Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Cancer Therapy

Magnetic and NMR relaxivity properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded into the walls of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules and freely dispersed in a sodium borate buffer solution have been investigated. The different geometric distribution of both configurations provides the opportunity to study the relationship of water accessibility and magnetic properties of particles on the NMR relaxivity. Changes in their blocking temperature and average dipolar field were modeled as a function of packing fraction in the ensemble of free and entrapped nanoparticles. For free nanoparticles with relatively low concentration, relaxivity values increase with packing fraction according to an increase in the dipolar field and larger water accessibility. However, for embedded nanoparticles in the capsule wall, packing fractions should be limited to optimize the efficiency of this system as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent.

This article reviews the applications of nanotechnology in the fields of medical and life sciences. Nanoparticles have shown promising applications from diagnosis to treatment of various types of diseases including cancer. In this review, we discuss the applications of nanostructured materials such as nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanorods, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes in diagnostics, biomarkers, cell labeling, contrast agents for biological imaging, antimicrobial agents, drug delivery systems, and anticancer nanodrugs for treatment of cancer and other infectious diseases. The adverse affects of nanoparticles on human skin from daily use in cosmetics and general toxicology of nanoscale materials are also reviewed.
KEYWORDS: Medical Applications, Nanoparticles, Contrast Agents for Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Antimicrobial Agents, Anticancer Nanodrugs, Cosmetics, Nanotoxicology.

Nanotechnology is rapidly expanding research area, encompassing the development of man-made materials in nanometer size range. Nanoscale drug delivery system using various nanomaterials is emerging technology for the rational delivery of many chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticles attracted the scientists across many disciplines to engineer many desired properties that might otherwise be incompatible on a single device. Formulation scientists are facing the challenges such as poor solubility and bioavailability of the newly invented drugs. One of the approaches to face the above challenge is to develop the particulate carrier system. Solid lipid nanoparticle or liposphere or nanosphere system is the most feasible particulate carrier system which is an alternative to nanoemulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. This system offers added advantages in comparison to other related particulate drug delivery systems. The present review emphasizes on various basic and applied aspects of solid lipid nanoparticles in novel drug delivery system especially techniques involved in their production, characterization and various applications. It also focuses on the drug loading capacity, drug incorporation and factors affecting drug release from this colloidal system.

This second special issue of the Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology in a series contains another 30 state-of-theart
reviews focused on the biomedical applications of nanomaterials, biosensors, bone tissue engineering, MRI and
bioimaging, single-cell detection, stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, toxicity and biosafety of nanodrugs, nanoparticle based new therapeutic approaches for cancer, hepatic and cardiovascular disease.
KEYWORDS: Reviews, Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biosensors, Bone Tissue Engineering, Bioimaging, Cancer, Stem Cells, Toxicity.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly reactive chemicals under tight control of intracellular antioxidants. The balance in oxidation-antioxidation is essential for maintaining normal cell functions, and any imbalance could lead to a wide range of diseases including cancer. The intracellular level of ROS is generally elevated in cancer cells, revealing a critical role of ROS in the process of carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Conversely, there is also evidence showing that ROS can act as cancer suppressors. This may be due to the varying antioxidant capacities of different cancers. These findings indicate a complex redox state in cancer cells. In this review we summarize the main features of ROS and their functions with respect to cancer initiation, hallmarks of cancer, and signaling in cancer cells. ROSelevating and ROS-depleting anticancer strategies and their mechanisms are thoroughly discussed. We argue that the rationale for therapy choice depends on a complete understanding of cancer cell redox state, namely, the “redox signaling signature” of cancer.

In this report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticles using Pomegranate peel extract as the reducing agent
from 1 mM AgNO3 had been investigated. The formation of silver
nanoparticles was characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron
Microscopic (SEM) analysis. The UV-Vis spectra results show a
strong resonance centered on the surface of silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) at 371 nm. The Fourier Transformation Infrared
Spectroscopy spectral study demonstrates pomegranate peel extract
acted as the reducing agent. The scanning electron microscopic
(SEM) analysis shows nanoparticles with the average particles size
ranges about 5-50 nm. Further the antibacterial activity of AgNPs
was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli pathogens. This route is rapid,
simple, without any hazardous chemicals as reducing or stabilizing
agents and economical to synthesize AgNPs.

