Environmental Law

Ao ser publicado em 1965, o Código Florestal (Lei federal n. 4.771) oferecia aos proprietários de terras uma bastante ampla margem para exploração agrária de seus imóveis. Sua edição, em substituição ao vetusto e praticamente inaplicado Decreto Federal 23.793, de 23 de janeiro de 1934, dava-se numa época em que ainda havia áreas contínuas extensas e intocadas em ecossistemas representativos como o Cerrado, o Pantanal Mato-Grossense, a Mata Atlântica e a Floresta Amazônica. Assim, talvez não tenha sido a certeza de sua inaplicabilidade ou exigibilidade que fez com que a oligarquia rural não se insurgisse contra a promulgação da nova lei, em plena ascensão do regime militar, mas sim a relativa inconsistência dos limites estabelecidos ao direito de propriedade, que, àquela época, ainda estavam muito longe de serem atingidos. Com o avanço da mecanização agrícola, das monoculturas e da pecuária extensiva, processou-se no meio ambiente rural de nosso país uma vertiginosa alteração no quad...

Among others, empowering the citizen in the environmental law enforcement was mentioned the reason for the 1989 environmental law reform in China for the 2015 environmental protection law adoption. The success of reform, however, has not been yet assessed and there is strong reason for scrutiny towel appreciate the nuts and hats of citizen participation in the environmental law enforcement. This article analysis the hodgepodge and echelon of citizen's participation in the 2015 environmental protection law of China with regard to enforcement by clarifying the definitions of law enforcement and citizen participation in light of recent international legal development and understanding. It explores the forms and types of citizen participation recognized by the law in an effort to identify the magnificent reforms of the new law and elucidate on the pitfalls. The existing literatures relating to citizen participation in environmental law enforcement are reviewed and doctrinal scrutiny was made on the environmental protection law. The finding confirms that citizen participation has got wide and onerous recognition, albeit their empowerment to take court action in the public interest has some stringent requirement and limitation. Citizen participation is crucial in environmental protection and is an evolving principle in environmental law enforcement. And hence additional effort to include citizens" right of court action in the environmental enforcement may, fortunately, upgrade the law to the highest scale and may attract a huge enforcement contribution from the public wing.

Tento přispěvek se zabýva otazkou osobni působnosti nařizeni Brusel I ve světle jeho probihajici revize. V soucasne podobě je osobni působnost nařizeni založena na podmince bydlistě žalovaneho v některem clenskem statě EU. Z tohoto pravidla existuje jen několik malo výjimek. Dle připravovane revize by se mělo nařizeni aplikovat i v situaci, kdy bude mit žalovaný bydlistě mimo EU. Tento přispěvek rozebira soucasný stav osobni působnosti nařizeni, navrhovanou změnu a jeji dopad na jednotliva ustanoveni v nařizeni. Přispěvek se snaži potvrdit nebo vyvratit hypotezu, že univerzalni osobni působnost nařizeni neni vhodna pro pravidla o přislusnosti.

Loja, 2008 DECLARACION DE AUTORIA "Las ideas emitidas en el contenido del informe final de la presente investigación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores" Nombre(s) los autores (es) Firma ……………………………………. …………………………… …………………………………… …………………………… CESION DE DERECHOS DE TESIS "Yo (nombres y apellidos completos), declaro conocer y aceptar la disposición del Art.

This paper argues, by illustrating, that liberal multiculturalism and natural resources are interlinked strategies of settler colonial governance in political debates surrounding the construction of a "predator-proof" fence for conservation purposes across Native Hawaiian lands of deep cultural and historical significance at Ka`ena Point, a state wilderness park in Hawai`i. First, this paper shifts debates framed in terms of the seeming recalcitrance of Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners to recognize the necessity of natural resource management. Second, it considers how these political debates are repeated in the context of legal questions over the forms through which Native Hawaiian cultural claims may be placed against settler state actions. Third, and most pertinently, the paper speaks to an emerging field of critical indigenous legal scholars who analyze the limits of law as coterminous with settler colonialism.

El Código Orgánico Ambiental fue promulgado en 2017 y debía entrar en vigencia un año después. Este artículo reseña las principales deficiencias técnicas del cuerpo legal en las materias de conservación de la biodiversidad, temas forestales, manglares, cuencas hidrográficas, y la reparación de daños ambientales. La investigadora explica como estas deficiencias lejos de colaborar con la conservación de la biodiversidad nacional, debilitan la estructura institucional, complejizan el manejo de los recursos de la diversidad biológica y constituyen al instrumento legal en un driver contra la conservación de la biodiversidad nacional.

