þ31. Liquids. HydroСnamics

þ31 LIQUIDS. HYDROСNAMICS 1 INTRO: TIMESPÆCIES>Appx In graf the key stience finding is a Cœxistence Ωorldcycle that encodes all information of any time§pæcies as matter ◊§cales are made of times& space (GR), the 2 states of being: look around all what u see are forms of still space with times motions relativity measures in a LARGER =slower ◊¡ ST-WORLD with deep §calar metric laws Ñðe=∆§¡ as small S◊T beings run faster time cycles, making life a trip θru 3◊±¡ organic §cales from ◊-¡ Placental conœption as an informative cell Ss-eed-mind who ∑st grows to emerge & live 3 slower st-ages ruled by 3 topologic space forms wið time function=motion that a§emble trilawgic organisms Ts Youð: longomotion Iimbfields> sÛ t hyperbolic wideproductive bodywaves>3rd age of sferic particheads hinformative that exhaust energy till Tt-death dissolves it back to its ◊-¡ cells unless sentient minds whose languages mirror the laws of Cœxistence halt its reproduction of St-information in eternal reproductive, present, s=tates. Worldcycles upgrade physics longomotion study with wordlines to all times=changes. Appx. is min. ðeory to upgrade all sciences with its Occam's razor, as Ss-mental spaces also mirror its timespæcies s¡ntªx P.o.Truth =1 =Ω>∑trilawgic lªnguages>Mªð>wor(l)d whose S◊T unit are spaces=names<≈>times =verbs, ◊Scalar N°+space=points+Time operators. So stience MÛ$ðoÐ learns T◊Spæcies truð by matching MirrorÛ$xperimental $xistence unlike science that denies humind spacetime I=eψe>wor(l)ds outsourced to clock maðines Recap All is a trilawgic timespæcies living a worldcycle between birð & death: 2 SUMMARY ABSTRACT: Liquids are homologic in different scales to bodywaves, electric flows, adult stages... Since the reproductive, balanced S=T wave state of all forms of hylozoist matter shares the properties of 'liquids' even if strictly speaking we only talk of liquid thermal matter. And obviously as science ignores all about timespæcies, its states=st-ages and ilogic @t§imetric laws, none of the properties explained here will make much senses to humind scientists. Though we shall slowly in this final rendition of stience in 99 þapers introduce classic liquid science into the paper. Liquids lack membranes, so in its pure states are herds of vital spacetime, the content of the open ball bodywave of any organic pœint. Liquids are thus necessarily associated to membrains that give them structure, enclose it with a pressure membrane into a bodywave that can then move with the energy of reproduction absorbed by the membrane mouth, all of it, constructed around an encasing fabric focused into the network center of its brain of maximal density. Liquids and solids together become them membrain of vital spacetime of a full supœrganisms. On the other extreme liquids can dissolve and store gases as its own lower plane of energy. However liquids alone are closer to a gas, as they dissociate and expand in a tabula rassa plane along any potential field of a LARGER WORLD. 3 CONSCIOUSMOS:∑GALATOM:LIMBFIELD›BODYWAVE›PARTICLEΨE UK$ biblic me(n)tal tree idologies deny Consciousmos imposing creationist eGoDogmas (Newton, Banksters, Bohr, Einstein) with its Goebbulian Money-Media-Academia meðod that silences its organic truths found by Global South…European thot knot masters. E.g: Broglie proved the coexistience of 3 conserved organs, reproductive=moving, hyperbolic=mitotic energy bodywaves piloted by angular partichead e-ψ-es feeding on a neuðerino v>c, lineal momenta limbfield, the smallest hylozoist matter organism, whose trilawgic, adjacent spatial parts keep its wavelength harmony thru inner synchronous clocks enacting its vital diemotions in parallel herds of statistical clone numbers new Born believers renormalize=cheating data in 0-1 probability cages that blind atorganisms & moleψes chemical reactions, seeking spherical OUTER world e-ψ-e images to guide its vital diemotions as organic ¬E points evolving into new cœxistence plane of the orgasmos, living its Ts-gas>st-liquid>St-solid worldcycle of matter statges emerging as cosma§es of ribosomal ƒotars in galacells, guided by quark stars, protoles of a ∞ hypercosmos proved by $xistential =$xperimental truths: E.g. Electrons' pics show light circles not probabilities, entangling adjacent Moleψes in toporganisms; StronGravitation protoholes collapse dark expansive neuðerino Gγant energy into galatom's bodywaves in an eternal SHMotion cosmos of D¡p time ∆§¡ze=Ñðe unified charge & Ma§ ◊±¡ planes: ◊±4: Protoholes emit seminal Neuðerino dark energy graviton jets whose ∆mass=v>c grows in 3 v,µ.τau worldcycle stages, giving birth to seminal, baby=irregular galaxies. ◊±3: Seminal Planckton & hv-ƒotar timespæcies, S(x)•T(mv) = h/2 that gives birth to: ◊-2:limbfield›bodywave›particleψes whose reproductive=moving forms survive in ◊-2 Atorganisms, charges with quark brains±electron membranes herding ◊-4 forces that join ðermatter ◊-1 moleψes, emerging in ◊1+3ma§cales as galatoms of ◊±4 Cosmos RECAP. Cosmos is an organism of ◊±4 §calar=cœxisting=organic planes, whose trilawgic syntax, sentient mental spaces mirror to guide its timespæcies but ◊-¡nfinitesimal selfcentered huminds confuse with the WHŒ, reduced to its still linguistic digital images & neutered creationist wor(l)ds stience r=evolves to show its ∑◊-¡<◊¡ ethic, S=T beauty All timespæcies ARE ◊° topologic organisms with 3 parts, a solid Ts-partichead membrain, St-liquid bodywave & its ∑◊-¡nfinitesmal Tt-ga(atom)s power the system. Variations of the same theme abound, but its trilawgic st-ructure is always the same. 4 PART I. ðRILOGIC ðERMATTER ORGANISMS MATTER coexist together in 3 stages, displaced as the 3 crest of a packet wave, as the 3 adjacent pegged parts of an organism, as the 3 derivatives of motion. There is not an artificial worldcycle of time for all - newtonian absolute time, but infinite clocks, and we are timespæcies. Cocks should not be equalized. A single time clock is false: infinite times form a trilawgic tapestry of T◊S beings. You are in an ∞ sea of times you dont see, for clockers, not seers of time, blinded you. Everywhere i look I see ∞ waves of