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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

B. GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

1. The elements in Group 18 are

Helium ______
Neon __________
Argon ______
Krypton _______
Xenon ___________
Radon ___________

2. They are also known as ________________, which are

chemically _____________. Noble gases are ____________.

3. Helium has _____ valence electrons. This is called _________

electron arrangement.

4. Other noble gases have _________ valence electrons. This is

called __________ electron arrangement.
5. Duplet and octet electron arrangements are very _________
because the ______________________.

6. All nobles gases are _________ which means chemically

unreactive.

Why noble gases exist as monoatomic

gases and are chemically unreactive?

BECAUSE THE OUTERMOST OCCUPIED

SHELLS ARE FULL

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Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements

1. Group 18 elements have very small atom.

2. They are ___________ gases a room temperature and

pressure.

3. They have ________ melting and boiling point.

4. They have __________ densities.

Elements/ Electron Atomic Melting Boiling Density

symbol arrangement radius points points (g cm-3)
(nm) (°C) (°C)
Helium 2 0.050 -270 -269 0.17
Neon 2.8 0.070 -248 -246 0.84
Radon 2.8.8 0.094 -189 -186 1.66
Krypton [Link] 0.109 -156 -152 3.45
Xenon [Link].8 0.130 -112 -107 5.45
Radon [Link].18.8 - -71 -62 -
Table 1: Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements
4. From Table 1, when going down the group, atomic size and
density _____________.
5. When going down the group, melting points and boiling points
_______________
Uses of Group 18 elements

Helium
 Used to fill ____________ and ______________,
because the gas is very light.
 The diver’s oxygen tank contains a mixture of helium
(80%) and oxygen (20%).

Neon
 Advertising ____________.

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 Television tubes.
 Airport ____________ bulb to help aero plane landing
safely.

Argon
 To fill light bulbs, it can last ________________
 To provide inert atmosphere for _________ at high
temperature.

Krypton
 Used in ____________ to repair the retina of the eye.
 To fill _________________ flash lamps.

Radon
 Used in treatment of _________________.

Xenon
 Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy ___________.

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

C. GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

7. The elements in Group 1 are

Lithium _______
Sodium _______
___________ [Link]
Rubidium ____________
_________ [Link].8.1
Francium ___________

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8. They are also known as _____________ which react with

water to form alkaline solutions.

9. All Group 1 elements have ________ valence electron in their

outermost occupied shells.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

1. Group 1 elements are soft metals with ______ densities and
____ melting points as compared to other metals such as iron
and copper.

2. They have silvery and shiny __________.

3. They are _________ conductor of heat and electricity.

Elements/ Electron Atomic Melting Boiling Density

symbol arrangement radius points points (g cm-3)
(nm) (°C) (°C)
Lithium, Li 2.1 0.15 180 1336 0.57
Sodium, Na 2.8.1 0.19 98 883 0.97
Potassium, K [Link] 0.23 64 756 0.86
Rubidium, Rb [Link].1 0.25 39 701 1.53

Table 1: Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

6. From Table 1, when going down the group, atomic size and
density ____________.

7. When going down the group, melting points and boiling points
_____________

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

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Lithium, sodium and potassium have similar ____________

________________ but differ in ________________.

1. Alkali metals react vigorously with water to produce alkaline

_______________ solutions and _____________ gas.

Chemical equation;

2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2

Lithium Water Lithium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

_______________________________________
Sodium Water Sodium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

________________________________________

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Potassium Water Potassium Hydrogen

hydroxide gas

2. Alkali metals react rapidly with oxygen gas, to produce white

solid _____________________

Chemical equations;

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
Lithium Oxygen Lithium
gas oxide

____________________________
Sodium Oxygen Sodium
gas oxide

______________________________
Potassium Oxygen Potassium
gas oxide

3. Alkali metals burn in chlorine gas to form white solid

________ _________________

Chemical reaction;

2Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl

Lithium Chlorine Lithium
gas chloride

_____________________________
Sodium Chlorine Sodium
gas chloride

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____________________________
Potassium Chlorine Lithium
gas chloride

4. Alkali metals burn in bromine gas to form _______________.

For example,

2Li + Br2 → 2LiBr

Lithium Bromine Lithium
gas bromide

____________________________
Sodium Bromine Sodium
gas bromide

______________________________
Potassium Bromine Potassium
gas bromide

5. Therefore, alkali metals have similar chemical properties.

Why alkali metals have similar

chemical properties?

Alkali metals have ______________________ in their

outermost occupied shells.

Each of them reacts by donating ______________ from its

________________ to form an ion with a charge of _____,
thus achieving the ___________ electron arrangement of the
atom of noble gas.

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Li  Li+ + 1e-
2.1 2

_________________________
2.8.1 2.8

K  K+ + 1e-
_________________________
6. The reactivity of Group 1 elements _____________ down the
group.