When accessing technical and scientific texts environmental, we detect that many concepts are defined differently. We discovered that many words apply to different situations. Various performances (consequences, phenomena) in the environmental field differently defined. An example is, the different identity that can be taken the same word "contamination" . For this reason, it is necessary to specify the sense that different expressions are used, while specifying the concepts. Environmental change can be defined as any change in the environment, either by entirely natural causes or by human actions. Also be attributed to the combination of other or both . For example, the modifications caused by an earthquake, for the construction of a breakwater, or the landfill of any toxic substances, are all environmental changes, regardless of the origin, its magnitude or duration. The environmental effect is defined as the changes caused by human actions, (whether intended or not). This effect may have been directly or might have been an unintended effect. For example, the changes resulting from the filling of a dock (whose effects can be positive or negative) environmental effects are considered. The disappearance of a species in one place, as a result of contamination by a deliberate disposal for uncontrolled release or sudden stroke, it would be an environmental effect. Neither the padding nor the environmental effect would disappear if they are due to natural causes. The environmental effects are produced or not. Can be measured, litters of fuel spilled meters of coastline affected, number of dead fish. The identification, analysis and quantification of environmental effects can be done in an objective manner and the results achieved will be similar, regardless of who or who perform them.

This article commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the Second Circuit’s Texas Gulf Sulphur decision by examining the impact of the case on insider trading law in the United States. The author begins by discussing the SEC’s opinion, In the Matter of Cady, Roberts & Co., which laid the foundation for the Texas Gulf Sulphur decision by creating a federal duty to disclose material nonpublic information or abstain from trading securities. The author then posits that the SEC, in its Cady, Roberts decision, rejected judicially developed common law fiduciary duty to disclose based on trust and confidence, and, by administrative fiat, substituted a broader federal duty of disclosure centered on access and unfairness. Next, the article examines how the Cady, Roberts decision would fair under the Supreme Court’s modern insider trading law. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the court’s adoption of a new federal duty of disclosure in Texas Gulf Sulphur

organizou e lançou, recentemente, uma biografia comentada e ilustrada de Alexander Von Humboldt que, segundo ela e certamente aprovado por muitos, foi o mais importante cientista do século XIX. A obra, intitulada A invenção da natureza -A vida e as descobertas de Alexander Von Humboldt, traduzida e publicada no Brasil no ano de 2016, constitui uma das leituras fundamentais a toda pessoa interessada na compreensão do mundo. Ela interessa, particularmente, aos geógrafos e aos estudiosos das ciências da Terra e da Natureza. Considerado um dos fundadores da Geografia, Humboldt não chegou a assistir à sua criação como Ciência Moderna, disciplinar e universitária, fato registrado historicamente por volta de 1870, momento também da criação da Alemanha como Estado Moderno. Aquele momento histórico, fortemente marcado pelo romantismo na Europa Central, possibilitou a formação de campos do conhecimento (disciplinares!) eivados de hibridismo oriundos das artes e da ciência, uma característica marcante da Geografia. A obra de Humboldt, construída ao longo do século XIX, junto àquela de Karl Ritter, teceu as bases para a organização da Geografia Moderna. Num dos trechos de uma das suas mais importantes obras, Cosmos, Humboltd antevia a configuração deste campo do conhecimento voltado a revelar à humanidade os detalhes da composição deste fragmento do Universo que possibilita a vida tal qual a conhecemos. Ao separar a dimensão maior (cosmos) daquela onde desenvolvemos nossas vidas (coros) estruturou e orientou, detalhadamente, o olhar dos estudiosos sobre a superfície da Terra, de maneira que: Este é um artigo de acesso aberto distribuído sob os termos da Licença Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução para fins não comercias, com a citação dos autores e da fonte original e sob a mesma licença.

Marcos e Alto Paranaíba -GZRP, financiado pela Fapemig (2007Fapemig ( -2009)). Propõe-se a construção de portais digitais de informação para potencializar as metodologias utilizadas, bem como para interconectar os produtos obtidos a outras plataformas, metodologias e linguagens de Tecnologia da Informação.

Marcos e Alto Paranaíba -GZRP, financiado pela Fapemig (2007Fapemig ( -2009)). Propõe-se a construção de portais digitais de informação para potencializar as metodologias utilizadas, bem como para interconectar os produtos obtidos a outras plataformas, metodologias e linguagens de Tecnologia da Informação.