Magnetic particle hyperthermia is potentially the most significant and technically disruptive of the currently known biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. Recent developments indicate that this highly specific and targetable method of localised remote heating of bodily tissue could revolutionise clinical practice in the treatment of cancer, either as an adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or as a stand-alone intervention. In this chapter we review some of the recent technical advances that have been made in magnetic hyperthermia, and comment on its translational prospects with regard to improving the treatments of cancer patients.

This thematic special issue of the Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology focused on the “Reviews in Nanomedicine,
Drug Delivery and Vaccine Development” contains 30 state-of-the-art review articles covering recent advances, trends
and future directions emphasized on nanoparticle-based new strategies for diagnosis and cancer phototherapies,
nanomedicine, nucleic acid-based nanocarriers, gene and drug delivery systems, tuberculosis mucosal and H5N1
influenza vaccines, drug-loaded electrospun polymer nanofibers, microneedle technology for insulin delivery for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, RNA-based therapies, nanotoxicity and biosafety of nanomaterials to environment and human health.
KEYWORDS: Reviews, Diagnosis, Cancer Phototherapies, Nanomedicine, Nucleic Acid-Based Nanocarriers, Drug Delivery Systems, Tuberculosis Vaccine, H5N1 Influenza Vaccine, DNA Vaccine, Microneedle Technology, RNA-Based Therapies, Nanotoxicity.

In the past decade, magneto-nanomechanical approach to biochemical systems stimulation has been studied intensively. This method involves macromole-cule structure local deformation via mechanical actua-tion of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (f-MNPs) by non-heating low frequency (LF) alternating magnetic field (AMF). Specificity at cellular or molecular level and spatial locality in nanometer scale are its key advantages as compared to magnetic fluid hyperthermia. However, current experimental studies have weak theoretical basis. Several models of magneto-nanomechanical actuation of macromolecules and cells in non-heating uniform LF AMF are presented in the article. Single core-shell spherical , rod-like, and Janus MNPs, as well as dimers consisting of two f-MNPs with macromolecules immobilized on their surfaces are considered. AMF-induced rotational oscillations of MNPs can affect properties and functioning of macromolecules or cellular membranes attached to them via periodic deformations in nano-meter scale. This could be widely used in therapy, in particular for targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release , and cancer cell killing. An aggregate composed of MNPs can affect associated macromolecules by force up to several hundreds of piconewton in the case of MNPs of tens of nanometers in diameter and LF AMF below 1 T. AMF parameters and MNP design requirements for effective in vitro and in vivo magneto-nanomechanical treatment are presented.

Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic
nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles
using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response
surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and
SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of
2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV,
5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU
from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-
FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum
conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel
targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.

Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH) uses heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles exposed to alternating magnetic fields to cause a temperature increase in tumors to the hyperthermia range (43-47 °C), inducing apoptotic cancer cell death. As with all cancer nanomedicines, one of the most significant challenges with MFH is achieving high nanoparticle accumulation at the tumor site. This motivates development of synthesis strategies that maximize the rate of energy dissipation of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, preferable due to their intrinsic biocompatibility. This has led to development of synthesis strategies that, although attractive from the point of view of chemical elegance, may not be suitable for scale-up to quantities necessary for clinical use. On the other hand, to date the aqueous co-precipitation synthesis, which readily yields gram quantities of nanoparticles, has only been reported to yield sufficiently high specific absorption rates after laborious size selective fractionation. This work focuses on improvements to the aqueous co-precipitation of iron oxide nanoparticles to increase the specific absorption rate (SAR), by optimizing synthesis conditions and the subsequent peptization step. Heating efficiencies up to 1,048 W/gFe (36.5 kA/m, 341 kHz; ILP = 2.3 nH·m2·kg-1) were obtained, which represent one of the highest values reported for iron oxide particles synthesized by co-precipitation without size-selective fractionation. Furthermore, particles reached SAR values of up to 719 W/gFe (36.5 kA/m, 341 kHz; ILP = 1.6 nH·m2·kg-1) when in a solid matrix, demonstrating they were capable of significant rates of energy dissipation even when restricted from physical rotation. Reduction in energy dissipation rate due to immobilization has been identified as an obstacle to clinical translation of MFH. Hence, particles obtained with the conditions reported here have great potential for application in nanoscale thermal cancer therapy.

