Exercise Addiction

Imati mogućnost da točno i sa sigurnošću prati, kontrolira i dozira trenažno opterećenje želja je svakog nogometnog trenera. Klubovi koji nemaju financijske mogućnosti osigurati si skupocjenu aparaturu za mjerenje frekvencije srca, koncentracije laktata, primitka kisika i sličnu imaju znatno više problema oko praćenja, kontrole i doziranja trenažnog opterećenja. Metoda subjektivnog osjećaja opterećenja jedna je od metoda za određivanje anaerobnog praga kao pokazatelja intenziteta vježbe kod vrhunskih sportaša. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je primijeniti metodu subjektivnog osjećaja opterećenja u testu i utvrditi postoji li korelacija između sportaševog subjektivnog osjećaja opterećenja i stvarnog intenziteta opterećenja mjerenog monitorom srčane frekvencije, kako bi se ta metoda mogla opravdano i sa sigurnošću koristiti u praćenju, kontroli i doziranju treninga mladih sportaša. Uzorak se sastojao od 22 nogometaša (n = 22, 12,9 ± 0,55 godina). Ispitanici su izvršili progresivni terensk...

The component model of Exercise Addiction (EA) paralleled that of psychoactive substance
addiction. An individual afflicted by this condition adhered to a rigorous exercise regimen,
became preoccupied with it, and persisted even in the face of injury, despite being aware of
the potential harm to physical and psychological well-being. Those suffering from Exercise
Addiction exhibited a steadfast refusal to cease exercising, even when the desire to do so
arose. These individuals sought to expend more calories to achieve weight loss, employed
exercise as a means of modulating their mood, and became fixated on body shape. Globally,
concerns regarding eating disorders, body image, and stress saw a notable increase,
particularly among females. These variables further fortified the robust association between
Exercise Addiction and scientific studies that focused on runners. However, there existed a
paucity of studies that concurrently addressed all three variables in the context of Exercise
Addiction among runners. In female runners, eating disorders, body image concerns, and
stress manifested as secondary addictions, with primary Exercise Addiction being the driving
force. This study aimed to elucidate Exercise Addiction among female amateur runners aged
21-55 in the Delhi-NCR region, exploring its interrelations with stress, eating disorders, and
body image.
The sample encompassed 323 females who regularly partook in long-distance events. A
mixed-methods research approach, consisting of a quantitative to qualitative sequence, was
employed. The research objectives were both descriptive and exploratory. A multistage
sampling technique, specifically purposive sampling, was employed. The Exercise Addiction
Inventory (EAI) developed by Terry et al. (2004), the Eating-Disorder Examination
Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (Fairburn & Biglin, 2008), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Sheldon
Cohen, 1983), and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) (Veale et al., 2014) were utilized
for quantitative data collection and subsequently analyzed using SPSS. For qualitative data
collection, focus group discussions involving 6-8 participants and observation methods were
applied to gather information for qualitative analysis on individuals exhibiting Exercise
Addiction. It was hypothesized that all the aforementioned variables demonstrated a high
correlation with Exercise Addiction, acting as both precipitating and perpetuating factors.
Keywords: Female Amateur Runners, Exercise Addiction, Eating Disorder, Stress, Body
Image

The aim of this study is to examine the exercise addiction levels of individuals doing fitnes in terms of
different variables. The sample group of the study consisted of a total of 183 individuals doing fitnes. In
the study, a personal information form to determine demographic variables and the “Exercise Addiction
Scale (EAS)” developed by Tekkurşun-Demir, Hazar, and Cicioğlu (2018) were used as data collection
tools. The scale consists of 17 items and 3 sub-dimensions, and there are no reverse (negative) items in the
scale. The scale is graded using a 5-point Likert-type rating. When the sub-dimensions were examined,
it was determined that the first sub-dimension consisted of the first 7 items (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) under the
name of “Excessive Focus and Emotional Change”. This sub-dimension alone explains 34.89% of the
exercise addiction variable in the scale. The second sub-dimension, “Postponement of Individual-Social
Needs and Conflict”, was found to consist of 6 items (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). This sub-dimension alone
explains 13.06% of the exercise addiction variable in the scale. The third sub-dimension, “Development
of Tolerance and Passion”, was found to consist of 4 items (14, 15, 16, 17) and the third sub-dimension
alone explains 6.65% of the exercise addiction variable in the scale. The normal group score range of the
Exercise Addiction Scale is evaluated as 1-17, the low-risk group score range as 18-34, the risk group
score range as 35-51, the dependent group score range as 52-69 and the high group score range as 70-85
points (Tekkurşun Demir et al., 2018). SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program was
used in the analysis of data to determine the exercise addiction levels of the individuals constituting the
study group. Distribution, frequency, t test and anova test were used to compare the relevant data. As a
result of the statistical analyses, it was seen that the exercise addiction levels of the participants differed
significantly according to the variables of gender, age and fitnes years.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON), an emergent
eating disorder, presents as an obsession with healthy
eating among nutrition and sports professionals as well as
fitness enthusiasts. However, it often goes unmonitored.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ON, an
obsession with healthy eating, and its association with the
extent of health concerns, exercise addiction, and
depression among fitness enthusiasts. Data was collected
from 154 respondents aged 18-30 years (45.5% males and
54.5% females) categorized as gym enthusiasts, weightsensitive
sports athletes, and nutritionists using validated
questionnaires -ORTO-15, Health Concern Scale, Exercise
Addiction Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
The prevalence of ON was assessed and the association
between ON and other variables was determined using
logistic regression. The overall prevalence of ON was
53.24% across the study groups, with the highest
prevalence among gym-enthusiasts (63.8%) followed by
weight-sensitive athletes (56.1%) and nutritionists (40%)
respectively. The ORTO-15 scores showed a significant
negative correlation with BMI (r=-0.215), Health Concern
Scale (r=-0.438), and Exercise Addiction Inventory (r= -
0.370), irrespective of gender and the study group. A
significant association between higher health concern
scores and the development of ON was observed (71.8%
probability, p value=0.002). Orthorexia tendencies were
prevalent across the study groups. This highlights the
severity of the phenomena. An excessive preoccupation
with healthy eating and dietary restrictions may result in
mental health consequences, the risk of nutritional
deficiencies despite appearing health-conscious, and
contribute to an unhealthy fixation on body image.