Drawing on the Foucauldian notion of regimes of truth, this paper introduces the idea of regimes of toxicity as different forms of knowledge and discourses on toxicity. Furthermore, inspired by critical studies on toxicity, I posit that the dominant regime of toxicity ignores the time bomb of toxicants, which causes terrible anxiety for those who have been exposed, or what I call chemo-anxiety. Former Taiwan RCA workers have faced such anxiety. Their struggle for recognition of the full consequences of their past exposure to a panoply of toxicants presents a formidable challenge to the dominant episteme on toxicity and the violence imposed on the victims. Remarkably, their three decades of mobilization and twenty years of litigation have led to a historic first: the Taiwan Supreme Court's acknowledgment of not only the cancer and other severe illnesses, but also the psychological stress they have suffered as a result of past exposure to toxicants. (The full paper is in open access)

1992 UNCED; Rio conference; Rio summit; UN conference on E & D Development," the "Agenda for the 21st century (AGENDA 21)," and the "Statement of Principles on Forests." A roadmap for sustainable development began to take shape with the 1992 Rio documents. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development aims to create a fair global partnership between nations, important sectors of nations, and communities and contains basic principles that states are required to base their future decisions and policies on. Additionally, Agenda 21 is worthy of notice as a guide for business and government policies into the twenty-first century, which aims to create a quality environment and advanced economy for people all over the world. The Statement of Principles on Forests, meanwhile, is intended to guide the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests. Today, the Rio documents are embedded in both the principles of "environmental law" and "quality of life.

El ceibo (Ceiba sp.) produce un fruto conteniendo un algodoncillo, sirve como indicador cualitativo de calidad ambiental del aire, debido al color que adquiere al estar expuesto a las diversas particulas del entorno. Se emplearon algodoncillos de ceibo, entre las cuadras 2 y 9 de la Av. Nicolas Ayllon en Chaclacayo, y complementariamente otras zonas de Lima. El ano 2008, las diferencias entre las concentraciones de plomo en el algodoncillo y el suelo, indica que este elemento proveniente sobre todo de la combustion de los vehiculos. Los puntos con mayor trafico vehicular reportaron mayores niveles de Pb, no descartandose la presencia de otros materiales particulados en la atmosfera. El ano 2016, los valores menores en el algodoncillo y el suelo, indicaria que la reduccion de plomo como aditivo en los combustibles repercute en los valores de este mineral en el algodoncillo del ceibo en Chaclacayo. La mayor concentracion de plomo en el suelo respecto al acumulado en el algodoncillo de...

Afetivo: nesse grupo quero agradecer primeiramente meus familiares, pai (Gabriel), mãe (Fabiana), irmã (Ana), irmão (Lucca), e por ultimo mas não menos importante (last but not least) a Cacá, minha namorada. Principalmente minha mãe por segurar a barra em momentos difíceis e sempre estar por perto quando necessário. Também é importante lembrar meus avós Nede (Nereida) e Nesto (Ernesto) pelo apoio afetivo e também financeiro patrocinadores máster. Ao Lucca por ser o player 2 nos fins de semana e a Cassiane pela companhia e auxilio acadêmico em diversas áreas. Acadêmico: aqui os principais agradecimentos vão ao NERF por me acolher como aluno novato na área da ecologia de rodovias. Principalmente ao Andreas Kindel pelo auxílio e por me puxar na redação deste TCC. Também quero agradecer especialmente ao Igor Coelho pelo start na função das armadilhas e auxílios com o início do projeto. Nessa finaleira também tiveram participação importante a Julia e Larissa ao me aconselhar em alguns tópicos do artigo. Nesse grupo ainda estão: Fernanda, Magnus, Gabi, Paula e todos que participaram da coleta e amostragem de dados.

The existence of the Job Creation Law in essence not only has an impact on the community, but also on the implementation of regional autonomy. The emphasis on regional autonomy is strongly influenced by central policies that can change the scope of regional authority, including the job creation law. The omnibus law of the Job Creation Law is a "homework" for each region to respond to the demands that have been regulated through the law. The existence of the Employment Creation Law has brought so many influences and impacts on the administration of local government, including the regional regulations which are the rules and forms of regional policies in the context of implementing decentralization. Therefore, this research is needed to find the legal implications of the Job Creation Law on the implementation of decentralization. This study aims to regulate the direction of local government legal policies in order to meet legal demands on regional regulations after the issuance of the Job Creation Law. This study uses a conceptual approach and laws and regulations, which are expected to be able to produce a concept of the legal implications of the omnibus law of the Job Creation Law on the implementation of decentralization.

