Sciences

Ce mémoire étudie les rapports entre sciences et politiques institutionnelles au Burkina Faso. Il investit donc une problématique qui relève de l’ensemble plus vaste qu’est l’approche cognitive des politiques publiques. Mais, s’inspirant d’un écrit de J.-L Quermonne (Les politiques institutionnelles. Essai d’interprétation et de typologie, in M. Grawitz ET J Leca, Traité de science politique, Tome IV, Les politiques publiques. PUF 1985) ainsi que des travaux de penseurs comme, entre autres, J. Habermas (La technique et la science comme idéologie, Gallimard, 1990), il s’attache spécifiquement à démêler les rapports entre sciences et politiques institutionnelles à un niveau beaucoup plus restreint : le domaine des politiques constitutionnelles et des politiques réformatrices de la constitution au Burkina Faso. Il s’agit en effet d’une étude systématique des rapports entre les différentes formes scientifiques du savoir et les politiques institutionnelles d’élaboration et de réformes de la constitution sous la IVème République burkinabé (c’est-à-dire, la République en cours : 1990 à nos jours). Cette étude exploratoire, qui n’a pas posé d’hypothèses à l’avance, entendait surtout déterminer la nature des rapports entre les différentes formes de savoir et les politiques publiques en question. Plus précisément, elle a cherché ultimement à qualifier le modèle de rapports entre sciences et politique qui prévaut dans le contexte burkinabé : technocratie, décisionnisme ou pragmatisme ? Au terme des analyses effectuées, l’étude a révélé que les modèles technocratique et pragmatique sont quasi-inexistants. Le modèle de rapport dominant dans le domaine des politiques institutionnelles abordées est sans conteste le décisionnisme qui, en temps de crise, peut momentanément être remplacé par ce que nous avons appelé « modèle pragmatique provisoire réversible» ou « pragmatisme provisoire réversible» ou encore « pragmatisme provisoire » tout court. Ce nouveau concept désigne en effet une ruse des « groupes au pouvoir » qui, acculés par une crise, s’ouvrent dans un premier temps aux critiques et aux propositions de réformes portées par les autres acteurs politiques, et produites par les « groupes de savoir », avant de remettre en cause dans un deuxième temps, les résultats de cette ouverture une fois la crise terminée. Cette étude aboutit ainsi à la conclusion (déjà tirée par d’autres études effectuées dans des pays en développement concernant d’autres domaines de la science), que les voies de rapports entre sciences et société sont généralement obstruées dans les sociétés faiblement démocratiques, ce qui peut retarder leur entrée dans la modernité politique.

This article focuses on issues concerning science and technology relationships posed by the emergence of a new drug discovery method, namely, combinatorial chemistry and biology. We assess the scientific content of combinatorial chemistry and biology using citations in patents to scientific journals and compare this research platform with biotechnology. We also identify the institutional affiliation of all the authors of the cited papers, which leads us to an analysis of knowledge spillovers between the main participants in the research network. Finally, we examine the relevance of localisation in the process of knowledge exchange with regard to EU countries and the US. The result of the analysis provides evidence to support the view that the inventive capacity of a country is dependent upon the basic research which is carried out, especially in universities and public research centres located in the inventor's country.

This study examines work preferences of 984 students across 6 disciplines within a business school—accounting, finance, information technology/decision science, management and international business, marketing, and hospitality management. Differences are found on 11 of the 17 measures. As predicted, we found that (a) accounting, finance, and information technology/ decision sciences students have the strongest preferences for analyzing data, (b) information technology/decision

Analysis of biochemical constituents of the vitreous humor can be useful in determining the postmortem interval as there is proportionate postmortem rise of potassium and fall in sodium concentration. We studied 120 autopsy cases to determine the utility of potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride levels, and sodium ⁄ potassium ratio in estimating the postmortem interval. There was a linear relationship between vitreous potassium concentration and postmortem interval, whereas an inverse relationship between vitreous sodium ⁄ potassium ratio and postmortem interval was noted. Other factors like age, sex, cause of death, season of death, and refrigeration of sample did not influence the vitreous humor potassium values. Using the statistical tools, a new formula was derived to determine the postmortem interval based on the potassium concentration and a review of previous literature is presented. Hence, the findings of this study supported a central role of vitreous humor biochemistry in many postmortem forensic and pathological evaluations.