Suci umjetničkog plivanja specifična su skupina koja ima veliku odgovornost na natjecanjima i povećani psihički napor i stres. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su utvrditi prehrambene i životne navike sudaca, dobiti uvid u organizaciju natjecanja, utvrditi koji faktori utječu na odabir hrane sudaca te koji se problemi pojavljuju na natjecanjima. Primijenjen je upitnik o odabiru hrane prethodno razvijen za sportaše. Rezultati su uspoređeni s prethodno objavljenim istraživanjem. Sa sutkinjama (n=2) je proveden online intervju koji je sniman radi naknadne obrade podataka. Rezultati su pokazali da je glavni faktor koji utječe na odabir hrane sudaca umjetničkog plivanja ''senzorska svojstva'' kod jedne, a ''nutritivna vrijednost hrane'' kod druge sutkinje, a kao najmanje bitan odabran je faktor ''vrijednost hrane i uvjerenja''. Kao glavni problemi navedeni su pojava umora i pad koncentracije kroz dan i tjedan natjecanja, a kod izbora hrane nenaviknutost na okuse drugih kultura. Na temelju dobivenih informacija i uz pomoć dostupne literature, napisani su savjeti za prehranu sudaca umjetničkog plivanja za dane natjecanja.

Exercise dependence (EXD) can be considered an addictive behaviour because it presents signs typical of other addictive behaviours. Despite possible health problems related to EXD, the prevalence of risk for EXD has never been systematically reviewed. This article aimed to systematically review the prevalence of risk for EXD. Studies were identified from searches in the ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science electronic databases up to June 2018. Empirical studies were selected if (1) they included the outcomes of the prevalence of EXD; (2) participants were regular exercisers; and (3) they were published in either the English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish languages. A total of 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of risk for EXD was estimated to be between 3 and 7% of regular exercisers and the university student population, and between 6 and 9% of the athlete population. The results of this review indicated that the prevalence of risk fo...

Bigorexia nervosa (BN) is a controversial nosological entity, considered either a feeding/eating disorder (FED) or a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This rapid review aims to explore the characteristic features of BN and identify evidence-based therapeutic interventions for this condition. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant information about BN, and 26 reports were reviewed in detail. The results showed that bodybuilders, weightlifters, and other populations involved in athletic activities are the most vulnerable to the onset of this disorder. Patients with BN should also be screened for physical and psychiatric comorbidities and complications, such as anabolic steroid use disorder, physical exercise addiction, and depressive or anxiety disorders. The main differential diagnoses for BN are schizophrenia spectrum disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, bodily distress disorder, and obsessive–compulsive d...

The main aim of this research is to identify the kinesiological differences in approaches and methods of training in the field of Crossfit and Bodybuilding, based on the kinesiological, anthropological and technical characteristics, as well as to determine the difference between recreationists and athletes in engagement programs such as Crossfit and Bodybuilding. The survey was conducted on a sample of 84 subjects, namely: 48 recreationists and 36 athletes. Research results show that a far greater number of recreationists are engaged in Bodybuilding compared to athletes. What is the main characteristic of this study is that the recreationists or athletes are not sufficiently informed about the Crossfit program and that it is rarely used in recreational and training activities.

Introduction: Exercise addiction is a phenomenon being able to affecting
the athletic performance. The gene, ANKK1 and the polymorphism
NM_178510.2:c.2137G > A (rs1800497) has been linked to the exercise addiction. However, further studies on diverse populations and sport branches are needed to totally explore the possible association of this polymorphism with the athletic performance. Thus, the present study aims to decipher any possible relations of the rs1800497 polymorphism with the athletic performance/personal best (PB) and sport experience of elite athletes.
Methods: Sixty volunteer elite athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 control/sedentary participated in the study. The polymorphism was genotyped using whole exome sequencing approach and PB were determined according to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score.
Results: Our results underlined that there were not any significance differences for both allele and genotype frequencies between the groups in terms of athletic performance, although the frequency of allele G was higher (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, sport experience significantly associated with the rs1800496 polymorphism (p < 0.05).
Discussion: In conclusion, genotype G/G could be inferred to be linked to the higher sport experience and athletic performance. Still, further studies with higher number of participants are needed to conclude the association of this polymorphism with athletic parameters.