This study examines the relationship between institutional quality and investor-state disputes in emerging and frontier economies. Analyzing data from 40 countries for 2008-2020 using a fixed-effects negative binomial regression model, I investigate how different dimensions of institutional quality affect the occurrence of investment disputes. The results reveal a complex pattern: Stronger regulatory quality, rule of law, legal efficiency, and expropriation risk protection are associated with fewer disputes, whereas stronger property rights protection and more international investment agreements are associated with increased dispute frequency. Robustness checks suggest a more complex relationship with property rights than was initially found. These findings collectively indicate that institutional development transforms rather than simply reducing investment risk, as stronger institutions simultaneously attract investment while providing clearer grounds for legal action and raising investor expectations. These findings contribute to institutional theory and have implications for policymakers seeking to balance institutional development with dispute risk management in emerging and frontier economies.

Las normas de responsabilidad en accidentes causados por piezas de caza. -1. La situación de partida: la Ley de Caza de 1970. -2. La regulación autonómica. -3. La legitimidad competencial de las normas autonómicas. -4 Recapitulando. -IV. La recuperación estatal de competencias: la nueva disposición adicional novena del Texto Articulado de la Ley de Tráfico. -V. A modo de conclusión: la necesidad ineludible de lealtad y colaboración en el sistema de distribución de competencias. -Resumen-Resum-Abstract.

Este trabajo analiza el régimen constitucional argentino en materia de recursos naturales, a partir del caso testigo de las concesiones hidroeléctricas en la cuenca de los ríos Limay, Neuquén y Río Negro. A 30 años de la reforma constitucional de 1994, se observa que el principio del "federalismo de concertación" permanece como una promesa incumplida, evidenciada en la dispersión normativa, la falta de cooperación institucional y las respuestas descoordinadas entre Nación y provincias.

El abordaje propuesto combina herramientas del derecho constitucional con aportes de las ciencias del comportamiento, en particular la noción de ruido (noise) desarrollada por Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony y Cass R. Sunstein. A partir de este marco conceptual, se sostiene que la falta de acuerdos entre niveles de gobierno no es únicamente un problema jurídico o político, sino también un fenómeno de disonancia decisional estructural que puede ser interpretado como una manifestación de errores sistemáticos de juicio institucional.

La investigación destaca cómo los sesgos cognitivos (como el sesgo de planificación) y la ausencia de mecanismos institucionales para reducir el ruido decisional impactan negativamente en la gestión del recurso hídrico, generando costos sociales, inseguridad jurídica y desincentivos a la inversión de largo plazo. A modo de reflexión final, se propone una agenda de rediseño institucional basada en evidencias conductuales que permita recuperar el espíritu deliberativo del federalismo consagrado en la Constitución.

The Supreme Court of Nigeria delivered its decision in Ubom v Globacom (Nig.) Ltd. on Friday 12th July 2025. The case raises important questions of both substantive and procedural law — particularly on issue of jurisdiction between the Federal High Court and State High Court. While the apex court reversed the decisions of the trial court and the Court of Appeal, its pronouncement invites a careful and reflective consideration of the claimant-appellant’s pleadings, as well as an assessment of the possible areas of law the cause of action arose.

У статті аналізуються зміни до Кримінального кодексу України,
внесені Законом України від 09 січня 2025 року, щодо відповідальності за порушення вимог до утримання та експлуатації об’єктів фонду захисних споруд цивільного захисту. Кримінально-правовий норматив, передбачений ст.270-2 Розділу IX Особливої частини Кримінального кодексу України, визначає безальтернативне покарання за порушення законодавчих вимог щодо утримання й експлуатації об’єктів фонду захисних споруд цивільного захисту,
а також за ненадання безперешкодного цілодобового доступу до таких об’єктів під час повітряної тривоги, що мало своїм безпосереднім наслідком спричинення середньої тяжкості чи тяжких тілесних ушкоджень або загибелі людини, у виді позбавлення волі строком від трьох до восьми років. Метою статті є надання коментаря до кримінально-правового нормативу, передбаченого ст.
2702 Кримінального кодексу України, для розуміння необхідності встановлення та правильного застосування судами покарання за порушення законодавчих вимог щодо утримання й експлуатації об’єктів фонду захисних споруд цивільного захисту. Закон вводить покарання за порушення вимог щодо утримання й експлуатації захисних споруд, а також за ненадання доступу до них під час повітряної тривоги, що призвело до тяжких наслідків. У статті
звертається увага на можливу колізію нової статті 2702 КК України зі статтею 367 КК України (службова недбалість), що може призвести до проблем у правозастосовній практиці. Розглядається поняття громадської безпеки в контексті кримінального права, визначаючи його як систему суспільних відносин, спрямованих на захист життєво важливих інтересів особи, суспільства та держави. Аналізується об’єктивна сторона злочину, передбаченого статтею
270-2 КК України, включаючи порушення вимог до утримання й експлуатації захисних споруд, а також незабезпечення доступу до них. У статті наводиться перелік нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють вимоги до захисних споруд, включаючи Кодекс цивільного захисту України, постанови Кабінету Міністрів України та накази Міністерства внутрішніх справ України. Обов’язковою ознакою злочину є настання наслідків у вигляді середньої
тяжкості чи тяжких тілесних ушкоджень або загибелі людини. Суб’єктом злочину є фізична особа, на яку покладено обов’язок дотримуватися вимог до захисних споруд. Стаття надається детальний аналіз змін до Кримінального кодексу України щодо відповідальності за порушення вимог до захисних споруд цивільного захисту. Звертається увага на можливі проблеми у правозастосовній практиці та пропонується тлумачення ключових понять.
Ключові слова: порушення вимог, захисні споруди цивільного захисту, злочин, об’єкт злочину, безпека, громадська безпека, середньої тяжкості тілесні ушкодження, тяжкі тілесні ушкодження, загибель людини.