We examined possible explanations for the underrepresentation of women among university faculty, in two different national contexts. In the Netherlands, a sample of doctoral students (N = 132) revealed no gender differences in work commitment or work satisfaction. Faculty members in the same university (N = 179), however, perceived female students to be less committed to their work and female faculty endorsed these gender-stereotypical perceptions most strongly. A second study, in Italy, replicated and extended these findings. Again, no gender differences were obtained in the self-descriptions of male and female doctoral students (N = 80), while especially the female faculty (N = 93) perceived female students as less committed to their work than male students. Additional measures supported an explanation in social identity terms, according to which individual upward mobility (i.e. of female faculty) implies distancing the self from the group stereotype which not only involves percei...

Background & Objective: Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene is important in determining plasma triglyceride levels, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. Mutation in this gene affected plasma triglyceride level. We looked for possible associations of the APOA5 gene polymorphism S19W with coronary heart disease (CHD) in a sample of Iranian population. Materials & Methods: A total of 73 CHD patients and 55 controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for this single nucleotide polymorphism. Serum lipids and Fast Blood Sugar concentrations were measured in all subjects with enzymatic method. Results: Allele frequencies observed in our population were 0.041 for the W allele and 0.959 for the S allele which are similar to other populations)p>0.05). There is no evidence that APOA5 S19W, is a risk factor of CHD in our sample (p>0.05(. In addition, we observed no association between the APOA5 W allele and elevated plasma TG levels (p>0.05(in the CHD group. This result was also present in the control group (p>0.05(. Conclusions: The APO A5 gene polymorphism in S19W gene has no association with the high susceptibility to CHD.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components crucial for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. MMPs are controlled by natural inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We and others have demonstrated that MMPs and TIMPs are especially important in the process of tumor invasion, progression and the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been proposed that MMPs and TIMPs might play a part not only in tumor invasion and initiation of metastasis but also in carcinogenesis from colorectal adenomas. Several recent studies demonstrated that high preoperative serum or plasma MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 antigen levels are strong predictive factors for poor prognosis in patients with CRC and their determination might be useful for identification of patients with higher risk for cancer recurrence. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 have significant potential tumor marker impact in CRC. Their diagnostic sensitivity is consistently higher than those of conventional biomarkers. The pharmacological targeting of CRC by the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors of MMPs, that is highly specific for certain MMPs, is a promising and challenging area for the future.

Background and Objective: Due to the increasing popularity that mindfulness has achieved in the healthrelated sciences in recent years, and the scientific study of mindfulness and mindfulness techniques for therapy, has been rising sharply, using valid and reliable instruments for measuring these constructs is essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey the validity and reliability of the persian version of short from of Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive psychometric study, the number of 400 students from Yasuj University were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method and they responded to the short form of Freiburg mindfulness inventory, Schutte emotion regulation subscale, and Tangney self-control scale. The reliability of the short form of Freiburg mindfulness inventory was calculated by Retest reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Ordinal Theta. For assessment of the concurrent validity, correlation coefficients of mindfulness inventory with emotional regulation subscale and self-control scale were used. In order to assess the evidence regarding the validity, the confirmatory factor analysis was used. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS and LIZREL software's. Results: Retest reliability of short form of Freiburg mindfulness inventory based on two tests run and internal consistency of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients and Order Theta in sample group was confirmed. Concurrent validity of this inventory with the related scales was confirmed. Also, confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the inventory has an acceptable fit to the data. Conclusion: According to the results of current research, the short form of Freiburg mindfulness inventory is a reliable instrument with valid psychometric properties to measure the rate of mindfulness of individuals in Iranian society.

