mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Element
Matter
Anything that
occupies space & has
mass.
Substance that
consists of only one
type of atom.
Compound
Substance that contains
two or more elements
that are chemically
bonded together.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Type of Particles
Atom
Molecule
Ion
Atom
Smallest particle of
an element that can
take place in chemical
reaction.
Ion
Is a positive charged
or negative charged
particle.
Matter is made up of
tiny & discrete particle.
Particle vibrate, moving
& collide with each other.
Particles move randomly.
There are forces between
the particle. Stronger the
forces, particle close to
each other.
Higher the temperature,
higher the kinetic energy
of particle.
Molecule
A group of two or
more atoms which are
chemically bonded
together.
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Subatomic Particles
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Diffusion
Is a random movement
between different
particles from high
concentration to lower
concentration.
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Atom, Molecule & Ion
Molecule (ELEMENT)
Atom
Atom
+
Atom
Molecule (COMPOUND)
Atom
+ -
+ + Cation
Ionic Compound
Anion
Example: Formation of WATER
Water Molecule
+
Oxygen Atom
Hydrogen Atom
A Glass of Water
6
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(II) sulphate crystal.
Difussion Rate:
Reason:
Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII).
Difussion Rate:
Reason:
Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid.
Difussion Rate:
Reason:
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Particles
Arrangement
States
SOLID
Forces between
particles
Particles Motion
Held together
very strong
Vibrate and rotate at
fixed position
Strong but weaker
than solid
Vibrate, rotate and
move through liquid &
collide against each
other
weak
Vibrate, rotate and
move freely
Packed closely in
orderly manner
LIQUID
Packed closely not in
orderly arrangement
GAS
Far apart from each
other
Solid
Shape :
Liquid
Gas
Shape :
Shape :
Ability to be
compressed:
Ability to be
compressed:
Ability to be
compressed:
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Change in the State of Matter
Changes in the Heat Energy
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Heating of Naphthalene
Cooling of Naphthalene
1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner?
2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene?
3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why
a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask?
b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously?
4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during
a) melting? Give a reason.
b) freezing? Give a reason.
5. The melting point of sugar is 184oC. The melting point of sugar cannot be
determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used
instead?
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
The Heating Curve of Naphthalene
Temperature (oC)
D
Time (min)
Melting Point
Is the temperature at
which a solid changes into
a liquid at a particular
pressure.
Physical State
AB =
BC =
CD =
Why the temperature
remains constant at BC?
Heat energy ___________
by the particles is used to
overcome the force
between the particles so
that the solid turn into
liquid.
Also known as
latent heat of
fusion.
Why the temperature
increase from A to B?
When solid is heated,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and vibrate __________.
Why the temperature
increase from C to D?
When liquid is heated,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and move __________.
* label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP.
11
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene
Temperature (oC)
E
H
Time (min)
Freezing Point
Is the temperature at
which a liquid changes
into a solid at a particular
pressure.
Why the temperature
remains constant at FG?
Heat energy ___________
to the surroundings is
exactly same as the heat
energy released by
particle to form the
forces to become a solid.
Physical State
EF =
FG =
GH =
How to avoid supercooling?
Why the temperature
decrease from E to F?
When liquid is cooled,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and move __________.
Why the temperature
decrease from G to H?
When solid is cooled,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and vibrate __________.
* label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP.
12
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
The Atomic Structure
[Draw the atomic model & briefly explain]
(1) John Dalton
(1766 1844)
(2) J.J. Thomson
(1856 1940)
(3) Ernest Rutherford
(1871 - 1937)
(5) James Chadwick
(1891 - 1974)
(4) Neils Bohr
(1885 - 1962)
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Subatomic Particles of an Atom
NEUTRON
PROTON
Symbol : p
Relative electric
charge : +1
Relative mass: 1
Symbol : n
Relative electric
charge : 0
Relative mass: 1
ELECTRON
Symbol : e
Relative electric
charge : -1
NUCLEUS
Proton + Neutron
Relative mass: 0.0005
NUCLEON NUMBER =
Proton +
Number
Number of
Neutron
Definition
NEUTRAL ATOM
Atom Q has a proton number
of 11 and a nucleon number of
23. How many protons,
electrons and neutrons are
present in the atom?
Number of proton
is equal to the
number of electron.
Nucleon number is
the total number of
proton and neutrons
in its atom.
Definition
Proton number is the
number of protons in
its atom.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Symbol of Elements
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Hydrogen
Carbon
Sodium
Sulphur
Helium
Nitrogen
Magnesium
Chlorine
Lithium
Oxygen
Aluminium
Argon
Beryllium
Fluorine
Silicon
Potassium
Boron
Neon
Phosphorus
Calcium
23
11
Na
Also represented
by sodium-23
Symbol
A fluorine atom has 9 protons and
10 neutrons. What is the proton
number and nucleon number of
the atom? Represent the atom in
the form of
.
Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons.
What are the proton number
and nucleon number of the
atom? Represent the atom
in the form of
.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same
element has same
proton number but
different number of
neutron
Nucleon
Number
Element
Hydrogen-1
Proton
Number
1
No. of
Electron
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Oxygen-16
Why isotopes element
has similar chemical
properties?
No. of
Neutron
Oxygen-17
Oxygen-18
Chlorine-35
17
Chlorine-37
Bromine-80
35
Bromine-81
To determine the
rate of absorption
of fertilisers by
plants.
To determine
the age of
artifact.
USES OF
ISOTOPES
To detect the
location of a
tumor in the brain.
To detect leaks in
underground
petroleum pipe.
To treat
cancer.
16
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
The Electronic Structure of an Atom
Maximum number
of electron filled in
the shell:
1st = 2 electrons
2nd = 8 electrons
3rd = 8 electrons
4th = 8 electrons
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the
outermost
occupied shell.
For atoms with
more than 20
electrons, the third
shell can filled up
to 18 electrons.
Electron
Configuration
Chlorine has
proton number 17.
The last shell filled
with electrons
known as the
outermost
occupied shell.
Write the electron
arrangement for
potassium & state the
valence electrons.
17
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Element
Proton
Number
Number of
Electron
Electron
Configuration
& Valence
Electron
Electronic Structure
E.C =
Hydrogen
1
V.E =
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Element
Proton
Number
Oxygen
Fluorine
Number of
Electron
Electron
Configuration
& Valence
Electron
Electronic Structure
Neon
10
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Aluminium
13
19
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Element
Proton
Number
Silicon
14
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Number of
Electron
Electron
Configuration &
Valence
Electron
Electronic Structure
15
16
17
18
20
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2
Element
Proton
Number
Potassium
19
Calcium
20
Number of
Electron
Electron
Configuration &
Valence
Electron
Electronic Structure
21