Why The reactivity of Group 1

elements increases down the group?

Going down Group 1, the atomic size (atomic radius)

_______________.

The single valence electron in the outermost occupied shell

becomes ____________ away from the nucleus

Hence, the attraction between the nucleus and the valence

electron becomes _____________

Therefore, it is easier for the atom to _____________ the

single valence

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electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement.

Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements

Alkali metals are very reactive. Safety precautions must be taken when
handling alkali metals.

The elements must be stored in _______________ in bottles

Do not hold alkali metals with your bare hands
Use __________________ to handle them
Wear safety goggles
Wear safety gloves
Use a small piece of alkali metal when conducting experiments

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

D. GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

1. The group 17 elements are:

Flourine 2.7

Chlorine __________

___________ [Link]

Iodine _________

________ [Link].18.7

2. Group 17 elements are known as ____________

3. Halogens exist as _____________ molecules.

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4. Halogens have __________ valence electrons.

Physical Properties of Group 17 Elements

1. All Group 17 elements are ________________.

Physical
Boiling
Proton state at Melting
Element Symbol Colour point
Number room point
temperature

Flourine 9 Gas

Chlorine 17 Gas
_______ _______
Bromine 35 Liquid

Iodine 53 Solid

2. Halogen have _____ melting and boiling points because

their molecules are attracted to each other by _______
forces. ______ energy is needed to ________ the forces .

3. When going down the group, the melting and boiling

points ___________. This is because the molecular size
__________.

Diagram:

Cl2
Cl2
van der
Waals
forces

Cl2 Cl2

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What is physical
state of astatine?

Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements

1. Group 17 elements react with water, metal and alkali.

a) Halogen react with water Practical book Carry out an

experiment 4.2 page 39
to form 2 acids
HW: Draw diagram and answer
In general: the question

X2 + H2O HX + HOX ; X is halogen

HX and HOX solutions are __________. HOX solution exhibits

_______________ properties.

Example:

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

Chlorine Water Hydrochloric Hypochlorus
acid acid

___________________________________________________
Bromine Water Hydrobromic Hypobromus
acid acid

I2 + H2O HI + HOI
_____________________________________________________

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b) Halogens in gaseous state react with hot iron

 To form a brown solid , iron(III) halides.

In general:

2Fe + 3X2  2FeX3 ; X is halogen

Example :

2Fe + ______  ________

Iron Bromine Iron(III) bromide

_____________________________________________
Iron Chlorine Iron(III) chloride

_____________________________________________
Iron Iodine Iron(III) iodide

c) Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution , NaOH.

 To form sodium halide, sodium halate and water

 The halogens are _____________ during these reaction.

In general:
X2 + NaOH  NaX + NaOX + H2O

[X is halogen]

Example:

2 NaOH + I2 NaI + NaOI + H2O

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Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements

Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine have _______

chemical properties but _______ in reactivity.

Fluorine is the most ___________ element

Elelctronegativity of an element refers to the measurement of the

___________ of an atom in its molecule to ________ electrons
towards its _____________.
WHY they have similar chemical properties???

Halogens have _________ valence electrons.

When halogens take part in chemical reactions, their atom

always gain one electron to achieve a _____________
electron arrangement.

The Reactivity of Halogens __________ down the

group.
Do You Know WHY???
The explanation ……

a) The ___________ size __________ down the group.

b) The distance of the outermost shell becomes

___________ from the ____________.

c) The force of attraction of the nucleus on the electrons

of the outermost shell __________.

d) The tendency of an atom to receive _________ electron to

achieve an octet electron arrangement ______________

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Safety Precautions in handling Group 17 elements

1. The vapour of Flourine, Chlorine and Bromine are

________________.

2. The following precaution should be taken when handling

halogen:

a) Halogen gas and liquid should be handled inside a

_______________

b) Wear safety ________ when handling halogen fumes.

c) Wear safety ______ when handling halogen materials.

Do It Yourself

Element X Y Z
Proton number 9 17 35

1. Elements X, Y and Z are same group in the periodic

table.

a. What is the valence electron of the elements X,Y and

Z? _________

b. Which group in the periodic table can you find the

elements X,Y and Z? _________

c. Element Y can react with water. What are the

properties of the solution produced?

_____________________________

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d. Write an equation for the reaction between element Z

and hot iron. ________________

3. List all halogen elements from the top to the bottom of

group 17. __________________________

4. Which are the most reactive and least reactive

halogen? ____________________________---

4. Write the chemical equations for the following reaction:

a) Chlorine with water __________________________
b) bromine with iron ___________________________

c) iodine with sodium hydroxide

_____________________________________

5. Explain the changes to the reactivity of halogens when

going down group 17.