The geological education in Greece has its roots in the second half of the 19th century, but it was established as a «necessary» science at the end of the above century. The sample of the present paper are several articles in literary and scientific journals of 19th and 20th century, such as the ESTIA, PARNASSOS, PANDORA, KLEIO and the PROMITHEUS, which reflect the size of the conflict of scientists of the above period. This paper examines how the Geology Science is presented through these above scientific magazines

The physical properties, compressibility factor (Z) and formation volume factor (FVF) and specific gravity of liberated natural gases from the studied western desert reservoir at different pressures and at ambient temperature were studied by gas chromatography GC. The gas compressibility factor and specific gravity are highly decrease with the increase of pressure from 0 to 2500 but above this pressure there is an increase with increase of gas specific gravity due to the increase of the heavier gases in the sample. It is required in connection with gas compression for the design of compressors and pressure vessels. F.V.F. of gas highly decreases with the increase of natural gas pressure till reaching a pressure of 2000 psi and showing slightly decrease up to 3500 psi this relation is very important for the observed volumes of gas production at the surface to that corresponding underground withdrawal.

This article begins the synthesis of two currently unrelated literatures: the human capital approach to health economics and the economics of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. A lifecycle investment framework is the foundation for understanding the origins of human inequality and for devising policies to reduce it. Barker hypothesis ͉ critical periods ͉ early childhood ͉ sensitive periods T wo currently unrelated bodies of research in economics point to the importance of the early years of childhood in shaping many adult outcomes. The ''fetal programming'' literature surveyed by Gluckman and Hanson demonstrates that in utero environments affect adult health (1, 2). Robert Fogel demonstrates an important empirical relationship between early nutrition and adult health (3, 4). Barker demonstrates the predictive power of environmental insults in utero and in infancy for the onset of adult coronary disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension (5). Birthweight, fetal and maternal nutrition, growth by 1 year of age, etc. are all predictive of later adult health. Although the literature on the epidemiology of disease has taken a life cycle, developmental perspective, this approach has not yet made its way into the mainstream of health economics. For example, the influential analysis of Grossman focuses exclusive attention on adult health investment decisions, treating the health endowment determined in childhood and the preferences of adults as parameters determined outside of his model (6, 7). Parallel to the epidemiological literature, there is an emerging developmental literature in economics that demonstrates the importance of early environmental conditions on the evolution of adolescent and adult cognitive and noncognitive skills (8, 9). These skills are important determinants of educational attainment, crime, earnings, and participation in risky behaviors (10). Like the fetal programming literature, this literature documents critical and sensitive periods in the development of human capabilities. Unlike the fetal programming literature, it also considers environmental influences on development over the entire life cycle of the child and on into adulthood. Remediation of early disadvantage and resilience receive much more attention in this literature than in the literature on health economics. Each literature has much to learn from the other. Evidence on the importance of early environments on a spectrum of health, labor market, and behavioral outcomes suggests that common developmental processes are at work. Cognitive and noncognitive skills, such as self-regulation, motivation, time preference, far-sightedness, adventurousness, and the like, affect the evolution of health capital through choices made by parents and children. Grossman (7) and Smith (11) show that education is an important determinant of health disparities. The recent literature in economics shows the importance of personality and cognition in affecting educational choices. Aspects of personality and cognition play additional roles in affecting health and healthy behaviors beyond their direct effect on education (10, 12). Those with greater self-control and conscientiousness follow medical instructions and take care of themselves in a variety of ways. Certain personality types are at greater risk for mental health disorders (L. Borghans, A. L. Duckworth, J. Heckman, and B. ter Weel, unpublished data). Personality factors affect learning (13). Adverse health conditions impair learning. † Schultz and Ram (14) show that raising health promotes investment in human capital. People with longer horizons and lower rates of time preference invest more in themselves. Lower rates of time preference are associated with greater cognitive skills. Those with higher IQs are more farsighted (have lower time preference) because they envision future scenarios more clearly (15). The recent literature on personality and preference formation establishes causal impacts of parental inputs and other environmental factors on cognitive and noncognitive skills (ref. 9; L. Borghans, A. L. Duckworth, J. Heckman, B. ter Weel, unpublished data; and F. Cunha, J. Heckman, and S. M. Schennach, unpublished data). The parameters of the Grossman model are in fact the outputs of a developmental model. The developmental focus adopted in this article suggests previously uncharted channels of policy influence to remediate well documented health disparities. Early childhood interventions that affect personality traits and cognitive skills that promote health can be effective policy tools in preventing and curing disease. A simple investment framework unifies the literature on health and skill formation. It also reveals currently unexplored avenues for future research. The framework can be used to analyze synergies in producing health, cognitive skills, and noncognitive skills, which we group together as human capabilities. An econometric approach based on dynamic latent variables operationalizes this framework. This approach recognizes the proxy nature of variables like birthweight, height, nutrition, IQ scores, and measures of personality and mental illness that play prominent roles in empirical work in epidemiology, education and health economics. Human Diversity and Human Development Any analysis of human development must reckon with nine facts. First, ability matters. A large number of empirical studies document that cognitive ability is a powerful determinant of wages, schooling, participation in crime and success in many aspects of social and economic life (10, 16, 17) including health (18). Second, abilities are multiple in nature. Noncognitive abilities (perseverance, motivation, time preference, risk aversion, selfesteem, self-control, preference for leisure) have direct effects on wages (controlling for schooling), schooling, teenage pregnancy, smoking, crime, performance on achievement tests, and many other aspects of social and economic life (refs. 10 and 19 and L. Borghans, A. L. Duckworth, J. Heckman, and B. ter Weel, unpublished data). They affect health choices [see the evidence on time preference and health in Grossman (7)]. Social and emotional factors affect adult health (12).