The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate evidence for physical and sports activity affecting mental health. Knowledge about preemptive and treatment effects on achieving and maintaining an average level of physical abilities is considered nowadays to be a significant achievement of modern science. This knowledge has influenced the creation of various programs for the improvement of the holistic wealth of an individual. The accent is on the investigation of psychological benefits of exercising both in terms of prevention, and in treatment of stress, depression and anxiety. It is necessary to establish a parallel between the positive and negative influences of sports activity on mental health, and use of the individual approach in the way, attitude, motive, intensity and scope of recreational/sport activity. Regarding professional athletes, harmonization of physical and psychological preparation with adequate professional supervision is of great importance. Coordinated physical and psychological preparations can act positively on the attainment and achievement of goals, but also on the preservation and maintenance of mental health.

The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate evidence for physical and sports activity affecting mental health. Knowledge about preemptive and treatment effects on achieving and maintaining an average level of physical abilities is considered nowadays to be a significant achievement of modern science. This knowledge has influenced the creation of various programs for the improvement of the holistic wealth of an individual. The accent is on the investigation of psychological benefits of exercising both in terms of prevention, and in treatment of stress, depression and anxiety. It is necessary to establish a parallel between the positive and negative influences of sports activity on mental health, and use of the individual approach in the way, attitude, motive, intensity and scope of recreational/sport activity. Regarding professional athletes, harmonization of physical and psychological preparation with adequate professional supervision is of great importance. Coordinated p...

The aim of this study is to examine the exercise addiction levels and processes of wrestling athletes. For this purpose, a total of 59 young athletes between the ages of 15-21 in freestyle and Greco-Roman styles, who continue their training in different sports clubs, were included. Before the scale applications were made, the athletes were informed about the purpose of the study and the scale. "Personal Information Form" and "Exercise Addiction Scale" prepared by the researchers were used as data collection tools. SPSS package program was used to analyze the data. According to the analysis of the data obtained, it was determined that the wrestlers did four days or more according to the frequency of doing sports, were at a moderate level according to the economic situation, received nutrition education and did regular sports. It was determined that most individuals were in the addicted group (52-69 scale points) according to the average scores they got from the exercise addiction scale. As a result, we can say that these exercises, which are performed depending on the sports branch and training intensity of the performance athletes who have reached a certain level, increase the exercise addiction levels.

Recent studies have shown a relationship between the risk for exercise addiction (REA) and passion. This research examined whether levels of REA, volume of exercise (in weekly hours), and self-reported exercise intensities yield differences in obsessive passion and harmonious passion among individuals with long history of exercise. Respondents (n = 360) completed the Exercise Addiction Inventory, Passion Scale, and Borg Scale (assessing their usual exercise intensity), and reported their volume of exercise (hours per week). Regression analysis demonstrated that exercise intensity, obsessive passion, and harmonious passion were significant predictors (r 2 = .381, p < .001) of the REA scores with obsessive passion being the strongest predictor (r 2 = .318). Exercisers classified as at REA reported higher obsessive

AbstractMuscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of particip...

Sport is one of the world's most important resources and an indispensable part of international culture. Men and women participate in most sports from football, basketball, boxing to extreme sports. The aim of this paper is to research gender equality in many aspects of sport, from equal pay, sponsorship agreements, to scholarships as state support to talented athletes. The paper presents a theoretical framework for defining sport and its significance. The media attitude towards sports is discussed and the symbiosis relationship between sports and the media is emphasized. The focus of the paper is on women in sports and their progress towards gender equality in all sports activities from participation, coaching positions to management. An analysis of the results of the survey was done. The survey was conducted on a representative sample of 201 respondents. The questionnaire was on sports monitoring and key issues on equality in the choice of sports, media attention, equal pay and sponsorship agreements as well as on prejudice against female athletes and career duration and monitoring of women's football given the growing popularity of the sport.

SUMMARY Recreational sport encompass all types of leisure activities that contribute to the development of creative potential, health, life optimism, pleasure and quality of life. Numerous injuries, problems with locomotor system, location of injuries, as well as the seriousness of their consequences, follow all sports events, sport in general and people engaged in sport activities, including recreational sport. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of injuries and quality of life among subjects engaged in two types of recreational sport, &quot;crossfit&quot; and handball. The study included 60 participants, 30 in each sport group. We collected data on the frequency and types of injuries, the quality of life was evaluated using WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The results showed that almost half of the participants in both groups reported injuries in the last two years even though there were no differences between two groups regarding the frequency of injuries. The quality ...

In this brief letter, we report a new World Health Organization (WHO)-led project developing gold standard instruments to detect gaming disorder and gambling disorder following their inclusion in the 'disorders due to addictive behaviours' section of the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [1].

Bevezetés
A fenntarthatóság kérdésköre manapság kiemelt feladatként jelenik meg, mégis környezetünk vonatkozásában tapasztalhatjuk leginkább. Számos dimenzió mentén beszélhetünk róla, így a sport területén is, mégis az a tendencia figyelhető meg, hogy ez az elv elveszik, a gyakorlatban keveset teszünk érte. Egy sportág akkor fenntartható, ha követi a tudományos eredményeket, növeli az utánpótlás bázisát és egészséges ifjúságot képes kinevelni. A fenntarthatóság elsősorban a megfogható és mérhető világ törvényein alapul, ezért számszerűsítve kell kezelni. Ehhez elsősorban egyrészt az iskolai testnevelés mérési mechanizmusai alkalmasak, másrészt a különböző sportklubok szerepvállalása szükséges. A sport egy olyan eszköz lehet a fenntarthatóság palettáján, mely társadalmi és gazdasági szintéren is megjelenik.