International environmental cooperation efforts throw environmental professionals together to work, without considering the very different life experiences, legal traditions and cultural framework that each bring to the work. As the work they do together is inherently sensitive - often, the purpose is to write new laws or develop new policies for national application -- this failure explicitly to consider the perspectives of the professionals is puzzling. Two environmental lawyers-one American, one Hungarian-who worked together over the course of 18 months in an effort designed to breathe life into provisions of the Aarhus Convention by improving public access to environmental information held by government bodies, examine the nature and content of their communication, and how that affected their end product. This case study discloses that the authors had very different ideas about what needed to be accomplished in the project, indeed of the very purpose of tools for increasing envi...

The fundamental objective of the paper is to proffer credible and empirical evidence to show that whilst the concept of intergenerational equity may be laudable, the proposition by the intergenerational equity theorists that a reasonable portion of resource revenue ought to be saved in financial instrument is not a prudent policy for the management of natural resource revenue in countries currently experiencing under development. The paper seeks to argue that basic amenities like education and health, which are currently in huge deficit, must be provided for in the country before a policy for saving of revenue in financial instruments are fashioned out and implemented in Ghana. This stance is buttressed by the legitimate concern that monies be locked up in some financial institutions (mostly of foreign origin) whilst the country borrows huge sums of money from these same foreign sources at huge interest. The intergenerational equity proposition is therefore seen as a principle that is rooted in antiquity. Recommendations made include the following; that resource-rich but poor countries ought to put in place legal and institutional framework and where they exist they must be resourced and all enforced to ensure that the country derives maximum benefits from resource endowment. Also, resource-endowed but poor countries ought to sieve policies imposed or introduced by foreign sources like the IMF and the World Bank before adopting and implementing them in their various countries.

: The Proposed Action involves the construction and operation of a VORTAC facility and associated access road with underground utilities in an area known as Redfish Point, on TAFB. The VORTAC facility is a radio navigation system that will service aircraft for FAA arriving and departing the new ECP airport, in addition to aircraft from T AFB, Eglin Air Force Base, and other regional airports. The VORTAC will also provide general navigation to planes traveling throughout the Gulf coast. The VHF (very high frequency) signal generated by the VORTAC facility allows aircraft receiving the signal to determine their bearing to the facility. Since the existing PFN airport is relocating and the site decommissioned, the current VORTAC must be relocated to provide continued service to the VORTAC airspace service area. The site of the new airport, ECP, was found unsuitable for VORTAC siting due to airspace requirements. A number of other potential VORTAC relocation sites were rigorously evaluat...

Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) became very prominent after the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as vibrant social movements. Since then, ENGOs operat-ing at the local, regional, or global levels have been instrumental in environmental man-agement in both developed and developing countries. This study sought to investigate the performance of the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM), a local ENGO, in some selected mining communities in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipali-ty, in the Western Region of Ghana. Situated in the intepretivist research philosophy, the study employed in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations to collect data from some staff of WACAM, community residents and some government agencies. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 77 respondents for the study. Data collected was transcribed and manually coded into themes and categories for analyses. From the perspective of the respondents and part...