Learning about the world and sharing one's own discoveries can be powerful motivators for learning to read, write, and speak effectively. To build literacy, young children need more than instruction in such fundamental skills as recognizing letters, decoding words, learning vocabulary words, and reading and discussing stories. They also need opportunities to use oral and written language to learn about the world and to communicate their ideas and observations. Although educators traditionally have not thought of science instruction as a setting for literacy learning, inquiry-based science instruction can provide a rich context in which to build language skills. Students are typically curious about the world around them and eager to talk, read, and write about what they are learning. Inquiry-based science, as we define it, involves students in using the tools of science to answer questions about real-world phenomena. This type of inquiry is a collective effort in which students compare their thinking with others' thinking, actively communicate with one another, and express their ideas through words and graphics. Inquiry science and literacy intersect when students use reading, writing, and oral language to address questions about science content (for example, why humans are able to see different colors, or how an object's rate of motion is related to its mass), and to build their capacity to engage in scientific reasoning (for example, how to collect data in a controlled way, or how to generate claims about a phenomenon on the basis of patterns in data). Reading, Writing, and Oral Language What kinds of literacy learning can educators promote in the context of inquiry-based science? The following list is illustrative but not exhaustive.

In our global world, the increasing complexity of social relations and transport infrastructures are key factors in the spread of epidemics. In recent years, the increasing availability of computer power has enabled both to obtain reliable data allowing one to quantify the complexity of the networks on which epidemics may propagate and to envision computational tools able to tackle the analysis of such propagation phenomena. These advances have put in evidence the limits of homogeneous assumptions and simple spatial diffusion approaches, and stimulated the inclusion of complex features and heterogeneities relevant in the description of epidemic diffusion. In this paper, we review recent progresses that integrate complex systems and networks analysis with epidemic modelling and focus on the impact of the various complex features of real systems on the dynamics of epidemic spreading. To cite this article: V. Colizza et al., C. R. Biologies 330 (2007).

This study was performed to survey the relationship between coaches' and athletes' competitive anxiety, and their performance. This is a descriptive correlational study performed using a demographic questionnaire, an athletic performance checklist, and sport competition anxiety test designed by Martens consisting of 15 questions. The study population consisted of 540 players and 60 coaches from 60 futsal teams (5 main players, 4 reserves, and 1 coach for each team). All of the players and the coaches were surveyed in a census method and no sampling was done. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, using chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficient test. The results showed a positive significant relationship between the coaches' anxiety level and sport competition anxiety level in the athletes (p = 0.019, r = 0.56). It also showed that there was a negative significant relationship between the coaches' anxiety level and performance level of the athletes (p = 0.012,...