Anyag és módszerek
A 2023. év elején jelentette be Dr. Schmidt Ádám az olimpiai sportágak kategorizálását, ezáltal a nemzeti versenysport fejlesztési programot. A kategóriák I-től V-ig terjednek, többek között az eredményesség határozza meg, melyik kategóriába kerül egy sportág.
Jelen tanulmányban az egyik alap sportot, a „sportok királyát”, a szertornát vizsgáltuk a fenntarthatóság jegyében.
Arra voltunk kíváncsiak, hogy a torna sport hogyan tud illeszkedni a jelen kor tudományos kutatási eredményeihez és a sportágak alapvető fejlődési trendjeihez.

Eredmények

2018-ban egy új versenyrendszer jött létre, ami 10 éves kortól egészen a serdülő kor végéig (14 éves kutig) folyamatos fejlődési lehetőséget rejt magában mind a versenyzőknek mind pedig az edzőknek. Emellett egy felmérő program szintén bevezetésre került 2018-ban, mely már az egyéni képességek és tudás mérésre szolgál. Napjainkban olyan olyan neves volt sportolók és olimpiai bajnokok dolgoznak a Torna Szövetségben, mint Dr. Magyar Zoltán, Berki Krisztián vagy épp Guczhoghy György. Azzal, hogy a sport közelében maradtak olyan szociális és kapcsolati tőkével rendelkezik a torma, ami korábban hiányzott.
Érdemes megemlíteni, hogy mindezek ellenére a torna sport népszerűsítésre érett. A sportágválasztókon megjelenik, az iskolai testnevelés szerves része, mégis a tornázni vágyók
egyre kevesebben vannak, főleg a verseny sportban.

Következtetés
A torma sport jó irányban indult el, megtörténtek az első lépések, de talán nem a legmegfelelőbb sorrendben. A sportágnak szüksége van a változásra, a változtatásra, tehát ha eddig nem is, most égető kérdés a fenntarthatóság. A kategória esés is azt jelzi, hogy valahol változtatni kell. Szükségesnek ítélem a társadalmi és gazdasági intézkedések felülvizsgálatát, újra gondolását. Nyitni kell a rekreáció felé, első és legfontosabb feladat a sportág népszerűsítése.

Exercise addiction is characterized by excessive exercise patterns with potential negative consequences such as overuse injuries. The aim of this study was to compare eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachments styles in exercisers with and without indications of exercise addiction. A case-control study with 121 exercisers was conducted. The exercisers were categorized into an addiction group (n ¼41) or a control group (n ¼80) on the basis of their responses to the Exercise Addiction Inventory. The participants completed the Eating Disorder Inventory 2, the Short-Form 36, the NEO Personality Inventory Revised and the Adult Attachment Scale. The addiction group scored higher on eating disorder symptoms, especially on perfectionism but not as high as eating disorder populations. The characteristic personality traits in the addiction group were high levels of excitement-seeking and achievement striving whereas scores on straightforwardness and compliance were lower than in the exercise control group. The addiction group reported more bodily pain and injuries. This study supports the hypothesis that exercise addiction is separate to an eating disorder, but shares some of the concerns of body and performance. It is driven by a striving for high goals and excitement which results in pain and injuries from overuse.

The observed low level of physical activity among the students drives the curiosity to understand the dominant traits of Grade 10 students and whether these traits would associate with their physical activity engagement. Using a mixed method, convergent design, 150 student-respondents were selected from schools in the Cotabato province to respond to the survey questionnaire. At the same time, seven participants were invited to join the In-Depth-Interview and ten participants in the Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The statistical tools used were frequency, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-Square Test for Association. Results revealed that agreeableness was the most dominant personality trait possessed by the Grade 10 students. Their physical activity engagement was moderate. The results further showed no significant association between personality traits and physical activity engagement among the participants. Moreover, the qualitative findings revealed five essential themes: a healthy and active lifestyle, school and home-based physical activity, positive emotion, social and physical demands, and personal belief and support. As to how participants' physical activity shaped their values, attitudes, and commitment, essential themes such as attention focus, positive disposition, prioritized task, and trying new physical activities emerged. Finally, data integration revealed nine merging-converging, and two of them were merging-diverging in nature.

Various levels of lockdown due to COVID-19 limit people's habitual physical activity. Individuals addicted to exercise, health-oriented, and team-exercisers could be the most affected. We examined the COVID-19-related changes in exercise volume in 1079 exercisers from eight Spanish-speaking nations based on exercise addiction categories, primary reasons for exercise, and forms of exercise. The COVID-19-related decrease in exercise volume was 49.24% in the sample. The proportion of the risk of exercise addiction was 15.2%. Most (81.7%) of the participants exercised for a health-related reason. These exercisers reported lesser decrease in their exercise volume than those exercising for social reasons. The risk of exercise addiction was inversely related to changes in exercise volume, but after controlling for passion and perfectionism the relationship vanished. The reported effect of COVID-19 on training did not differ between the exercise addiction groups. The findings also confirm that exercise addiction research should control for passion and perfectionism.