The term wilderness is one of the more mischievous, elusive, and conflict-laden words in the English language. The ways we think and talk about wilderness are well embedded in modern culture and the debates surrounding it have as much to do with meaning, values, and human perception as they have to do with the ever-changing physical world. This Essay explores the complex ways that wilderness and contemporary culture are linked. Its central claim is that the cultural clashes surrounding wilderness arise out of, and reflect, not just larger cultural currents, but fundamental confusions or deficiencies in the ways we comprehend the world and our place in it. They reflect deficiencies in the ways we think about ourselves as distinct beings, in our understandings of normative values and their origins and legitimacy, and in the limits nature imposes on our modes of living. These intellectual shortcomings play key causal roles in our ongoing patterns of misusing the natural order. They also help explain why we struggle so much to see the errors in our ways and to improve them, even when we have the facts and technology to do better. Once we see wilderness clearly, separating the physically real from the humanconstructed, we can gain a better sense of our ecological plight. We can also see better how wilderness areas can benefit us, not just by supporting the health of landscapes, but by providing places and opportunities to stimulate much needed cultural change. * Swanlund Chair and Professor of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A version of this paper was delivered at The Wilderness Act at 50 symposium, held at Lewis & Clark Law School in April 2014. I thank the organizers of the gathering, particularly Professor Michael Blumm, for giving me the opportunity to participate and for commenting on my remarks.

A family with a good quality of life is a target. The fact noted that some families failed to build the ideal family. They do not any idea how and when they have to start building family so the marriage is not well planned. In the last 2 years, the data issued by the Religious Courts (PA) Tulungagung in 2016 mention 120 dispensation of marriage done by the youth. Meanwhile, in 2017, the number increased to 190 .This study is aimed to find out the efforts to build the perception of the youth on the impact of early marriage in the form of qualified generation and factors that support and inhibit the efforts to build adolescent perception of the impact of early marriage in the form of qualified generation. This study uses descriptive a qualitative approach. The researcher distributed the questionnaires to respondents in the high school/vocational in Tulungagung. The focus of the research includes what are the efforts to build perception of youth against Early Marriages Impact performed considering the environment, formal educational institutions, communities, and country/global environment. One of the four factors which drive the perception is the highest educational level. For there is a limiting factor of 4 (four) indicators: adolescent victims of divorce,the importance of religion, the understanding of health and unhealthy environment. The factors of four teenagers who are victims of divorce are more vulnerable families in performing early marriage.

The Ecological Impact Fund (EIF) would promote the development of green technologies for, and their wide and effective use in, lower-income countries by offering green innovators a new deal: the EIF will pay you financial rewards for pollution-caused harm averted by deployments of your technology in lower-income countries (the "EIF-Zone") if you permanently forgo, throughout the EIF-Zone, any monopoly rents you might earn
from patents on your registered innovation. The EIF would assess harm on a single scale that takes account of contributions to global warming and to the global disease burden. Rewards would be paid from fixed annual pools divided among registered innovations according to harm averted in the preceding year.

Atti 11 a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA, Centro Congressi Lingotto, Torino 6 – 9 novembre 2007 – Volume II ... Una metodologia sistemica per la valutazione della vulnerabilità ... Giuseppe VILARDO (*), Andrea PROFICE (*), Eliana BELLUCCI SESSA (*), Rosa NAPPI (*)

Environmental Law is a contemporary issue and this invasive subject houses number of other disciplines like economics, sociology, social sciences, oil and gas law, law of the sea, international law and many others. These disciplines have made some efforts to understand the best way to approach the environment with divergent views through interdisciplinary approach in assessing their choice of policy and ideas. As a result, this work will delve into a qualitative approach in exploring the perspectives that influence ways of thinking and making policies that are reflected in Nigerian environmental laws and policies and judicial processes in maintaining a sustaining environmental development and conserving its bio-diversity.

ARRÊT DE LA COUR (quatrième chambre) 9 juin 2011 * Dans l'affaire C-383/09, ayant pour objet un recours en manquement au titre de l'article 226 CE, introduit le 25 septembre 2009, Commission européenne, représentée par M mes O. Beynet et D. Recchia, en qualité d'agents, ayant élu domicile à Luxembourg, partie requérante, contre République française, représentée par MM. G. de Bergues et S. Menez, en qualité d'agents, partie défenderesse, * Langue de procédure: le français. I -4895 COMMISSION / FRANCE LA COUR (quatrième chambre), composée de M. J.-C. Bonichot, président de chambre, MM. K. Schiemann, L. Bay Larsen (rapporteur), M me A. Prechal et M. E. Jarašiūnas, juges, avocat général: M me J. Kokott, greffier: M me C. Strömholm, administrateur, vu la procédure écrite et à la suite de l'audience du 21 octobre 2010, ayant entendu l'avocat général en ses conclusions à l'audience du 20 janvier 2011, rend le présent Arrêt

DOD has not presented a sound business case demonstrating the need for the proposed exemptions from the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Best practices and prior GAO work recommend that agencies develop a business case that includes, among other things, expected benefits, costs, and risks associated with a proposal's implementation. However, DOD has not provided any specific examples showing that training and readiness have been hampered by requirements of these laws. Meanwhile some federal, state, and nongovernmental organizations have expressed concern that the proposed exemptions, if granted, could harm the environment. Until DOD develops a business case demonstrating the need for these exemptions, Congress will lack a sound basis for assessing whether to enact requested exemptions.