The exact modeling of the fast-fill process of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fueled storage bank occurring to Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) cylinders is an unintelligible process, and should be thoroughly studied. In this paper, a theoretical model based on mass balance and thermodynamic laws has been developed to study dynamic fast filling process of CNG storage bank to vehicle's (NGV) cylinder. Because Methane occupies a large percentage (between 70% to 99%) of natural gas, for the sake of simplicity it is assumed that Methane is the only substance in Natural gas and thermodynamic properties table has been employed for case of real gas model based on methane. For modeling the heat transfer, the system has been treated as an adiabatic lump one. The result shows the initial pressure of storage bank has a big effect on the storage bank volume for bringing up the NGV cylinder to its target pressure (20 MPa). The storage bank volumes required for bringing up the NGV cylinder to its final (target) pressure (20 MPa) for various initial storage bank pressure, like 20.8 MPa (RPS = 1.04), 23 MPa (RPS = 1.15) and 25 MPa (RPS = 1.25) are respectively 22, 6 and 4 times the NGV cylinder volume. It is noted that RPS is the ratio of storage bank pressure (PS) to target pressure (PT) (In this research is 20 MPa). The results also showed that ambient temperature has a big effect on refueling process, chiefly on final NGV cylinder and storage bank conditions.

Under the stewardship of the Department of Education, recent acts of Congress confuse the methods of science with the process of science, possibly doing great harm to scholarship in education. An otherwise exemplary National Research Council report to help clarify the nature of educational science fails to emphasize the complexity of scientific work in education due to the power of contexts, the ubiquity of interactions, and the problem of  decade by findings interactions. Discussion of these issues leads to the conclusion that educational science is unusually hard to do and that the government  may not be serious about wanting evidence-based practices in education.

Items on achievement tests are designed to be equivalent in educational testing situations. That is, the information provided to the student is designed to be the same regardless of the ethnicity of the examinee. As a result, students of equal ability would normally be expected to select the same answer regardless of their ethnicity. However, aboriginals and nonaboriginals may use different cognitive processing skills, and consequently may find items differentially easy or difficult depending on which cognitive processing style is elicited by the item. This study used differential bundle functioning (DBF) analyses with cognitive processing theory as the organizing principle to study group differences. Aboriginal and nonaboriginal students were compared on grade-6 mathematics (956 aboriginal and 2,000 nonaboriginal students), science (480 aboriginal and 2,000 nonaboriginal students), and social studies (971 aboriginal and 2,000 nonaboriginal students) achievement tests. Items on these tests were identified by raters trained in cognitive processing theory as eliciting DBF Analyses 2

The study investigated the potential production of fried chips from bitter yam (Dioscorea dumentorum) as well as the evaluation of quality characteristics of the chips. Yellow and white bitter yam and sweet potato (control) obtained from a local yam farmer were respectively processed into fried chips while the chips were subsequently subjected to analysis. The results showed that the proximate composition of fried bitter yam ranged as follows: moisture content (5.32-6.04), fat (28.93-29.41), ash (1.66-1.82), fibre (4.45-7.38), protein (2.44-3.32) and carbohydrate (58.71-61.85 g/100g). The proximate composition of fried sweet potato chips was moisture content (4.64), fat (28.51), ash (2.91), fibre (6.01), protein (0.55) and carbohydrate (62.04 g/100g). Frying operation was found to cause decrease in the proximate values except fat value due to oil absorption. The browning indices of the fried chips from yellow and white bitter yam and sweet potato were 66.2, 50.8 and 52.8, respectively while the values for oiliness indices were 29.1, 21.6 and 36.1 cm 2 , respectively. The rate of in vitro starch digestibility of the fried chips revealed the following order: yellow bitter yam > white bitter yam > sweet potato. The hydrolysis indices were 72.5, 63.1 and 58.4% while their corresponding estimated glycemic indices (eGI) were 79.5, 74.4 and 71.8% respectively, all indicating high glycemic index values. The sensory quality rating of the fried products revealed that chips from sweet potato was rated the highest in terms of aroma, taste, colour and overall acceptability but not significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of yellow bitter yam. Therefore, the use of yellow bitter yam for commercial production of fried chips, as a way of utilization diversification and value addition, is recommended.