Background and aims: Exercise may become physically and psychologically maladaptive if taken to extremes. One example is the dependence reported by some individuals who engage in weight training. The current study explored potential psychological, motivational, emotional and behavioural concomitants of bodybuilding dependence, with a particular focus on motives for weight training. Using a path analysis paradigm, putative causal models sought to explain associations among key study variables. Methods: A convenience sample of 101 men aged between 18 and 67 years was assembled from gymnasia in Adelaide, South Australia. Active weight trainers voluntarily completed a questionnaire that included measures of bodybuilding dependence (social dependency, training dependency, and mastery), anger, hostility and aggression, stress and motivations for weight training. Results: Three motives for weight training were identified: mood control, physique anxiety and personal challenge. Of these, personal challenge and mood control were the most directly salient to dependence. Social dependency was particularly relevant to personal challenge, whereas training dependency was associated with both personal challenge and mood control. Mastery demonstrated a direct link with physique anxiety, thus reflecting a unique component of exercise dependence. Conclusions: While it was not possible to determine causality with the available data, the joint roles of variables that influence, or are influenced by, bodybuilding dependence are identified. Results highlight unique motivations for bodybuilding and suggest that dependence could be a result of, and way of coping with, stress manifesting as aggression. A potential framework for future research is provided through the demonstration of plausible causal linkages among these variables.

Introduction: Excessive physical exercise combined with certain psychic and sociodemographic factors can lead to dependence. Objective: To examine which factors lead to the emergence of exercise dependence. Methods: Sample consisted of 103 men (mean age 27.3 years, SD 6.127) who performed exercises at gyms at least three times a week in the last year or more in Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Raska and Tutin, Serbia. Participants completed questionnaires and took appropriate tests. Results: Our results showed that there is no association between exercise dependence and financial status, number of siblings, level of education, family stability, health, and medication use among the interviewees. However, it was found that the degree of exercise dependence is associated with marital status and problems with the law. Regression analysis showed that body dysmorphia, body mass index and aggressiveness are better predictors of exercise dependence. Conclusion: People whose self-perception is dismorphi...

Exercise dependence is described as exercise which is harmful if engaged compulsively and excessively. The present study aims to investigate differences in categories of exercise behaviours and areas of body esteem in gym-goers in India across genders. The study used a cross-sectional design, and the sample consisted of 291 gym-goers (females = 146; males = 145) The Exercise Dependence Scale- 21 (EDS-21) and Body Esteem Scale-Revised (BES-R) was administered to the gym-goers in India after seeking informed consent. The obtained data were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference in the three categories of exercise behaviours and three areas of body esteem in male gym-goers. However, such similar differences were not found in female gym-goers. The differences found in body esteem for the male gym-goers in certain areas suggest how exercise has an impact on body ...

Objective: Compulsive exercise is a prominent feature for the majority of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), but there is a dearth of research evaluating assessment instruments. This study assessed the concurrent validity of the exercise items of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), with the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET) and other self-report exercise measures in patients with AN. We also aimed to perform validation of the CET in an adult clinical sample. Methods: The sample consisted of 78 adults with AN, recruited for the randomized controlled trial "Taking a LEAP forward in the treatment of anorexia nervosa." At baseline, participants completed the EDE, EDE-Q, CET, Reasons for Exercise Inventory (REI), Commitment to Exercise Scale (CES) and Exercise Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ). Correlational and regression analyses were performed. Results: EDE exercise days and exercise time per day were positively correlated with each other and with all CET subscales (except Lack of exercise enjoyment), CES mean, EBQ total and REI total. Exercise time per day was associated with a higher EDE global score. The CET demonstrated good concurrent validity with the CES, the REI and the EBQ. Of the selfreports, the CET explained the greatest variance in eating disorder psychopathology and demonstrated good to excellent reliability in this sample. Discussion: The EDE and EDE-Q demonstrated good concurrent validity with the CET. Further research is required to evaluate the CET's factor structure in a large clinical sample. However, the CET has demonstrated strong clinical utility in adult patients with AN. V

Cultural studies exploring differences in the manifestation of anorexia nervosa (AN) have primarily focus on Western and non-Western cultures. However, no study so far has considered the role that social attitudes (i.e. Collectivist vs. Individualist cultural values) have in the clinical manifestations of eating disorders, including AN patients. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to compare eating and general psychopathology in a large sample of individuals diagnosed with AN from China, Spain, and United Kingdom (UK), in order to study the differences according to belonging to Western or non-Western country, or the country&#39;s Individualist Index (IDV). The total sample comprised on 544 adults with a diagnosis of AN recruited from People´s Republic of China (n = 72), UK (n = 117), and Spain (n = 355). Assessment measures included the Eating Disorders Inventory and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Our results show significant differences in most of the eating and psychopa...