Kniha je určena především jako učební text pro studenty právnických fakult. Kniha má podtitul Základy ústavného práva Českej republiky, Maďarskej republiky a Poľskej republiky a podle jednotlivých zemí je tvořena i třemi relativně samostatnými díly. Ústavní systém České republiky zpracovala Věra Jirásková z Právnické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, maďarský a polský systém pak Ladislav Orosz z Právnické fakulty Univerzity P. J. Šafárika, který také působí jako soudce Ústavního soudu v Košicích. Všem třem státům je věnována zhruba stejná pozornost, i když při podrobnějším porovnání přece jen vystoupí do popředí rozsah věnovaný ústavnímu systému České republiky. To může čtenáře v Čechách, na Moravě a Slezsku potěšit, ale zřejmě nejvíce ocení díly věnované ústavnímu systému maďarskému a polskému. Zvláště maďarský systém a to i díky jazykové bariéře není u nás dobře znám. Kniha je psána dvojjazyčně podle mateřského jazyka autorů. Část Věry Jiráskové věnovaná České republice je v češtině, zatímco část věnovaná Maďarsku a Polsku, jakož i úvod Ladislava Orosze je ve slovenštině. Každý z dílu věnovaných konkrétnímu státu má část pojednávající o moderním ústavním vývoji od konce první světové války. Stručně jsou načrtnuty charakteristiky jednotlivých ústav anebo velkých ústavních změn, byť formálně šlo jen o novelizace ústav, nikoliv ústavy nové (federalizace Československa, změna maďarské a polské ústavy dle politických změn roku 1989). Dále se věnuje pozornost suverenitě lidu, kde je pojednáno o uplatnění přímé demokracie (referendu), volebním systému a právní úpravě politických stran. Další kapitola je věnována ústavním orgánům a to v pořadí jejich ústavní úpravy (parlament, prezident, vláda, soudní orgány, případně další orgány jako prokuratura, centrální banka, kontrolní úřad, veřejný ochránce práv). Samostatné kapitoly jsou věnovány územní samosprávě a základním právům. Při ústavní komparaci je možné postupovat dvojím způsobem. Buď určit základní strukturu institutů ústavního systému a ty postupně popisovat ve všech srovnávaných zemích bez ohledu na to, zda určitý institut je obsažen v ústavě dané země vyčerpávajícím způsobem, má pouze velmi obecné ústavní zakotvení či je zakotven jen obyčejnými zákony. Anebo je možné držet se především systematiky ústavy anebo nejvýznamnějších ústavních zákonů. Autoři recenzované publikace zvolili druhou metodu formou popisu jednotlivých ústavních

I diritti di traduzione, riproduzione e adattamento totale o parziale e con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla siae del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633 ovvero dall'accordo stipulato tra siae, aie, sns e cna, confartigianato, casa, claai, confcommercio, confesercenti il 18 dicembre 2000.

This précis examines decarbonization policies through a political economy lens, emphasizing the integration of cultural, economic, political, and social factors alongside technological advancements. It identifies Sweden as a global leader in climate action, analyzing the origins, key precepts, and recent milestones of its emissions reduction efforts. Despite challenges, Sweden’s multidimensional approach provides valuable insights for shaping policies that balance economic, environmental, and social priorities, advancing a more inclusive and sustainable global response to the climate crisis.