Magnetite nanoparticles doped with Na + ions are prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The -Fe 2 O 3 to -Fe 2 O 3 phase transition temperature is found to increase with Na + concentration and the saturation magnetization is found to decrease from 65 to 48 emu/g with 500 ppm Na + . With 500 ppm of Na + , the samples retained the saturation magnetization of 46 emu/g, even after air annealing at 600 C. The phase analysis done using Rietveld shows that the percentage of hematite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) formed after air annealing at 600 C is found to decrease with increase in Na + concentration. The differential scanning calorimetric studies also confirm the enhanced temperature stability upon Na doping. The zeta potential of undoped and Na + doped magnetite particles are found to be −28 and −37 mV respectively. The enhanced zeta potential of doped particles unambiguously confirms that Na + ions are diffused into the crystals, which enhances the electrostatic stabilization of suspended particles.

Recent investigations have attempted to understand and exploit the impact of magnetic field actuated internalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on the proliferation rate of cancer cells. Due to the complexity of the parameters governing magnetic field-exposure though, individual studies to date have raised contradictory results. In our approach we performed a comparative analysis of key parameters related to the cell exposure of cancer cells to magnetic field-actuated MNPs, and to the magnetic field, in order to better understand the factors affecting cellular responses to magnetic field-stimulated MNPs. We used magnetite MNPs with a hydrodynamic diameter of 100 nm and studied the proliferation rate of MNPs-treated versus untreated HT29 human colon cancer cells, exposed to either static or alternating low frequency magnetic fields with varying intensity (40–200mT), frequency (0–8Hz) and field gradient. All three parameters, field intensity, frequency,
and field gradient affected the growth rate of cells, with or without internalized MNPs, as compared to control MNPs-untreated and magnetic field-untreated cells. We observed that the growth inhibitory effects induced by static and rotating magnetic fields were enhanced by pre-treating the cells with MNPs, while the growth promoting effects observed in alternating field-treated cells were weakened by MNPs. Compared to static, rotating magnetic fields of the same intensity induced a similar extend of cell growth inhibition, while alternating fields of varying intensity (70 or 100 mT)
and frequency (0, 4 or 8 Hz) induced cell proliferation in a frequency-dependent manner. These results, highlighting the diverse effects of mode, intensity, and frequency of the magnetic field on cell growth, indicate that consistent and reproducible results can be achieved by controlling the complexity of the exposure of biological samples to MNPs and external magnetic fields, through monitoring crucial experimental parameters. We demonstrate that further research focusing on the accurate manipulation of the aforementioned magnetic field exposure parameters could lead to the development of successful non-invasive therapeutic anticancer approaches.

Dear Sir/Madam

We are currently hosting the Oncologist & Diagnostics Conference  which is going to be organized during August 28-30, 2017 Brussels, Belgium. With great pride and honour, we would like to invite you to participate in Oncologist & Diagnostics Conference in Brussels, Belgium

Kindly let me know about you interest toward participation as a Keynote, Speaker, Poster presentation, E-Poster and Video Presentation, delegate.
Kindly find the attached file for conference details

Kindly contact us for any sort of further assistance.
We sincerely hope that you will honour us by accepting our invitation

Regards
Celina Crystal
Manager of oncology and conferences
P 702 508 5200 Ext 8033
#[email protected]

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ConferenceSeries Ltd invites all the participants across the globe to attend the Oncologist & Diagnostics Conference slated on August 28-30, 2017 at Brussels, Belgium.

Cancer Diagnostics 2017 directs towards addressing main issues as well as future strategies of Cancer. This is going to be the largest and most promising international conference where the program includes Clinical Oncologists, Registered Nurses, Nurse practitioners and the entire medical team involved in patient care, researchers, professional, early career individuals and patient advocates who wish to learn principles of tumor immunology and immunotherapy well as decision makers will come to discuss and debate on various aspects of the challenges, risks and investment opportunities throughout the complete information of Cancers. Cancer Diagnostics 2017 will also provide the three days of discussions on methods and strategies related to management and quality improvement of Diagnostics device developing and Cancer Research and as well as to explore the new ideas and concepts on global scale and the topics include lung cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, blood cancer, cervical cancer, colon-rectum cancer, pediatric cancer, surgical cancer, Prostate cancer, thyroid cancer.