The 10-item Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI; Veale et al., 2013) was developed to assess cognitive processes and behaviours characteristic of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Although the AAI has a number of advantages for research and is widely used, the structure of it has only been evaluated in one previous study. The aim of this study was to conduct an independent evaluation of the AAI's factor structure and convergent validity. Two studies were conducted. Participants in Study 1 were 730 Australian university students (M age = 21 years). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, results indicated that 9 AAI items loaded highly on a single factor. However, both the 9-item and the 10-item AAI had good reliability. In Study 2, the AAI 9-item measure was confirmed in a sample of 862 Australian adolescents (M age = 13 years), and the results were compared to using the 10-item AAI. In each study, the 9-item AAI had excellent convergent validity with measures of body dysmorphic symptoms and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. The decision to use the 10 items of the AAI or to exclude the one item focused on "checking appearance (e.g., in mirrors)" to use a 9-item measure should depend on the research purpose. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterised by a preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, causing significant distress and functional impairment (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; ICD-10, 1992). Prevalence studies have been conducted, but the obtained rates vary widely (see Veale, Gledhill, Christodoulou, Bartsch& Hodsoll, 2016). For example, prevalence of self-reported BDD symptoms has ranged from 1.2% to 13% in university student groups (

To test a hypothesized association between resting leptin levels (adjusted for body fat percentage) and symptoms of primary exercise addiction. Cross-sectional design. Habitual amateur exercisers participating in running, fitness, weight training, and biking. Twenty men with exercise addiction as defined by the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI scores 24-30) and 20 men in an exercise control group (EAI scores 6-16) matched on body mass index. Plasma leptin and sex hormones were measured in blood samples collected under fasting and resting conditions. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Eating disorder symptoms were identified by the Eating Disorder Inventory 2. The exercise addiction group had significantly (P &lt; 0.001) lower leptin levels (1.1 μg/L, SD = 1.3) than controls (4.3 μg/L, SD = 2.9). Even when adjusted for body fat percentage, the addiction group had significantly (P &lt; 0.001) lower leptin levels (0.1 μg/L, SD = 0.1) than the controls (...

Exercise addiction is characterized by excessive exercise patterns with potential negative consequences such as overuse injuries. The aim of this study was to compare eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachments styles in exercisers with and without indications of exercise addiction. A case-control study with 121 exercisers was conducted. The exercisers were categorized into an addiction group (n ¼41) or a control group (n ¼80) on the basis of their responses to the Exercise Addiction Inventory. The participants completed the Eating Disorder Inventory 2, the Short-Form 36, the NEO Personality Inventory Revised and the Adult Attachment Scale. The addiction group scored higher on eating disorder symptoms, especially on perfectionism but not as high as eating disorder populations. The characteristic personality traits in the addiction group were high levels of excitement-seeking and achievement striving whereas scores on straightforwardness and compliance were lower than in the exercise control group. The addiction group reported more bodily pain and injuries. This study supports the hypothesis that exercise addiction is separate to an eating disorder, but shares some of the concerns of body and performance. It is driven by a striving for high goals and excitement which results in pain and injuries from overuse.

Introduction: Physical activity and exercise have numerous physical and psychological benefits. However, some individuals persevere in exercise despite the various problems it causes-physical, emotional, social and psychological. Aim: The present study aimed to explore the effects of gender, group of exercisers and supplements on the occurrence of obligatory exercise in young adults. Another aim was to explore and present psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the Croatian version of The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ). Methods: The study included 124 kinesiology students and 109 recreational exercisers (107 males and 126 females) in early adulthood engaged in some kind of physical activity. The participants provided information about sociodemographic characteristics and completed The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. Results: Analysis of the factor structure of the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire revealed three factors: exercise frequency and commitment, exercise preoccupation and intensity, and exercise emotionality. Obtained findings correspond to the previous modified and reduced versions of the instrument. The results of the research indicate that male participants and kinesiology students exercise more often and are more committed than females and recreational exercisers. Participants using vitamin and nutritional supplements exercise more often, are more committed and more preoccupied and exercise more intensely than those who are not using any supplements. Likewise, male students using vitamin and nutritional supplements show the highest levels of exercise emotionality. Conclusion: The results suggest that the male gender, kinesiology students, and those who use the supplements may be riskier for obligatory exercise development.

Increased research on passion in exercise calls for direct examination of possible moderating variables, such as culture and gender, that could influence the interpretation of the research results. This study using a nation by gender between-participants design, examined differences in obsessive- and harmonious passion in Spanish and Hungarian physically active individuals. Participants (n = 1002) completed the Passion Scale, reported their gender, age and weekly hours of physical activity. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that the experiencing of physical activity-related obsessive- and harmonious passion differed between the 2 countries and Hungarian women scored significantly higher on harmonious and obsessive passion than Spanish women. However, Hungarian men only scored significantly higher on obsessive passion, but not harmonious passion compared to Spanish men. These results suggest that gender and cultural differences are likely to affect the interpretation and g...

AbstractMuscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of particip...