Article (p. 325-328) in "Instruments of Science - An Historical Encyclopedia". Ed. The Science Museum, London and The National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution in association with Garland Publishing, Inc., New York & London, 1998.

The article defines the Indicator, scientific instrument which measures and records the evolution of pressure in all engines through which a gas or steam produces or conveys mechanical energy, such as thermal engines or pneumatic machines and describes its birth and development  since the end of the 18th century to the end of the 20th century.

This article examines the relationship between cultural support for violence and the incidence of rape in the 50 American states and the District of Columbia. Legitimate violence was measured with a Legitimate Violence Index that combines 12 indicators of noncriminal violence and a Violence Approval Index that combines 14 indicators of the social approval of violence. A theoretical model hypothesizing the relationship of these two measures of legitimate violence and seven control variables to rape was developed and tested using path analysis. The results show that legitimate violence is directly related to the rape rate. The degree of social disorganization, urbanization, and economic inequality, and the percent of single males are also directly related to rape. The population's youthfulness and percent of blacks affeft rape indirectly through their association with legitimate violence. These findings are interpreted as providing support for structural explanations of the origins of cultural support for violence and for a cultural spillover theory of rape.

This study was conducted to analyse the HIV/AIDS awareness levels of mothers in Rivers state using mothers attending the Antenatal clinic of the Braithwaite Memorial (BMH specialist) Hospital, Port Harcourt in Rivers State and the influence of their social demographic variables. This Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 344 Pregnant Mothers attending BMH Antenatal clinic from June 2, 2015 to July 29, 2015. Simple random sampling method was applied to collect data which were analysed with simple percentage calculations and the chisquare test using SPSS.Higher percentage of the respondents were within the active reproductive age-group of 26-35 (57%), most of them are married and living with their husband (84.3%), also 58.7% of them have attained tertiary educational level and are predominantly Christians (94.3%), 35% of them are self-employed and mostly reside in urban area (96%), finally 52% of them have at least a child. The chi-square X 2 test result indicated that majority of the respondent have a high level of awareness on HIV/AIDS (96%). The result further showed that there were significant association between the Marital status, Educational level, Parity and the Respondents' Level of awareness of HIV/AIDS, whereas, there were no significant association between Age, Religion inclination, Occupation , Residence and the Respondents' HIV/AIDS level of awareness.

High frequency in vitro plantlet regeneration protocol for Dipteracanthus prostratus has been developed in this study. Nodal shoot segments were used as explants to establish the cultures. The explants were sterilized using 0.1% HgCl 2 solution for 4-5 min. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1.0 mg l -1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was reported suitable for bud break from the nodal meristems of the explants. About 4.6 shoots with 3.7 cm length were induced per explant on this medium combination. The shoots were multiplied (31.7 shoots with 5.6 cm length) on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l -1 each of BAP and Kinetin (Kin). The healthy and sturdy shoots were rooted in vitro on half-strength MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg l −1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The rooted plantlets were hardened in the greenhouse using soilrite first in the bottles for 4 week and then in the paper cups for 2 weeks. The hardened plants were transferred to the earthen pots and finally shifte...

Vertical irregularity tends to have an adverse impact on the seismic effect on structures, but currently, there is the lack of appropriate research on the use of isolation technique to reduce seismic effect and issues related to a weak story. This paper focuses on the analysis of isolated vertical irregular structure in both scenarios of mass distribution and stiffness distribution. Discussion on the influence of shear forces distribution pattern, damping coefficients and other parameters caused by the irregular distribution of story mass and stiffness is made. According to previous works cited and our case study analysis, it concluded that base isolation of irregular structures ensures better seismic resistance by reducing base shear and improving damping characteristics.