According to 2012 statistics approximately 14.1 million cases are reported and 8.2 million deaths are reported. Lung, Liver, Stomach and bowel cancers cause the most common deaths among the worldwide that accounts nearly half of all the cancer deaths. About 70% increase in the cases are to be expected over the next 2 decades. In males 5 most common sites of cancer are diagnosed in 2012 were lung, prostate, colorectal and liver cancers. In females 5 most common sites diagnosed were breast, colorectal, cervix, lung and stomach cancer. Nearly 60% of the world’s total new cases occur in the Africa, Asia and Central and South America regions. All over the world Denmark ranks 1st in the cancer deaths USA is accompanied next to it.

ConferenceSeries Ltd  which is comprised of 3000+ Global Events with over 600+ Conferences, 1200+ Symposiums and 1200+Workshops on diverse Medical, Pharmaceutical, Clinical, Engineering, Science, Technology, Business and Management field is organizing conferences all over the globe. It hosts numerous Cancer Conferences, Cancer meeting, global cancer conference, European Oncology Conferences, Surgical oncology like skin cancer conference, breast cancer conference, liver cancer conference, lung cancer meetings, and Oncology Conferences where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions and which helps get possibilities for treating the diseases with new era, technology and research.



Why Brussels???

Brussels, a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, is a city of contrasts with enormous diversity, experiencing cool climates all throughout the year. Brussels is also becoming known as a mecca of style, art, and design having bilingualism of Modern French and Old Dutch.

In this work, we present the magnetic properties of gold-coated FePt nanoparticles and the study of stable aqueous dispersions of FePt@Au and FePt synthesized after ligand exchange with mercaptoundecanoic acid. The particle size determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs goes from 4 nm for the uncoated nanoparticles to a maximum of 10 nm for the gold-coated ones indicating that the thickness of the shell ranges from 1 to 3 nm. The magnetic characterization consists in hysteresis cycles at 10 and 300 K. The results show that, at low field and room temperature, the magnetic behavior of uncoated and coated nanoparticles are surprisingly quite similar. Because the gold-coated nanoparticles keep the magnetic properties of FePt and the presence of gold improves the functionalization of nanoparticles, the system is suitable for biological application. Mercaptoundecanoic ligand transfer was used to render water stable nanoparticles in a wide pH range. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show the nanoparticles slightly agglomerate after ligand exchange. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that thiol binds to the gold atoms of the surface

The effect of a high frequency alternating magnetic field on HeLa tumour cells incubated with ferromagnetic nanoparticles of manganese oxide perovskite La0.56(SrCa)0.22MnO3 have been studied. The particles were subjected to a size selection process and coated with silica to improve their biocompatibility. The control assays made with HeLa tumour cells showed that cell survival and growth rate were not affected by the particle internalization in cells, or by the electromagnetic field on cells without nanoparticles. However, the application of an alternating electromagnetic field to cells incubated with this silica coated manganese oxide induced a significant cellular damage that finally lead to cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Cell death is triggered even thought the temperature increase in the cell culture during the hyperthermia treatment is lower than 0.5 C.

The aim of the experiments in this research was to produce a coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)
product that may be used as a contrasting agent for MRI. There are several methods that can be employed to coat SPIONs.
However, many of the current methods employ toxic organic solvents which can be difficult to remove from the product
solution. The encapsulation and characterization of SPIONs in Eudragit was done using a supercritical antisolvent system
(SAS) with ethanol as the solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the antisolvent. Particles of diameters less
than 200 nm were produced which had preserved superparamagnetic properties. An encapsulation efficiency of 70% was
achieved.

Gold is the chemical element with atomic number 79 and its symbol is Au (from the Latin aurum). It is a soft metal, yellow in color, due to the absorption of the wavelengths of blue from the incident light. Resistant to most chemical compounds, react only with aqua regia and with the cyanide ion. With mercury it forms an amalgam, but not a chemical compound. The human body naturally contains small amounts of gold. About 0.000000003% of body weight (0.2 mg / 70 kg of weight c.a.). Like most other oligominerals , most of this gold is found in the blood...