_________________________________________
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

E. Elements in a PERIOD 3

Elements in period 3

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Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

Physical properties
symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Atomic radius (pm) 186 160 143 118 110 104 100 94
electronegativity 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
Melting point (oC) 98 650 660 1411 44 115 -101 -189
Boiling point (oC) 892 1105 2517 3231 280 444 -34 -186

Metal properties
- element in period 3 can be classified into three type
metal : _____________
semi-metal : ______________
non-metal : __________________-

The ________________________ changes from basic to amphoteric

and then acidic across the period.

- the metal oxides are usually basic

__________________________________

- non-metallic oxides are acidic oxide

__________________________________

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- Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 is an _____________

Amphoteric oxides is _______ that had _____ and ____
properties
i. Aluminium oxide is a bases/alkaly when reacted with acid.
Al2O3 (p) + 6HCl (ak) ___________________________

ii. Aluminium oxide is an acid when react with alkali.

Al2O3 (p) + 2NaOH (ak) + 3H2O (ce) → 2NaAl(OH)4 (ak)

Proton number
Proton number is increasing at one unit when across the period

Size of atom
The atomic radius is decreasing when across the period

why?
- All the element in period 3 have three filled electron shell but
the proton is increasing by one unit across the period
- As a result, the increase of proton number is increasing the
electrostatic force between the nucleus and the valence
electron
- The valence electron are pulled closer to the nucleus,
causing the atomic radius to decrease

Electronegativity
The electronegativity increases across the period
why?

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- Electronegativity is a measurement of the tendency of an

element to attract the electrons
- The force of attraction of the nucleus is increase when
across the period because the size of atomic radius is
decreasing and the proton number is increasing.

Uses of semi-metals
- Silicon is a semi-metal, known as metalloid.
- Silicon is use in microelectronic industry like transistor,diode
and another electronic component.
- Silicon can be built onto a crystal of silicon to make a
microchip.

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

E. Transitions Elements

Transitions elements are elements from group 3 to Group 12.

Character:
- solid with shiny surfaces
- ductile
- malleable
- high tensile strength
- high melting and boiling points
- high densities
- good conductors of heat and electricity

(typical character of metals)

How to differentiate transition metal from other metal?

Three special characteristic for transition elements

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1. Transition elements show different oxidation number in

their compounds.
2. Transition elements form coloured ions or compounds.
3. Transition elements and their compounds are useful
catalyst.
1. Transition elements show different oxidation number in their
compounds.

They exhibit a wide range of oxidation states or positively charged

forms. The positive oxidation states allow transition elements to
form many different ionic and partially ionic compounds.

All the transition elements except scandium and zinc have

more than one oxidation number.

For example iron. Iron have 2 oxidation number as in

iron(II), Fe2+ and iron(III), Fe3+

Example:
Compound Formula Oxidation number
Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4
Iron(III) chloride FeCl3
Copper(I) oxide Cu2O
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4
Manganese(II) sulphate MnSO4
Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2

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2. Transition elements form coloured ions or compounds

Do you know why the gemstones

have different colour?

Gemstones

Ruby Emerald Sapphire Amethyst

Transition metals solutions

potassium dichromate copper(II) sulfate

(orange) (blue)

nickel(II) chloride
cobalt(II) nitrate
(light blue)
(red)

potassium chromate potassium permanganate

(yellow) (purple)

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[Link]

3. Transition elements and their compounds are useful catalyst

Catalyst: Chemical substance use to speed up the chemical
reactions

A specific catalyst is used for a specific reaction.

Example
Process Catalyst To produce
Haber Process
Contact Process
Ostwald Process
Hydrogenation

Transitions elements are widely used in our daily lives.

Chapter 4 : Periodic Table of Elements

Exercise :

1. Below is a list of elements represented by the symbols as shown:

1
1 P , 126Q , 19
9 R, 27
13 S, 35
T,
17
39
U
19

(a) Pick a pair of elements that belongs to the same Group in the Periodic Table.
Explain your answer.

[2 marks]

(b) State the

(i) Group in which element Q belongs to.

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[1 mark]
(ii) Period in which element Q belongs to.

[1 mark]

(c) State elements which are

(i) metals :

(ii) non-metals :

[2 marks]

(d) Which element will form amphoteric oxide?

[1 mark]

(e) (i) Which element reacts with cold water?

[1 mark]
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

[1 mark]

(f) Write the formula of the ion formed by element S.

[1 mark]

(g) (i) Explain the meaning of the term electronegativity.

[1 mark]
(ii) Which of the two elements R and T is more electronegative?

[1 mark]
(iii) Explain your answer in (g)(ii).

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[2 marks]

(h) (i) Which of the two elements S and T has smaller atomic size?

[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (h)(i).

[3 marks]

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