Formulation pH has been reported to be responsible for the incidence of phlebitis. In this study, the effect of pH on injection phlebitis is investigated. Buffers of varying pHs were examined for their ability to produce phlebitis in rabbits. Thermal measurements as well as visual evaluations were used for phlebitis quantitation. The results show that formulation pH between 3.0 and 11.0 does not contribute to the incidence of phlebitis when administered as an iv bolus injection.

In Continuous Education curricula in Spain, the programs on sciences of the environment are aimed toward understandings of sustainability. Teaching practice rarely leaves the classroom for outdoor field studies. At the same time, teaching practice is generally focused on examples of how human activities are harmful for ecosystems. From a pedagogic point of view, it is less effective to teach environmental science with negative examples such as catastrophe, tragedy, and crisis. Rather, teaching environmental sciences and sustainable development might be focused on positive human-environment relationships, which is both important for the further development of students and educators. Within rural settings, there are many such examples of positive relationships that can be emphasized and integrated into the curriculum. In this article, we propose teaching environmental sciences through immersion in rural cultural life. We discuss how fieldwork serves as a learning methodology. When students are engaged through research with traditional cultural practices of environmental management, which is a part of the real and traditional culture of a region, they better understand how positive pedagogy instead of pedagogy structured around how not-to-do examples, can be used to stimulate the interactions between humans and the environment with their students. In this way, cultural goods serve as teaching resources in science and environmental education. What we present is authentic cases where adults involved in a course of Continuous Education explore 'environmentally-friendly' practices of traditional agriculture in Asturias (north of Spain), employing methodologies of cultural studies.

Introduction: Adolescence is concerned as a developmental and crucial process. The majority of adolescents are experienced less or more some difficulties in emotional, behavioral, and social domains. The present study is focused on the girl adolescents' behavioral problems. Methods: The sample included 1879 girls with a range age of 11-21 years. Participants were randomly selected from 10 provinces in Iran. The instruments comprised of a teacher-made questionnaire concerns the behavioral problems of adolescents related to their parents, education, peers, and social domains. In addition, the Eysenk personality questionnaire is conducted in the study.

Supportive supervision is a process that uses dialogue and constructive feedback to help staff, volunteers or entire organizations improve their performance in pursuit of the organization's mission, while also setting goals for growth and development. It focuses on monitoring performance towards goals, and using data for decisionmaking, and depends upon regular follow-up with staff to ensure that new tasks are being implemented correctly. It can also be described as a relationship between senior and junior member of a profession that is evaluative, extends over time, serves to enhance the skills of the junior person, monitors the quality of the services offered by the junior person and acts as gate keeping to the profession. By employing supportive supervision, managers can not only create a healthy work environment, but can improve and sustain the performance and satisfaction of the people in their organization by preventing job-related stress. It provides opportunities to discuss-and sometimes even provide-the additional skills and training that will enhance staff's ability to do their work. Identifying training needs is important, as is following up after trainings to ensure that staff members have opportunities to apply the skills in their work and to share with colleagues. Integrating supportive supervision throughout organization's structure will result in a stronger organization, with more efficient and satisfied people working to achieve organization's mission.

Background: Pedestrian crashes are a deterrent to physical activity, especially walking. The purpose of this study was to analyze pedestrian crash characteristics in Clark County, NV and to determine if there was a significant relationship between pedestrian crashes and socio-economic variables.Methods: Police reported pedestrian crash data collected between January 2009 and December 2011 were analyzed. Frequencies and rates for pedestrian crashes, injuries and deaths were calculated for environmental and human characteristics. Chi square tests were utilized to determine if there were significant differences in environmental and human characteristics for pedestrian injuries and deaths. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression analysis was utilized to determine if there was a significant relationship between pedestrian crashes and socio-economic variables by urban census tracts.Results: The majority of pedestrian crashes occurred during the day, when it was clear and the roa...