Cancer-related mortality is a leading cause of death among both men and women around the world. Target-specific therapeutic drugs, early diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to reducing the mortality rate. One of the recent trends in modern medicine is "Theranostics," a combination of therapeutics and diagnosis. Extensive interest in magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been increasing due to their biocompatibility, superparamagnetism, less-toxicity, enhanced programmed cell death, and auto-phagocytosis on cancer cells. MNPs act as a multifunctional, noninvasive, ligand conjugated nano-imaging vehicle in targeted drug delivery and diagnosis. In this review, we primarily discuss the significance of the crystal structure, magnetic properties, and the most common method for synthesis of the smaller sized MNPs and their limitations. Next, the recent applications of MNPs in cancer therapy and theranostics are discussed, with certain preclinical and clinical experiments. The focus is on implementation and understanding of the mechanism of action of MNPs in cancer therapy through passive and active targeting drug delivery (magnetic drug targeting and targeting ligand conjugated MNPs). In addition, the theranostic application of MNPs with a dual and multimodal imaging system for early diagnosis and treatment of various cancer types including breast, cervical, glioblastoma, and lung cancer is reviewed. In the near future, the theranostic potential of MNPs with multimodality imaging techniques may enhance the acuity of personalized medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of individual patients.

Invitation
Conference Series LLC welcomes you to attend the 2nd Cancer Diagnostics Conference & Expo during May 08-10, 2017 Barcelona, Spain.
We cordially invite all the participants who are interested in sharing their knowledge and research in the arena of 2nd Cancer Diagnostics Conference & Expo.
Cancer Diagnostics 2017 anticipates more than 200 participants around the globe with thought provoking Keynote lectures, Oral and Poster presentations. The attending delegates include Editorial Board Members of related Conference Series LLC Journals.
This is an excellent opportunity for the delegates from Universities and Institutes to interact with the world class Scientists.
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Cancer Diagnostics 2017
Operating Committee
Cancer
Diagnostics 2017

Direct functionalization strategy has been employed to modify the surface of the magnetic hollow spheres (MHS) with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) for controlled drug release. The MHS were prepared by the solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The FE-SEM study shows that MHS have a size of ∼200 nm and are made up of smaller nanoparticles (NPs) having average size of ∼20-25 nm. MHS exhibits a superparamagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 74 emu/g at room temperature. The direct functionalization of MHS with APTES provided an efficient loading of model anti-cancer drug Camptothecin (CPT). The drug release study performed at pH of 7.4 showed 30% of CPT release in a controlled way after 4 h.

Dear Sir/Madam

We are currently hosting the Oncologist & Diagnostics Conference  which is going to be organized during August 28-30, 2017 Brussels, Belgium. With great pride and honour, we would like to invite you to participate in Oncologist & Diagnostics Conference in Brussels, Belgium

Kindly let me know about you interest toward participation as a Keynote, Speaker, Poster presentation, E-Poster and Video Presentation, delegate.
Kindly find the attached file for conference details

Kindly contact us for any sort of further assistance.
We sincerely hope that you will honour us by accepting our invitation

Regards
Celina Crystal
Manager of oncology and conferences
P 702 508 5200 Ext 8033
#[email protected]

The effect of a high-frequency alternating magnetic field on HeLa tumor cells incubated with ferromagnetic nanoparticles of manganese oxide perovskite La0.56(SrCa)0.22MnO3 have been studied. The particles were subjected to a size selection process and coated with silica to improve their biocompatibility. The control assays made with HeLa tumor cells showed that cell survival and growth rate were not affected by the particle internalization in cells, or by the electromagnetic field on cells without nanoparticles. However, the application of an alternating electromagnetic field to cells incubated with this silica-coated manganese oxide induced significant cellular damage that finally lead to cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Cell death is triggered even though the temperature increase in the cell culture during the hyperthermia treatment is lower than 0.5 °C.

Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticlemediated magnetic hyperthermia is an innovative, efficient, and safer thermo-therapeutic approach for cancer
treatment. Structural and magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles as well as external magnetic field
parameters are responsible for a controlled heating performance imperative for clinical success. This review
covers topics from the nanophysics of magnetic nanoparticles through the basic concepts of magnetism to the
different magnetic nanoparticles used for magnetic hyperthermia. Relevant properties beneficial for magnetic
hyperthermia including size (nanosize regime of 10–
100 nm), shape (anisotropic and isotropic), viscosity of
the dispersive medium, and applied magnetic field parameters to optimize the heat dissipation via various
mechanisms are also addressed. Primary aim of the
present review is to provide an interdisciplinary knowledge platform for the basic understanding of
nanomagnetism in order to advance further in the field
of nanomedicine. This review pinpoints recent advancements in nanoparticle-tumor tissue interactions and their
translation to clinical applications. The present review
differs from other contemporary reviews by reporting
the up-to-date developments in the nanotechnology
aspects of magnetic hyperthermia and addressing the
future perspectives.