timespæcies playing its games of existience with _ßO trilogic organisms. Only present cœxists because ðime is trilawgic cyclical, so past ± future are included on it. Because all what exists is topologic motion, cyclic times are present units, the 'substance of reality'. In physics their key equation is Energy=◊-¡: hƒ=◊°:KT=◊¡:mv. So 3 present action quanta, h,k,m reproduce thru an energy path a population-frequency, f,T,v that differentiates its species, colors of light, states of Thermatter, families of mass. The frequency gives the existential momentum of the system, or as energy, the total path= reproductive duration of of its worldcycle of existence. Those are stientific terms we need to study toporganic timespæcies with the full formalism of fy§ics, but many times I just illustrate well known equations, for a whole model is forbidding with no readers A solid membrain encloses a liquid bodywave, guiding it to loose fields of smaller feeding forces to power its vital actions & map out its perception with its bit-es. High Kal Oxygen powers our liquid body surrounded by a solid skin with a crystal DNA mind. Yet the smallest life unit, a glycine fish with a Nitrohead & carbody kicks its OH-, H+ legs to move thru water. So statges of matter are meant to be adjacent parts of its organisms, NOT to be studied ceteris paribus as abstract itifying physics always does. The key insight is the predatory duality of a symbiotic liquid-solid bodywave-partichead feeding on the gas state. In ◊-¡ photon particheads pilot its bodywaves feeding on a quantum potential neuðerino field; in atomaðer electronic skins capture a gaslight cloud in symbiosis with its stronGravitation quark nuclei to feed & feel with its e-ψ-es. Divide & win make 'free' pœints slaves of its organic membrains. In nations, a military membrane border allied to a bankster brain that issues the social power language, money, controls a mass of tax-farmed 'democratic slaves' whose selfictional eraseheads are cut in wars. To exhaust knowledge such processes must be seen from the hexalogic different Points of Truth that entangle an organic WORLD-CYCLE: ¬(3Tages=3 Stopologies=3 ◊¡ Planes)ª 5 inglish ðot makes it cryptic but once you get it is simple: the 3 adjacent topologies of a pÄint rule each of the consecutive 3 st-ages of life, its limbic young motion when its feeds ad maximal in its ◊-¡ forces, a liquid bodywave adulthood of ◊° reproductive gender, and a 3rd informative old age entangled to the ◊¡ OUTER WORLD, which close a timespæcies worldcycle, when the simultaneous sentient l@nguage that guides the body thru its vital åðions is denied by ¬ entropic Death. ∞ variations of $xistience reduce to that hexalogic game, each language expresses with its ±trilawgic syntªx. In state physics liquids share properties of the other 2 states making the mixture difficult to define in all its variables. Still liquids will try the same survival strategies of other forms, which try to limit friction to increase available energy and form for new emergent wholes. This means liquids magically try to adopt laminal flows of minimal viscosity to diminish friction, something already Newton noticed. The very same law of Bernouilli can be interpreted as another form to avoid friction, for with lesser area if we speed up we pass by unit of area less particles maintaining its minimal friction. Laminar flows though loose importance once the guiding solid container dissapear and liquids spill or if within other liquid its laminar flows turn turbulent, which can be seen as the natural 3rd age of liquid when motion diminishes and form increases. But since liquids have not the acuty of solid forms in constant SHM communication, its 3rd formal age is messy. So from ideal simple equations of states and conservation of timespace we can deduce the equations of liquid motions but they are not reliable. They need to be encased in laminar equations of minimal viscosity (Euler's), which again are not accurate. They need to be fine tuned to inner motions, viscosity and friction, which turns out into the summit of complexity and analytic approach to physics, the Navier-Stokes equations. K-åðions 'Entropy is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work' We cross the part of Britannica definition that is NOT relevant, only local to combustion engines... of the steam British Empire age, LOL: Entropy measures thermal energy per unit of tempature, in units of K-alor. In E=hƒ=KT=Mv (momentum should have been the choice instead of its integral for the mass scale), we find then, the reproductive path of a photon doing multiple actions as a high frequency color, the solid state of a molecule doing all its degrees of freedom, and in each scale, the previous scale is embedded so as it moves it has to reproduce all the lower planes, slowing its march. When I move my hand, all my particles reproduce in adjacent space, reconstructing my atoms, my molecules, my masses. The astounding 6 amount of actions something so simple as tapping t-a-p needs gives a sense of the intelligence and vitality needed for reality to be. The physicist knows nothing of this, just writes 3 symbols, p=mv, v=s/t, E=hf, trilawgic equations coding an action (not 2, recently, Nature found that 3 proteins not 2 are needed to unlock an ovulum to let the semen pass, 3 is always the number, for 2 lack the action, the operåtor that connects them). Alas the true beauty of it, is that the Universe has so much intelligence outsourced within the program of existence that a retarded humind can feel a genius writing, e=hf. Here f is the inverse of duration, so we can write e=h/t; ß, coldness is the inverse of temperature so we can write E=k/ß. This leads to a closer image of reality for there is a minimal quanta of duration at work here... a minimal 'Diemotional åðion' of thermatter, kT, K-alor NOT heat, which is entropic disordered energy, whil K-alor IS useful energy and information embedded in K-onstants of Temperature that play the same role than H-plancktons, angular momentum units that power atomaTter åðions and mass, units of gravitational åðions in the cosmological scale. They accumulate in