Bevezetés:
Napjainkban a sportbeli teljesítmény mérésére számos lehetőség kínálkozik a tudomány különböző területeit érintve. A versenyző teljesítménye függ a sportoló fizikai, kognitív és pszichés adottságaitól, ugyanakkor nagy hangsúlyt kap az edző szerepe abban, hogy milyen visszajelzést ad a különböző habitusú tanítványainak. Az edző edzéselméleti, pedagógiai, pszichológiai felkészültsége döntően hozzájárul a sportoló eredményességéhez, ő választja a módszereket, stratégiákat, amelyek hatékonysága számszerűsíthető a versenyhelyzetekben. Az élsportban tevékenykedő edzők, valamint az ott készülő versenyzők kapcsolata kiemelkedő jelentőséggel bír. Az élsport egy teljesítményorientált tevékenység, melyben az edző, továbbá tanítvány közösen dolgoznak a sikerekért hosszú éveken keresztül. Azokban a sportágakban, ahol a korai specializáció jelen van, mint a torna sport, a kollektív munka még szorosabb kapcsolatot hoz létre a két szereplő között, emiatt is az edző felkészültsége kulcsfontosságú.
A vizsgálat célja, hogy bemutassa egy okostelefon applikáció a GymTrack Word segítségével, hogyan tudja az edző a különböző alkati típusba tartozó versenyzőnek éles helyzetben nyújtott teljesítményét befolyásolni (Bordán és mtsai, 2022).
Anyag és Módszer:
A sportági teljesítőképesség mérésére a torna sportban egy tudományos csoport által fejlesztett IKT eszköz áll rendelkezésünkre. Ez az alkalmazás személyre szabottan méri, vizsgálja az edzésteljesítményt, továbbá egyszerű statisztikát készít a gyakorlatok sikeres illetve sikertelen végrehajtásáról. A kutatásban kamasz korú fiú tornászok vesznek részt, akik rendszeresen versenyeznek. A vizsgálat során az eredmények szerenként kerülnek elemzésre az edzés és a versenyteljesítmény tekintetében, ezek összevetése kerül a vizsgálat középpontjába. Az applikáció adatainak elemzése mellett megfigyeléses módszerrel vizsgáljuk a különböző versenyzői típusokat, rajtállapotokat.
Eredmények:
Az eredmények a felkészülési időszak 3 fázisát mutatják be. Először versenyszezon előtti féléves edzésteljesítmény applikációs statisztikája, majd a valós verseny eredmény, végül a versenyzői attitűd kerül értékelésre. A versenyzői típusok meghatározását megfigyeléses módszerrel, valamint edzői beszámoló alapján értékeltük. Az applikáció eredményeinek fél éves intervalluma áll rendelkezésre, a vizsgálatban ezen időszak alatti statisztikák eredményei kerülnek elemzésre, illetve a klub vezető edzőjével készített interjú alapján meghatározhatóak voltak a vizsgált gyerekek rajtállapotai. A sikeres versenyt 75 pontban határoztuk meg az elmúlt olimpiai ciklus alapján.
Következtetések:
A versenyzői típusok feltárása, valamint az ahhoz kapcsolódó edzői stratégiák eredményes alkalmazása nélkülözhetetlen a versenyteljesítmény maximalizálása érdekében. Amennyiben az edző jól ismeri versenyzőjét téthelyzetben is, képes őt a jó irányba terelni. Ez a képessége a versenyző eredményességére jótékony hatást gyakorol. A sikeres megmérettetés emeli az interior (belső) motivációt, ezáltal a sportban maradást is (Soós, 2022).

Substance abuse has been associated with deficits in executive functions, including inhibitory control [1]. Hence, it is vital to understand those factors that contribute to improvements in inhibitory control. One such factor may be mindfulness. Specifically, studies have suggested that mindfulness is associated with enhanced inhibitory control [2], but recent studies suggest that the relationship may vary as a function of reward context [3]. In addition, the brain mechanisms that drive inhibitory enhancement has not yet been fully explored. Addressing these questions was the aim of the current study. In total, 65 participants (19 male, 46 female) between 19-58 years old (M = 23.94, SD = 6.09) performed a neutral and (palatable food) reward stop signal task (SST) while their electrophysiological brain activity was recorded via EEG. The task yields a behavioral measure of inhibitory control, the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Relevant brain activity indices associated with different components of inhibitory control are the stop-signal associated right frontal N2 and frontocentral P3. We replicated these components in the current study and show that these vary as a function of stopping success. The project is ongoing, but preliminary results regarding the exact relationship between mindfulness and the aforementioned indices of inhibitory control will be presented, and its implications discussed.

The current study aims to reveal the requirements for sports officials’ personal attributes, professional skills, and knowledge in Bulgaria. The article analyzes data gathered during the ONSIDE Erasmus+ project. The research has been conducted through a specially designed questionnaire, available in 18 languages and distributed electronically. There are 220 respondents, which encompass well over 50 different sports. There are 31 countries represented in the study, including some outside of the EU. Responses are divided into three groups: Bulgaria, Eastern Block, and Western Block countries. The current article examines if there are any differences in the expectations for the sports officials in Bulgaria, compared to the representatives of the other two groups, based on the different political histories of the countries in the three groups. The responses to each question were checked for statistically significant differences between each pair of the three groups using the Mann-Whitne...

Exercise dependence (EXD) can be considered an addictive behaviour because it presents signs typical of other addictive behaviours. Despite possible health problems related to EXD, the prevalence of risk for EXD has never been systematically reviewed. This article aimed to systematically review the prevalence of risk for EXD. Studies were identified from searches in the ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science electronic databases up to June 2018. Empirical studies were selected if (1) they included the outcomes of the prevalence of EXD; (2) participants were regular exercisers; and (3) they were published in either the English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish languages. A total of 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of risk for EXD was estimated to be between 3 and 7% of regular exercisers and the university student population, and between 6 and 9% of the athlete population. The results of this review indicated that the prevalence of risk fo...