The current work deals with developing a suitable drug delivery system of doxorubicin (DOX) for intraperitoneal chemotherapy using niosomes through formulating non-ionic surfactants consisting of BrijTM 52, spanTM 60 and SolulanTM C24. Entrapping the magnetite nanoparticles in the hydrophilic parts of niosomes was accompanied with high-efficient DOX loading by the current novel remote-loading method. Cytotoxicity of the prepared formulations was evaluated in vitro against A549 and PC-12 cell lines using the colorimetric WST-1 assay test. The obtained results revealed that, the cytotoxicity of DOX increased up to 22% especially on A549 cells by the current delivery system.

The effect of a high frequency alternating magnetic field on HeLa tumour cells incubated with ferromagnetic nanoparticles of manganese oxide perovskite La0.56(SrCa)0.22MnO3 have been studied. The particles were subjected to a size selection process and coated with silica to improve their biocompatibility. The control assays made with HeLa tumour cells showed that cell survival and growth rate were not affected by the particle internalization in cells, or by the electromagnetic field on cells without nanoparticles. However, the application of an alternating electromagnetic field to cells incubated with this silica coated manganese oxide induced a significant cellular damage that finally lead to cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Cell death is triggered even thought the temperature increase in the cell culture during the hyperthermia treatment is lower than 0.5 C.

Aurora kinases play pivotal role in mitosis. Aurora kinase A controls centrosome duplication, spindle pole integrity as well as bipolar spindle formation. Aurora kinase B is part of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) and through its co-factors, drives chromosome congression, bidirectional tension on kinetochores and spindle checkpoint signaling, as well as cytokinesis completion. Both CPC and Aurora kinases are exclusively expressed during mitosis and are up regulated in many tumors. Their overexpression correlates with the level of genomic instability within tumors and these proteins are therefore proposed as potential targets for cancer therapy. This review describes the interplay between Aurora kinases in mitosis and the different strategies that have been developed towards their targeting. ?? 2010. Index Keywords: 1 cyclopropyl 3 [3 (5 morpholinomethyl 1h benzimidazol 2 yl) 1h pyrazol 4 yl]urea; 2 [[3 [4 [5 [2 (3 fluoroanilino) 2 oxoethyl] 1h pyrazol 3 ylamino] 7 quinazolinyloxy]propyl](ethyl)amino]ethyl dihydrogen phosphate; 4 [[9 chloro 7 (2,6 difluorophenyl) 5h pyrimido[5,4 d][2]benzazepin 2 yl]amino]benzoic acid; aki 001; amg 900; as 703569; aurora A kinase; aurora B kinase; aurora kinase inhibitor; c 1; chromosome protein; cyc 116; cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4 [4 (4 methyl 1 piperazinyl) 6 (5 methyl 2h pyrazol 3 ylamino) 2 pyrimidinylthio]phenyl]amide; danusertib; enmd 2076; gsk 1070916; mk 6592; mln 8237; mp 529; om 137; pf 03814735; pha 60632; pha 680632; protein borealin; protein telophase disc 60Chemicals/CAS: cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4 [4 (4 methyl 1 piperazinyl) 6 (5 methyl 2h pyrazol 3 ylamino) 2 pyrimidinylthio]phenyl]

The effect of a high frequency alternating magnetic field on HeLa tumour cells incubated with ferromagnetic nanoparticles of manganese oxide perovskite La0.56(SrCa)0.22MnO3 have been studied. The particles were subjected to a size selection process and coated with silica to improve their biocompatibility. The control assays made with HeLa tumour cells showed that cell survival and growth rate were not affected by the particle internalization in cells, or by the electromagnetic field on cells without nanoparticles. However, the application of an alternating electromagnetic field to cells incubated with this silica coated manganese oxide induced a significant cellular damage that finally lead to cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Cell death is triggered even thought the temperature increase in the cell culture during the hyperthermia treatment is lower than 0.5 C.