parallel to the evolution of hylozoist matter in more complex social forms, so each aggregates in S=T frequencies of population, we call colors in atomaTter (E=hƒ), Degrees of Freedom in Thermatter (E=nKT) & weight in cosma§. Cosmos needs 3 scalar, social constants to power the vital actions of its hylozoist timespace organisms because as it keeps evolving thru planes of cœxistience restarting the game every 3S=3T diemotions, the previous forms become point-particles of the new Scale with lesser motion and more dimensional form: ∆§¡=Ñðe. So h-plancktons are 2D, becoming embedded , feeding kT constants (usually as in most feeding processes thru an inverse exponential function, all pervading in thermal physics, e-hv/kT. This is one of many examples of what stience adds to science: rational vital meaning to its equations. Just copying from wikipedia, its explanation The physical idea of the Boltzmann factor e-hv/kT is the probability of finding a state with energy 𝐸=ℎ𝜈 relative to the probability of finding a state with energy zero. That, of course is meaningless, which applies to almost all the physical math hows, without organic whys. This just means that kTs eat hvs, Kals eat Plancktons, surrounding them emerging into a new organic whole, Thermal matter. s≈t: liquid state. qualitative, vital properties The goal then of future ƒy§icists would be 'naturally' to merge both jargons, the synthetic organic whys and the math hows, by knowing the meaning of each operaðor of Existential Algebra and interpreting as they read physics its Di-emotional meanings 7 the way a seasoned musician reads music feeling its vital emotions - while a pedantic physicist and a conservatory student is just caught up with the technique to figure out the proper order of its note numbers... This is how i read and write fy§ics, knowing existential algebra and the vital laws of S=T balance, which in liquids reach on of its heights. Since according to the function of Cœxist¡ence, Max. sxt|S=T, the key statge of matter is a liquid balance between form=Space and motion=time and its bodywave forms. A 2D partichead solid state is LESS complex than a reproductive hyperbolic liquid 3D state that fills a whole plane of Existience. Let's remember the trilawgic states of being from general equations: –– : 1D lineal pastime entropic gas, cylindric limb, planar fields, and so on. This is the simplest mindless, moving action in any system that feeds and informs: ––O: 2D cyclical scan-spinning angular momentum, solid in-form-ative particheads, male states that join heads feeding on fields of food, again in all scales, transferred to ß: 3D liquid female reprodåðive, hyperbolic energetic bodywaves. So we get: ––O=ß; 1+2D=3D, as the 3 adjacent parts form a whole organism with all its variations. . So humans are a dissolution of solids+gases enclosed & sustained by the tension of a thin lipid membrane, with a crystalized brain world of ◊-¡ memorial DNA and ◊+¡ electric connected neurons within our membrain. trilawgic variations of organic ensembles of the 3 states are µ, but the operators of existential algebra that connect them are limited. Again, it is the duality of General Stientific, synthetic laws, and detailed math analysis. The most synthetic of those laws is trilawgic adjacency in space symmetric to 3 time ages, symmetric to 3 ◊±¡ scales mirrored by the trilawgic syntax of a simultaneous language: (SÛ◊Ûð)ª In the quantum scale, moving limbfields, still particheads, guiding bodywaves are adjacent organs of space synchronized by Broglie's forgotten law of harmony of its frequencies, pilotted by the mirror image of its hylozoist matter e-ψ-es that form a photar image of still photons trapped in its nebulae. Again, this essential atomic organism, is the why of Hylozoist matter in all scales, which all systems try to maximize, so they try to have spheric noble atom orbitals, they keep 1/ of its Fermi sphere with still electrons of minimal temperature in solid crystals, yet in between the lucid view of a single atom and a collective crystal image, evolution is smeared. So gases just collide in dog-eat-dog societies (as humans do) and liquids at best can connect to its closer family atoms. The emergent process between 'frozen' still mental forms is messy. So from beautiful lemurids to beautiful women, we got australopithecus. From atoms to 8 crystals we get entropic gas, and loving emotional liquid vibrations lost in translation. Liquids are the state of all emergent flows, modeled in many inflationary math mirrors, as its electr(on)ic currents try to build more stable e-ψ-e minds but fail unless a solid container, or a frozen dissolved solid crystalizes them. In between Its bodywaves transfer by mitotic reproduction simple information, which again respond to a trilawgic (longitudinal, spherical and transversal waves). And again, we can follow this trilawgic in all scales of vital spaces. So in the quantum scale, a repeated graph in those texts shows how reproduction happens in stœps, as particheads stop, absorb orthogonally in a fixed position entropic energy from a field, growing in energy mass to divide mithotically into two particles strangled into a hyperbolic wave. So motion becomes reproduction of form. Those bodywave states are the parallel of liquid thermal states, which however reproduce far less information, for they are NOT as Broglie's organisms (atomaðer Broganisms a due name to honor the true father of quantum physics, smeared and stolen by the Bohr-Born 'you' gang of all its merit) What an open sea wave lacks is the piloting solid partichead. Open waves die away loosing information and energy. This is the case of light waves in the open intergallactic space dissolving in neuðerino dark energy (Broglie's neuðerino light theory), dying on the sand, so to speak. It is thru the interaction of solid and liquid states, how organisms of thermatTer arise. Thus reproductive Motion is liquid, guided by solid membranes who perceive the OUTER world with its sensorial skin to last and pilot them. Then they become stable. As crystals do when a solid central unitarian image is formed. This is also the way the