This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use, and mental health outcomes. Previous research has suggested that individuals with BDD may be more likely to abuse AAS due to their preoccupation with appearance, but AAS use may worsen mental health issues in this population.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise addiction, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety, and depression among competitive and amateur athletes. Participants were 100 athletes of mean age 28.3 years (18-62), of which there were 67 males and 35 females. The sample consisted of competitive and amateur athletes who participated in individual and group sports. They filled in the Exercise Addiction Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, a questionnaire assessing Eating Attitudes Test, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Ratings of exercise addiction were positively correlated with BDI scores across the study sample. Exercise addiction ratings were associated with abnormal eating attitudes, but not with trait or state anxiety. Athletes engaging in individual sports scored marginally higher on depression scores than group athletes but there was no difference in depression scores between competitive and amateur athlet...

Background and aims: Exercise and physical activity are beneficial both physically and psychologically but a few individuals use exercise excessively resulting in physical and even psychological damage. There is evidence for bidirectional relationship between exercise with depression and anxiety showing that exercise can reduce anxiety and depression, whereas a lack of exercise is associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Methods: This study used questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety and depression among 20 professional regular exercisers and 51 recreational regular exercisers. Results: Results showed that ratings of compulsive exercise were associated with ratings of anxiety and depression among individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose. Secondly, individuals who exercise for professional purpose were more depressed than individuals who exercise for recreational purpose, but did not exhibit higher trait anxiety ratings. Thirdly, individuals who exercise for recreational purpose showed an association between ratings of compulsive exercise and depression but not with ratings of trait anxiety. Discussion: Individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose may use it as a means for alleviating depression and anxiety although this small sample of recreational and professional sportsmen showed clinical levels of anxiety and depression that may require further clinical treatment.

Introduction Dual pathology during pregnancy, described as the co-occurrence of substance use and mental health problems, is one of the leading preventable causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity; however, effective and accessible treatments are lacking. Objectives As part of the WOMAP(Woman Mental Health and Addictions on Pregnancy) initiative, our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an e-health-based psychotherapeutic program compared to enhanced usual care. Methods This effectiveness clinical trial was conducted between 2016-2020 in 5 hospitals in the Madrid (Spain) metropolitan area. 2014 pregnant women under 26 weeks of pregnancy were screened. Eligible participants(n=120) were those who screened positive for co-occurring symptoms (AC-OK screener) and were not receiving specialized behavioral treatment. Participants were assessed in depth at baseline, 2,4,8 and 12 months(PHQ-9;GAD-7;PCL-5;AUDIT;DAST;Fagerström) and randomized to the usual care control ...

Background and aims. In the last thirty years, the continuously increasing number of studies investigating Exercise Addiction (EA) stimulated interest in developing instruments assessing the risk of exercise addiction (REA). One widely used tool is the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) because it is a brief, easy-to-use, time-saving, and psychometrically validated tool. However, its items based on the Components Model of Addiction still lack some reoccurring symptoms associated with exercise addiction. This protocol report outlines the methods of developing and validating an expanded version of the EAI (EAI-3) in a large international sample.Methods. The EAI-3 will be administered to over 5000 regular exercisers in 15 languages through an online survey. The survey will also include questions from the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, the SCOFF questionnaire, and the Ten Item Personality Inventory. We will investigate the factorial struct...

The logistic regression model revealed a strong association between the consumption of sport products and the level of EA across the sample with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.03. Other co-variable factors among female were appearance anxiety (AAI; OR 1.59) and to a lesser extent self-esteem (RSE) (OR 1.08). Conclusions This study identified a high risk of EA, appearance anxiety and BDD amongst a cohort of gym users internationally. The previously-unexplored association between these disorders and the unsupervised use of a variety of fitness products, including illicit drugs, highlights the need for informed and integrated responses targeting such vulnerable individuals.

Regularne uprawianie ćwiczeń fizycznych ma wiele zalet zdrowotnych i słusznie jest postrzegane jako pozytywne, akceptowane społecznie zachowanie. Jednak z tego samego powodu istnieje duże ryzyko, że pacjenci i klinicyści mogą przeoczyć niebezpieczeństwo uzależnienia od ćwiczeń, które powoduje szkody w sferze somatycznej, emocjonalnej i interpersonalnej. Obecny stan wiedzy nie pozwolił na włączenie uzależnienia od ćwiczeń jako sprecyzowanej kategorii w obowiązujących klasyfikacjach ICD-10, ICD-11 i DSM-5. Jednak zaburzenie to spełnia ogólne kryteria uzależnień i na tej podstawie jest włączone do kanonu uzależnień behawioralnych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wiedzy, która pomoże w rozpoznaniu i zrozumieniu mechanizmów fizjologicznych i psychologicznych związanych z uzależnieniem od ćwiczeń fizycznych oraz przybliży dostępne metody psychoterapii. Praca ma charakter przeglądowy i przedstawia, terminologię, kryteria rozpoznawania, dane epidemiologiczne, mechanizmy rozwijania się uz...