This article follows the development of physicist Oliver Lodge's religio-scientific worldview, beginning with his reticent attraction to metaphysics in the early 1880s to the full formulation of his “ether theology” in the late 1890s. Lodge undertook the study of psychical phenomena such as telepathy, telekinesis, and “ectoplasm” to further his scientific investigations of the ether, speculating that electrical and psychical manifestations were linked phenomena that described the deeper underlying structures of the universe, beneath and beyond matter. For Lodge, to fully understand the ether was to force from the universe an ultimate Revelation, and psychical research—as the most modern and probatory science—was poised to replace religion as the means of that disclosure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this paper, several material models are analyzed in order to represent and compare the behaviour of laminated glass subjected to blast loads. LS-DYNA and EUROPLEXUS are used for numerical simulation. These codes have different capabilities to describe the mechanical problem, especially the failure behaviour. The results of the simulations are compared to laboratory experimental results in order to validate the accuracy of the material models.

The general perception is that high school teaching of mathematics tends to be fairly procedural in South Africa and that students that enter university are better equipped to deal with procedural problems rather than conceptual. In this study we compare the conceptual and procedural skills of first year calculus students in life sciences. We also investigate students' confidence in handling conceptual and procedural problems.

L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une étude numérique et expérimentale de stockage/déstockage de chaleur latente des composites chargés avec des billes de paraffine. Des échantillons ont été conçus et caractérisés au laboratoire on utilisant plaque chaude gardée transitoire (PCGT). La réponse thermique à un cycle thermique de stockage-déstockage a été présentée puis analysée. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux calculs numériques pour différents échantillons.

This paper examines the role of product/industrial design in scientific research. It reports the results of three case studies in which designers and scientist collaborated. The paper presents the initial findings of these cases, and reflects on the designers' contribution to research, and on those aspects that can act as a barrier or as a facilitator in designers and scientists' collaborative endeavour.

Abstract: Helping students to improve their problems solving skills is the primary target of science teacher trainees. In modern science, for training the students, methods should be used for improving their thinking skills, making connections with events and concepts and ...

This work aimed to purify, identify and quantify some of the bioactive compounds in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from a Lebanese Eryngium creticum L. in addition to evaluate its metal content, particularly trace elements and thus to estimate its antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening results indicated the presence of different bioactive compounds in both extracts mainly phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids and flavonoids. On the other hand, XRF showed that this plant contains metals such silver, zirconium, nickel, selenium, niobium and molybdenum, iron, calcium, manganese and copper. The results of three in vitro antioxidant methods, DPPH, Ferrozine and H2O2 showed a significant antioxidant activity in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts revealing that E. creticum is a good source of different antioxidant and bioactive compounds.

Abstract A lack of reliable observations for canopy science research is being partly overcome by the gradual use of lidar remote sensing. This study aims to improve lidar-based canopy characterization with airborne laser scanners through the combined use of lidar ...

The aim of the study is to describe importance of Scoparia dulcis and the experimental studies that we have reviewed from different sources. Scoparia dulcis commonly known as ‘sweet broom weed’ is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical region of the world. The plant is used traditionally as used  as a remedy for treating diseases such as; stomach ailments, kidney stones, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, bronchitis, haemorrhoids, analgesic, antipyretic and urinary disorders. Further, studies reveal the presence of various phytochemical constituents mainly terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids, glycosides and some miscellaneous compounds. These studies reveal that  Scoparia dulcis is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects; hence, this drug encourage finding its new therapeutic uses.

This research reports on the efforts of six middle school and high school science teachers in a public school district in New York City to balance innovative teaching methods and strategies with the New York State Learning Standards and Regents requirements. More specifically, this research examines the factors that influenced the implementation of project-based approaches to teaching and learning science. Observations of meetings and classrooms, and collection of artifacts such as curricula, project planners, demographic profiles, student work, and test results served as the primary data sources that were triangulated and related to current theory on project-based learning in science. Four teachers embraced aspects of project-based learning in science and two rejected most aspects of teaching project-based learning in science. Implications for science professional development are discussed.