dominant unicellular organisms, ameboids, move displacing its internal liquid on the path of its displaced membrane guided by its still nuclei. So liquids are guided by solid enclosures. Yet it is within fluids where the hyperbolic bodywave communicates and reproduces the in-form-ation of the system. The external membrane can only repeat its form warping skins till its growth ages the system. Its trilogic, Universal structure is easily explained with the toy model of an organic pœint, with a liquid state & a membrain that contains its fluid Points closely packed, but NOT in a solid, fixed configuration space with no friction, rather sliding over each other as locælliquids: local+cells+liquids. So we can stretch its qualities to enclosed local fields of low numbers wih inner motion, tS Its qualitative & scalar properties merge Ts entropic, lineal gas max. motion states & solid, informative ones. As lquids are the middle s=t form of a coinvariant timespace equation: Ts-gas < st-liquid > St-solid 9 This sets up clearly the liquid in parallel to all other similar intermediate forms: In space: Its topology is the hyperbolic reproductive body wave form. - Its position is between the membrane and limbs and the brain and still center. - Its scalar equivalents are electronic band flowing thru solid metals, but also the photar density enclosed between electrons and protons. - In time its function is also dual, as it can store motion and energy as limbfields do, but interacts in more complex ways with solid, both when solid dominates and contains it, as when liquid dominates and dissolves solid, which is truly the vital form of liquids. Liquid dissolution becomes then the essential chemical form of Nature. This is what we are in a container, membrane, undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated forms. - Its longomotion is ruled by co-invariance of space-form & time-motion, §+¡=ðe. So as pipes diminish in area, accelerate the flux for its product SxT=C, remaining co-invariant. As stience vastly expands the properties of each organic part or WHœ; to put some order we can study liquids in time, space, scale, mind, entropy; in each of its Diemotional actions, as a part of an organic point. In its interaction with other scales; in its trans-form-ative, reproductive and destructive reactions. And mirror all this for precission either in ilogic, qualitative or quantitative equations. Liquids must be studied in cojunction with its solid membrains. Historically, gaseous states, as the simplest most entropic longomotion state were quantified earlier with statistical systems. So all of other phenomena is tried as a reduced gas model. But neither liquids or solids can really be modeled by a gas, for they are different statges of hylozoist matter. Monotheist science forgets that fact. Liquid as solid though are the bodywave>partichead states that matter more for they together form the organisms of hylozoist matter than gaseous motion fuels. They are NOT longomotion Ts states but rather SHMotions, st & St-inner organisms with internal motion. The homology is between bodywaves, electric flows, liquid states, adult reproductive age. Once those differences and homologies are established we can then interpret qualitatively the quantitative and topologic equations of liquids, which shares properties with those homologic timespæcies. It tends to form hyperbolic waves; it is the easiest phase to give birth to the others, and so it acts as the spatial body in-between both head and limbs, as the intermediate state thru which we cross: Gas < liquid > solid. The stientific input added to study liquids is not quantitative but qualitative, global but local. Liquids are enormously complex for its goal is conceptual reproduction, evolution, 10 organic Structure achieved with the constant interplay of the 2 main states embedded in a liquid, solid dissolutions inside and solid containers outside. In brief, the proper study of liquids is as an entangled st>St organism whereas st is the bodywave & St the membrain that controls it, who encodes the goal of the vital spacetime liquid, as water is not the goal but the medium of humans. Its quantitative physics, Hydrodynamics, is the best model for inner motions, which are the natural motions of reproductive liquids. When dealing with those equations, the simplest ones, as usual will mirror the §+¡Ûðe, inversion between formal size and temporal motion, which became past, the v=s/t equation the first quantitative analysis of motion, with Bernouilli's law: the product of the speed and area of a flow remains constant, SxT=K. Yet even then, we do need to measure the liquid within a solid container. So goes for equations that further add a field of forces with a gradient, to establish a still container form where the potential ¡nformåðion (NOT energy) can be measured in simple mgh terms. The laws of liquids then are studying with parameters of its solid container (pressure , volume), but considered as an integral not moving membrain part, unlike in the analysis of ideal gases, where the transformation of energy into form is constantly at play. So P=ρ R T/M, the equation of state of an ideal gas is essential to thermodynamics, for all its elements change. Gas are about those quantitative huge timespace processes in a young, highly moving, formative state of matter, which in liquids do NOT matter tht much. For liquids are not about EXTERNAL change, but inner small transformations of its inner st-regions, where the life of the liquid and its conœptual enzymanic properties are best displayed. The laws used quantitatively are then the same in science and stience, albeit expressed with different degrees of accurancy in its first principles... of conservation of energy, form (mass), time and space (momenta), to which an equation of states that relate the liquid to its inner energy and limits, is added to have all the elements to encase in the usual balanced laws of each diemotion of existience of the liquid, speed, form, etc. It is worth then not to make the long deductions of those laws illustrating the usual axiomatic methods, but to comment on its relationships