In this work we present the magnetic properties of gold coated FePt nanoparticles and the study of stable aqueous dispersions of FePt@Au and FePt synthesized after ligand exchange with mercaptoundecanoic acid. The particle size determined from TEM micrographs goes from 4 nm for the uncoated nanoparticles to a maximum of 10 nm for the gold coated ones indicating that the thickness of the shell ranges from 1 to 3 nm. The magnetic characterization consists in hysteresis cycles at 10 and 300 K. The results show that, at low field and room temperature, the magnetic behavior of uncoated and coated nanoparticles are surprisingly quite similar. Since the gold coated nanoparticles keep the magnetic properties of FePt and the presence of gold improves the functionalization of nanoparticles, the system is suitable for biological application. Mercaptoundecanoic ligand transfer was used to render water stable nanoparticles in a wide pH range. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results show the nanoparticles slightly agglomerate after ligand exchange. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that thiol bind to the gold atoms of the surface.

Aurora kinases play pivotal role in mitosis. Aurora kinase A controls centrosome
duplication, spindle pole integrity as well as bipolar spindle formation. Aurora kinase B is part of
the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) and through these co-factors it drives chromosome
congression, bidirectional tension on kinetochores and spindle checkpoint signalling as well as
cytokinesis completion.
Both CPC and Aurora kinases are exclusively expressed during mitosis and are upregulated
in many tumours. Their over-expression correlates with the level of genomic instability
within tumours and therefore these proteins are proposed as potential targets for cancer therapy.
This review describes the interplay between Aurora kinases in mitosis and the different
strategies developed towards their targeting.

The specific absorption rate (SAR) of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) under an alternating magnetic field has been investigated as a function of size, concentration, coating, liquid carrier, and frequency and amplitude of the applied magnetic field. The NPs have been synthesized by coprecipitation method with sizes ranging from 6 to 14 nm with low polydispersity (0.2) and high crystallinity degrees. The small NPs size (6−14 nm) and the value of the maximum applied field (<7.5 kA/m) allow the use of the linear response theory for the analysis of the experimental SARs values. Under this condition, Neel−Brown relaxation times of about 10−7 s are obtained from SAR field frequency dependence. The NPs have been immobilized in agar to investigate the heating mechanisms, i.e., inversion of the magnetic moments inside the monodomain volume or particle rotation. The results suggest that there is a critical size of around 12 nm for obtaining the most effective heating in viscous media. Furthermore, the surface modification by aminopropylsilane coating does not affect the heating efficiency, making these NPs good candidates for hyperthermia treatment as well as model samples for standardization of hyperthermia apparatus.

Field dependence of the optical transmission of a polyaspartic-coated magnetite magnetic fluid dispersed in water was investigated at  different particle volume fractions. The particle size distribution of the sample was obtained from the analysis of the transmission electron microscopy pictures. The transmissivity decreased increasing the magnetic field until a critical field is achieved. Above this value, the opposite effect was observed. Indeed, the critical field decreases the higher the particle volume fraction being in qualitative similarity with phase separation behavior. However, the origin of the effect is attributed to the precipitation of field-induced nanoparticle chains. These phenomena might be useful on obtaining one-dimensional nanoparticle arrangements.

Recent investigations have attempted to understand and exploit the impact of magnetic field actuated internalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on the proliferation rate of cancer cells. Due to the complexity of the parameters governing magnetic field-exposure though, individual studies to date have raised contradictory results. In our approach we performed a comparative analysis of key parameters related to the cell exposure of cancer cells to magnetic field-actuated MNPs, and to the magnetic field, in order to better understand the factors affecting cellular responses to magnetic field-stimulated MNPs. We used magnetite MNPs with a hydrodynamic diameter of 100 nm and studied the proliferation rate of MNPs-treated versus untreated HT29 human colon cancer cells, exposed to either static or alternating low frequency magnetic fields with varying intensity (40–200mT), frequency (0–8Hz) and field gradient. All three parameters, field intensity, frequency, and field gradient affected the...

