their family

business in choosing this strand.The researcher concluded that family business really affects the
course choice of Grade 12 Accountancy Business Management in Mangagoy Bislig City schools

who has family business.

RECOMMENDATION

The researcher recommends to have more guidance towards the students decisions,

counselors, parents or maybe peers can lead students into a good future/bad. The students

nowadays are equipped with instant giving information, but it doesn’t enhance their

communication verbally towards other people by which can lead into lack of communication,

misguided decisions because they trust their sources more than those who they truly need for them.

Give them instructions those who still not find their passion in life to not lost path along the way.

The researcher wanted to you to start for it as a mission for the new generation.