and algebraic operators. K-aloric theory, the role of KT-units in the evolution of thermatter. State fy§ics is then an intermediate theory between classic state physics and the old Caloric theory, for K-alor is NOT truly transfered but rather activated by the internal evolution of matter states till reaching its maximal activity in solids with translation, 11 rotation and SHMotions between atoms. So statge stience studies the activation of internal K-alor instead of the growth of entropic heat disorder due to friction or transmission of a fluid. Since k represents the quantity of 'scalar actions', a statge of ðermaTter has, from the minimal 1 to 3 diemotional freedoms of lineal Ts-gas, to the complex 7 diemotions of Ss-crystals. €¡/T, becomes the density of diemotional freedoms, maximal in crystals, without loss of order, which makes them the top predator membrains of hylozoist ðermatter. This ratio increases the energy+ information of the system and its order together (∆€¡, ÑT). So crystal stores more energy paradoxically in a colder environment for it has more K-aloric diemotions of freedom. The process is similar in the less diemotional world of e-¥-es and the higher diemotional world of masses. So, k, the ratio of energy & dimensional frequency of kaloric beings, is equivalent to h, the quantum of 'scalar actions', €¡/ƒ, or ratio between the energy+information and density-frequency of photonic colors of lesser dimensional Plancktonic e-ψ-es. As M=E/V is the scalar action or ratio of energy and higher diemotional density of mass beings (which add its magnetic and mass aðions to K-aloric ðermatter aðions, added to the e-y-e actions of light. This new jargon is needed to break the mental jail of physic(ist)s deforming hylozoist matter nature. The key concepts of all those scales are 'diemotionality= dimensionality', which grows when we grow scale, from highly ordered, lesser e-¥-e dimensions (1, 2, at best 3 by double eye view), into less ordered higher thermal dimensions (degrees of diemotional freedom, a. D¡), because they have more diemotional range, as it has to surround and control the eψ-es inside its molecular world. This diemotionality growth goes from gas, which mimics the 3 diemotions of e-¥-es, to liquids, where rotational freedom becomes central to solids where SHMotions between adjacent atoms take the central stage. This is mirrored by the ratio equation, E/T=k that grows in solid density, E/T=3,5,7 k. Finally, the higher diemotional freedom of magnetic atoms, transititions into mass, M=e/v (if we choose moment equations instead of kinetic energy to mirror those ratios), which is the most complex for of hylozoist matter, as its General relativity model shows (¶24). So E/T=k grows in diemotional freedom states prone to higher disorder than restricted 1-3 e-¥-es diemotions, but then evolving to higher order with rotational liquid and Solid SHMotions achieved by diminishing heat=entropy replaced by ordered 7 K-alors. Stience inputs its duality by introducing the reverse concept of K-alor, ordered heat, carried by K-onstants. A crystal has more K-aloric, less heat-energy wasted. As waste heat 12 diminishes, K-alor increases till it transforms itself in highly ordered mass with no entropy, achieved in the 0 ð° of black holes, which is NO longer a solid but a boson state. So we use ð, the parameter of cyclical time, which is apt to measure all of them, and goes down from high frequency ordered laser ultra-violet lights, down to plasma, down to matter state, down to mass. ð-emperature becomes then connected to the ∆ð-ime frequency =ѧ-ize density metric as smaller forms of hylozoist matter have higher frequencies v. larger masses of less frequency but more populations of active magnitudes. So ðime frequency trans-forms into aðive forms, as Ñð (ƒ, T, V)=∆§ (h, k, m) When spacetime is added to a system, communication requires that the spacetime is either in coexistience, simultaneity or synchronicity with the system ◊ST parameters. A transfer of energy ± information occur in parallel otherwise the timespace added to remain as friction outside the system or its motion inside kills the system. So once a system is receiving timespace forces it will try to achieve a receptive mode in one of the 3 ways it can be done, Cœ, §¡ or sync, then a constant of communication is possible and an equation of transfer of energy or information of the form StÛTs takes place between two relative players. If both are in synchronicity time can be exchanged, if in simultaneous adjacency space can be moved and if in cœxistience, farming symbiosis or predatory behavior will take place. So once two elements come together the first postulates of Non-E geometry are played in. What temperature means then is the relative state of motion and disorder put together by the concept of entropy, K-alor=E/T, as the ratio of useful energy which increases with lower temperature. So K-alor variations determine as in the case of H-planckton: h=E/ƒ, or speed, C2=E/m.Mass is a frequency of en-c-ir-c-lement by a faster more ordered spacetime vacuum. The higher order implies that a mass needs a v≥c in its w encirclement, yet its w in itself is acceæerated, hence a vr=k product of angular momenta, which means v grows, accelerates as k shrinks and if we make m and a proportional, f=ma, for a constant force we obtain all the natural relations we observe in those mass vortices that weight more the smaller and faster they rotate, while slow down as r grows from the point of truth of the smaller being, but NOT of a larger being that grows along the system for whom the constant remain static. The continuity of cosmos thru those 3 constants, hkc2 and its parameters, ƒtm and the differences of worlds they portray is then essential to fysics. Toporganic insight: brainless gas, liquid contained, brainy bosons § crystal minds. The densest, spatial forms of matter, bosons and solid crystals have all the elements of 13 ¬Œ point, the membrane dominating the crystal, the brain, the boson, while those who have larger Tt-entropy as 'free time flows', gases and plasma tend to expand breaking the loose membrain, inexistent in