Abstract Purpose: In magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), nanoparticles are injected into diseased tissue and subjected to an alternating high frequency magnetic field. The process triggers sufficient heat to destroy the cancerous cells. One of the challenging problems during MFH is blood flow in tissue. In real conditions the heat which is transferred by blood flow should be considered in the analysis of MFH. Methods: In this study, heat transfer was investigated in an agar gel phantom containing fluid flow. Fe3O4 as a nano-fluid was injected into the centre of a gel cylinder which was filled with another gel cylinder and subjected to an alternating magnetic field of 7.3 kA/m and a frequency of 50 kHz for 3600 s. The temperature was measured at three points in the gel. Temperature distributions regarding the time at these three points were experimentally measured. Moreover, the specific absorption rate (SAR) function was calculated with a temperature function. Results: The SAR function was a key asset in the hyperthermia and was obtained on the condition that the fluid flowed through the gel. Finally, a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to verify the SAR function. The results revealed that there was good agreement between the measured temperature and the one obtained from FEA. In addition, the effects of fluid flow and accuracy of function obtained for heat production in the gel were presented. Conclusion: It is believed that the proposed model has the potential ability to get close to reality in this type of investigation. The proposed function has implications for use in further modelling studies as a heat generation source.

Magnetic and NMR relaxivity properties of {\gamma}-Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded into the walls of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules and freely dispersed in a sodium borate buffer solution have been investigated. The different geometric distribution of both configurations provides the opportunity to study the relationship of water accessibility and magnetic properties of particles on the NMR relaxivity. Changes in their blocking temperature and average dipolar field were modeled as a function of packing fraction in the ensemble of free and entrapped nanoparticles. For free nanoparticles with relatively low concentration, relaxivity values increase with packing fraction according to an increase in the dipolar field and larger water accessibility. However for embedded NPs in the capsule wall, packing fractions should be limited to optimise the efficiency of this system as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent.

The specific absorption rate (SAR) of γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) under an alternating magnetic field has been investigated as a function of size, concentration, coating, liquid carrier, and frequency and amplitude of the applied magnetic field. The NPs have been synthesized by coprecipitation method with sizes ranging from 6 to 14 nm with low polydispersity (0.2) and high crystallinity degrees. The small NPs size (6−14 nm) and the value of the maximum applied field (<7.5 kA/m) allow the use of the linear response theory for the analysis of the experimental SARs values. Under this condition, Neel−Brown relaxation times of about 10 −7 s are obtained from SAR field frequency dependence. The NPs have been immobilized in agar to investigate the heating mechanisms, i.e., inversion of the magnetic moments inside the monodomain volume or particle rotation. The results suggest that there is a critical size of around 12 nm for obtaining the most effective heating in viscous media. Furthermore, the surface modification by aminopropylsilane coating does not affect the heating efficiency, making these NPs good candidates for hyperthermia treatment as well as model samples for standardization of hyperthermia apparatus.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone playing a crucial role in cardiovascular homeostasis mainly through blood volume and pressure regulation. In the last years, the new property ascribed to ANP of inhibiting tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo has made this peptide an attractive candidate for anticancer therapy. The molecular mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of ANP has been mainly related to its interaction with the specific receptors NPRs, through which this natriuretic hormone inhibits some metabolic targets critical for cancer development, including the Ras-MEK1⁄2-ERK1⁄2 kinase cascade, functioning as a multikinase inhibitor. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on our recent data demonstrating that the antitumor activity of this natriuretic hormone is also mediated by a concomitant effect on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and on the pH regulation ability of cancer cells, through a Frizzled-related mechanism. This peculiarity of simultaneously targeting two processes crucial for neoplastic transformation and solid tumor survival reinforces the utility of ANP for the development of both preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Water-dispersible magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with citric acid (CIT) modified β-cyclodextrin (CD) are prepared and curcumin (CUR) is loaded inside the cavity of CD. The CUR loading capacity of CD-CIT functionalized magnetite nanoparticles is found to be much larger than that of CD alone as well as the CD-CIT conjugate. The release profile of curcumin is found to follow zero order kinetics at the physiological pH, and thus, can release CUR at a constant rate, after the initial burst release. Relaxivity studies using NMR showed that the functionalized nanoparticles are suitable for contrast enhancement in MRI. Thus, the water-dispersible, CIT modified β-CD functionalized magnetite nanofluid is an efficient carrier for water insoluble curcumin, and can be used for magnetic drug targeting/delivery as well as for contrast enhancement in MRI due to the superparamagnetic magnetite core.