Ao professor Luis Fernando Barzotto, pela contínua orientação e paciência -que já duram dez anos -e por uma novidade (ao menos para mim), percebida a pouco: a autonomia. Poucos orientadores têm a coragem de deixar o aluno arcar com suas escolhas livremente, pois uma derrota do orientando poderia significar um demérito para o mestre. E isso só poderia partir de alguém despido de vaidade e do desejo único com a eficiência, tão freqüente, na academia brasileira. Ao Luiz Reimer Rodrigues Rieffel, meu colega veterano, que constantemente me guiou nesta etapa acadêmica de descobertas em torno do tema da pesquisa. Também agradeço ao doutor Cláudio Fortunato Michelon Jr., por ter me proporcionado, ao longo do curso de mestrado, desafios que contribuíram para meu amadurecimento. Em especial, sou muito grato ao Mateus e ao Alejandro, pois nos divertimos e aprendemos bastante com as preparações de aulas e monitorias. Gostaria de expressar a minha gratidão ao Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, a São Judas Tadeu e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, instituições nas quais passei algumas horas pesquisando e dividindo o que aprendi. vi Este trabalho, também, não teria sido possível sem o apoio dos funcionários do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Direito. vii O problema real é como compreender a inescapabilidade da idéia de realidade objetiva, que nos força a formular interpretações subjetivistas ou relativistas de nossos pensamentos como explicações rivais do mundo, em competição com a alternativa objetivista. Thomas Nagel Água, só vejo água por toda a parte, e nem uma só gota que se beba. Poema do Velho Marinheiro de Samuel Coleridge viii RESUMO A dissertação é uma pesquisa dos fundamentos filosóficos para o Direito Ambiental. Propondo-se, no primeiro capítulo, a nomear o bem comum ambiental como o fundamento e seus pressupostos antropológicos, políticos e jurídicos, a saber, o antropocentrismo harmônico, o cosmopolitismo e a teoria da justiça realista como instâncias complementares. Por contraste, dialogaremos com os pressupostos rivais: o antropocentrismo individualista, a soberania e o normativismo. O segundo capítulo tratará da aplicabilidade dos conceitos trabalhados anteriormente segundo três casos globais: o Protocolo de Quioto, a distribuição de água e os créditos de carbono. A metodologia aplicada é a análise conceitual dialética.

Yeşil gasp, geleneksel toprak gaspının daha sinsi bir biçiminden ibaret. Mülksüzleştirme, yerinden etme ve ötekileştirme yeşile boyanıp gezegeni kurtarmak için gerekliymiş gibi gösteriliyor. Oysa krizin bizatihi nedeni olan güç dinamiklerini yeniden üretmekten öteye gitmiyorlar. Çevreyi koruma bahanesiyle doğal kaynaklara el konması -yani "yeşil gasp" -son zamanlarda daha da yakıcı bir mesele haline geldi. Çünkü insan hayatını ve daha tuhafı, doğanın bizzat kendini gitgide daha fazla etkiliyor.

General of Fiscal Balance (DJPK) in the form of quantitative. With panel data analysis and processed using Eviews 9 and Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The result shows that Government Expenditure for infrastructure, education, health and GDP was determined 98% (r-squared) of Poverty Rate simultaneously. Partially the result showed that government expenditure for infrastructure did not have an effect on poverty rate in NTT, government expenditure for education had negative effect on poverty rate in NTT, government expenditure for health did not have an effect on poverty rate in NTT, GDP had a positive effect on poverty rate in NTT.

There is now a worldwide collective obligation, a reality, to acknowledge environmental challenges. The paper discusses and analyses the principles of international environmental laws and how those are applied in international conventions and treaties, and the effectiveness and weaknesses of those laws. This discussion mainly focuses on the principles’ backdrop, what they mean, and how they have been adopted in international environmental law. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the outcomes of formulating the principles and enforcement of the legal framework. It analyses their prospect to strengthen the legal framework to achieve the objective of these principles. Besides, some recommendations have been made to strengthen these legal frameworks. It shows why it is essential to form efficient environmental platforms in present climate issues and how all nations can be brought under a common platform where they can take decisions regarding the safeguard amid the evolving environmental ...

States (U.S.), where bees are responsible for one out of every three bites of food eaten. 4 In the past few years, the number of honeybee colonies has plummeted-not only in the United States, but throughout the world. 5 Since 2006, beekeepers all over the world have seen an annual loss of 30 to 90 percent of their honeybee colonies. 6 Wild pollinators have also been affected; many wild bee, butterfly, and moth species are experiencing similar population declines. This severe decline in pollinator numbers is worrisome due to the key role bees and other pollinators play in food production. Honeybees assist in the production of more than 90 commercially grown crops in the United States. 8 Globally, 87 of the leading 115 food crops, or 35 percent of the global food production, is dependent on pollinators. 9 Much of the food we take for granted-such as apples, almonds, onions, broccoli, and many other fruits, vegetables and nuts-would simply cease to exist without honeybee pollination. 10 This massive honeybee die-off is now recognized as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Researchers have spent years trying to find the cause of CCD, with the hopes that finding its cause will lead to a solution that will increase pollinator populations. Recent studies show that CCD does not have a sole cause, as previously expected, and may instead be caused by the accumulation of stress 4.