gas, unless enclosed by a solid barrier, evanescent magnetic fields in plasma, easily disordered past the ld length. Order requires a membrain to be formed and invaginate its inner regions with networks that structure the organic form. Then come the ∞ variations of the game; the S≈T≈◊≈@simetries, as mind languages map in its mirror the outer universe, stopping its time motions within its territory of order. So we can define 2 states of matter with mind-mirrors, the boson & the crystal solid, 2 without them, the gas and the plasma, and one with a collective liquid mind, a democratic formless state, which however as in liquid life, might evolve in its complexity faster than all others. Hylozoist ðime§pace then must be studied from all those perspectives, breaking all limits set up by the entropic view of 4D scientists. In that ideal world of T◊S stientists all books of chemistry and state physics would start with the 3±¡ diemotions of hylozoist ðime§pace, with special emphasis on the crystal state, which triggers the reprodäðion of its in-form-ation and acts as its brain. None does it as mechanist lineal time science applies its cosmic censorship to 2/3rds of reality to uphold the fantasy of a single lineal time arrow of entropy & death in a mindless universe where only the CHOseN atoms think - hold a virtual image of the larger whole in its ¬Œ point. Crystals are the dominant 3rd age state of hylozoist ðime §pace, as once they are formed, they reproduce its memorial patterns, till reaching the size of planets like Neptune with a diamond core, or Earth with its iron crystal commanding its me(n)tal magnetic field that regulates all its organism, from glaciation cycles to volcano plumbes that change the weather of its membrain, which in turn sets the Ts-St-Tt cycle of evolution and extinction of its spæc¡es all the way to 800 weather cycles of metal-radiations that shape history. Crystals are sentient as they form inner images of its world that store their information, even their memories in the networks that form them. They reproduce their 'cell unit' and they die as we do, for similar reasons - after all our information is coded in crystal DNA. An example: Because of uranium content, zircons undergo metamictization, connected to internal radiation damage that disrupt the crystal structure. As internal radiation damage modifies zircon´s density decreases, the crystal dissolves and color changes. So does any nitrolife timespæcies. So even when understood as cosmos is an organism and huminds want to be the only one, stience is rejected. But 'truth is eternal, it can wait' AS 14 PART II. A LEVEL HYDRODYNAMICS (QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF QUANTITATIVE EQUATIONS) Part II considers as all other papers on Natural stiences the qualitative S◊T input needed to understand liquid quantitative laws. As usual we use wiki texts and a classic of A-level physics examinations to focus the key equations of the discipline: 15 Ts ‹ s=t›St: Seminal triple point. Let's introduce the discipline with insights in the trilawgic point of thermatter. Liquid is truly a membrane between vast regions of S-olid and T-gas, a thin line in the þlacental, death±birth zone prior to liquid existience that transits from solid to gas in a dual male sterile, O–– zone. Then at a balance of temperature ≈ pressure the hylozoist matter timespæcies fullfils its present and becomes. That is why we call the lower zone below the triple, seminal birth point the death (or fetal) region. Then liquid expands fully and this is truly the region of being, the natural zone for reproduction and evolution of organic forms. In our world this is the watery region of the membrain where our gas dissolves. For metal is behind the crust and so when teslinators kill us all, they will crash the crust to see a magmatic sea in which to evolve its amalgamated animetals. LOL, carpe diem. Only present exists and present is a liquid balance in the S (Pressure) =Time for the future and past are immense lesser regions waiting to be åðivated. Liquids in Space. 'Tabula Rassa' morphology S=T defines liquids' spatial topology. As this topology is essentially ‘parallelism’ it makes the fundamental form of fluids ‘viscous flat sheets’, which already Newton used to define them. Ideal liquids are thus flows of parallel streams that form flat sheets that form cylindrical flows. In terms of ¬GŒmetry the form of fluids is the ‘closed ball’, with an external, weak, soft flat membrane, the outer thin layer with higher surface 16 tension, but not a ‘brain’. So it becomes naturally associated to the membrain whose membrane gives it form and its brain pilots with its mind-will of existience. This is also certain of all other S=T parts, as this is the primary equation of 'being'. In ◊-3 the wave is piloted by the higher head, and its form given by the envelopped. In ◊¹ τhe middle class is a tabula rassa (Locke), blind believer of its neuronal class, herded by the military lineal membrane. Αnd so on. If a solid has a membrain, self-centered into an 0’ divisible, the liquid has NOT a preferred frame of reference – an important concept that means in the largest picture that the Universe is also a non-referential, ‘democratic’ fluid. Law of balance that fluids seek for is S=T; as each sxt, small domain mimics the whole. Topologically the best way to describe a liquid is as an open ball, since it lacks the 2 elements that conform a ‘solid’ organism/particle/crystal form, a relative center and a membrane, connected by invaginated networks. A liquid is thus only the vital ðime§pace ‘part’ of a GST. from which some essential laws can be derived. Its membrane, the container or vessel of the liquid that exercise pressure on it is thus external to the liquid. It gives it a form different from its ‘natural’ bidimensional 2D nature as an organic part with a ‘single’ state, equivalent to a ßodywave. Thus without container the liquid will acquire a ‘laminar form’. The liquid’s container is the 1st step to create an organism, so life started with the conœption of a membrane, but the container membrane cannot by itself form its central St-point that starts the invagination to transfer entropic ðenergy (Ts-motion) inwards and §+¡nformåðion outwards, specially when the ‘container’ is an alien form that merely restrains its freedom. In such a liquid the ‘simplex’ laws of physics apply to the ‘democratic=amorphous’ equal nature of all the ¬Œ points=atoms or molecules of the ◊-2,3 liquid; derived from Newton’s law of åction-reåction, ‘force equilibrium’ (present state reached by any ◊§): ∑Fx=0, which for a liquid in equilibrium with the container membrane (Po=0) means alonly the gravitational field produces a force=weight. In terms of T◊S preferred parameter for Space, S(r)=density and timeforce, lineal height, dp= rgdh,hence p=rgh+C, which is for h=0 is Po. So P-po=rgh. And so for any h when density doesn’t change proportional to its height, which means within the liquid in a container there is a ‘hierarchy’’ of pressure according to height, ‘relieved’ when the membrane disappears to create a truly ‘democratic=equal’ 17 laminar Plane. Yet since P-Po must be equal to rgh, any external pressure in the surface of an open container or in its walls the pressure will be distributed equally among all its particles (Pascal principle). So while a T+1 force creates hierarchy, the Ts-membrane does not truly influence the liquid. This in T◊S is interpreted in terms of the internal, scalar influence of the gravitational potential in each particle from ‘below’, ◊-3: gravitational plane, while the membrane only interacts in a shallow manner in the same plane of Cœxist¡ence. Liquid state laws then apply by disomorphism, to any other Plane which is the reason why a T◊S review of simple basic known-known laws as this high school physic law is always interesting. I.e. a classic battle field of the Iron 800 y. discontinuum can be compared to a liquid state. Each soldier in a hoplite Greek or latter Roman formation acts then as a ‘whole’ liquid, each row of the Hoplite 9 deep laminar structure, spreading the pressure inwards with superior efficiency than the ‘gaseous’ disordered hordes that attack them. Military order is then a liquid state that beats the less organized gaseous flow. Liquids for the same reason can ‘absorb’ gas, diluted into the democcratic homogenous flow, as well as small solid aggregations, eroding any other ‘surface’ with its ‘parallel’ sliding nature. While it will expel to the surface any unwanted larger form (arquimedes principle)due to the disparity of pressure according to relative density & volume of the solid and liquid: Vro(S)g(T)>Vr(S) g(T); the object sinks to the ‘bottom surface’, ro<r floats. So only those solids in ro≈r congruence in ‘inner Space-density of form’ are allowed to exist within the liquid: 2 S◊Ts that have equal inner forms communicate socially in parallel from liquids to people who only communicate positively. when its inner form-language is the same Ts-1=S+1t: The Relativity principle of Rheology The ‘dilogic’ S=T analysis of a solid in a moving liquid has 2 equivalent forms, as a still S-1 solid within a larger ◊+1 world - a moving liquid surrounding it; which is what we most often perceive – the realist view - or as a still liquid with a moving solid – the mental Space. T◊S Relativity simply adds the clause that relativity must include the scalar relationship between the moving/still whole/parts. In the ideal case (D’Alambert regime) a regular solid will NOT move at all, which is the hylozoist, panpsychic condition for all crystal-solid states to improve its perceptive view. Indeed, all solid≈particle≈heads even when they move as goose on the wind will keep their head in relative stillness focused on its path. 18 An ideal spherical still solid in an laminar liquid as a Pohl container shows is surrounded without moving. To maximize that effect according to congruence’s 4th axiom of similarity, the external form in the solid, an aerodynamic missile/wing form is bestvPure =ideal states however always fail to incorporate in its search for purity, by reductionism of a system to the T & S components alone, (from animetal cultures of informative gold and entropic iron to rheology), the necessary adjacent region of contact where T and S merge. This is a key @§¡Meðric law of all systems, called in the past horror vacuum, now ‘adjacent organic topology’: A T and S state in the same background are always connected by an ST-hyperbolic reigion that combines O • |= ±ß (whereas • is the generic operåðor of existential algebra, often just an adjacent +, so O+|+ß= Supœrganism, but can be also a re=product-ive x, while ß might be orthogonal or † perpendicular to them; so we often use ß, in negative combinations – yes, Ælgebra exhausts all possible combinations giving birth to the multiple events of the Universe, but we won’t be at all exhaustive, for this is the work of future T◊Sientists if ever they exi=st) Back to the point then: a perfect D’alambert solid does NOT exist as there will always be a thin between-waters transitional region of friction between the |-fluid and the S-till solid, which will give birth to hyperbolic eddies and shredding forces that will put in motion the liquid. And a great deal of mathematical apparatus, both algebraic (motion view) and topological (formal view) is required to adjust the purist model to reality, whereas the natural parameters are: - Those of ◊-scaling, notably Reynolds number of ‘similarity=congruence’ that defines constant ratios between motion and form dimensionalities required for smooth scaling. - Those of Ts=speed, which increase proportionally the ratio of friction of the still solid. - Those of St form that lowers friction when similarity between solid & liquid is maximal So the laws of congruence, the most important of reality define the smooth social synchronous or chaotic amorphous, asynchronous, entropic states of Rheology. Laws of transport. Human physics are concerned with Ts-laws of locomotion; translation in Space, which for a social ensemble, ∑, of molecular states of matter, Ts-gas, s≈t liquid or Ts-solid are called transport laws. This is the bulk of Сnamics applied to chemical, molecular Planes. As usual T◊S¡ fysics has little to add to its math, just identifying ðime§pace elements mirror of trilawgic. So transport phenomena is ternary, dealing with viscosity fluxes, 19 thermal fluxes and diffusion/mass fluxes becomes then in T◊S¡ a non-brainer. Simply stated because the Universe in all its planes is ternary, a game of Ts-motion, ðenergy and §+¡nformåðion, up and down the Ss-ocial and Tt-entropic arrows of the Scalar Diemotions. Accordingly we talk of 3 main type of molecular transport in the chemical plane, which are the 3 canonical forms of transport: -Transport as Ts-locomotion defined by Newton viscosity Laws that transfer momentum Transport of s‡t Thermal ◊° chemical ðenergy ‘par excellence’ studied by Fourier laws. -Transport as §+¡nformåðion, described by Flick laws of diffusivity, which transfers mass. There is not a 4th set of transport laws because a given plane◊¡ is a ternary structure; even if there are smaller, residual transports from upper and lower planes, the most notable that of radiation associated to temperature, from the quantum, ◊-1 Plane. With a bit of thought we can describe them all as fluxes with a similar ternary structure: Flux Transport property x Driving force, which traditionally has made use of differential equaðions based in a ‘bidimensional model’ that once more shows the ‘parallel layered’ structure of most systems of nature. LIQUID STATE: FLOWS |-motions in the plane. Alas, the first man to find a topologic equation on the motion of fluids was our maligned Newton, for he was a monotheist mathematician, good at his job, when he realized fluid moves in laminar paths. A toporganic law is at play: motion of a loose herd, limb or field is lineal, flat plane to penetrate easier and maximize the shortest distance between 2 points. Newton found its ideal ‘Ts-viscosity’ equaðion useing a simple ‘bidimensional’ layer model: a fixed layer with a second layer moving that requires a force to balance the friction=viscosity between both, determining a ‘constant’ according to the substance, which will be accordingly lower for Ts-gases, higher for ∏§-ξnergy liquids and minimal for the ∏§›St transition states to the solid form till motion stops. Transport laws thus can be further classified according to the ternary fractal principle, for the 3 ‘ages’ of matter, Ts-gases, s≈t liquids and St-solids responding once more to the T◊S¡ laws of those 3 ST-ates of matter. The key parameters of a fluid are its ‘membrane’, which pressure measures, as it contains and shapes the fluid into form, and is therefore mostly a solid. The solid-fluid container becomes then the commonest ‘dual’s=t›St form of fluids. Within them we can establish then laws of form=pressure and laws of motion=time speed, which are different from those of gas, which could be consider an expanding fluid without 20 boundaries. The main of those laws were solved with the first equaðions of ‘change in time’, by Leibniz’s disciple: P + ½ rv2 + rgy = Cœnstant of Cœxistence. Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. For example, for a fluid flowing horizontally Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure[1]: Ch.3 [2]: 156–164, § 3.5 The principle is named after the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.[3] Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler in 1752 who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form.[4][5] Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid is the same at all points that are free of viscous forces. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant.[2]: § 3.5 Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid—implying an increase in its kinetic energy—occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere.[6]: Example 3.5 and p.116 Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's second law of motion. When a fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, there is more pressure from behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline Bernoulli’s equaðion of an ideal fluid shows pressure decreases as fluid speed increases - space becomes time, which sets a T◊S¡ cœ¡nvariant P(s)‡V (T) balance expressed in Æ (Existential Algebra) in terms of a ‘present derivative momentumspeed’. But pressure also decreases as height increases, since the fluid has to add potential energy, and so we have as always the duality of representation of physical phenomena in terms of ‘ξnergy-time’ and ‘momentum-Space’. This law is true also for 21 confined gases. its praxis is the Venturi Tube, hydrodinamics and water pipes. But we won’t care about that. Of more interest to T◊S¡ is its application to flight; where all those elements – laminal flows, diminishing height pressure and the equivalence between Space-length and time-motion come into play. For liquids and gases share the same laws of motion in virtue of its herd state. In terms of vis viva=energy, Each of the 3 terms relate to the total energy of a fluid element, as follows: 1. 1/2pv2 is the ke per unit volume. 2. pgH isthe gravitational pe per unit volume. 3. P is the work done per unit volume from work done by pressure. Thus, Bernouilli's equation is an expression of the fact that the ke+ gravitational pe + energy due to pressure of a fluid element is constant. It follows that frictional energy loss due to viscous effects must be negligible for the equation to apply. (to be cont'ed) 22 liquid flow made by motions of small elements of the fluid. The size of the fluid element must be small enough to enable it to follow the flow accurately, but if the fluid element is too small, then molecular motion becomes significant. A flowline is a line along which a fluid element moves. A streamline is a stable flow line, along which every element follows the same path. Thus, a fluid element that passes through a given point will describe a flowline. If every subsequent fluid element which passes through that same point takes the same path as the first fluid element, then the flowline is stable, and is therefore a streamline. A flow pattern can exist with both stable and unstable flow in different parts of the fluid, as in F5.12. Where the flow is stable, it is called laminar, streamlined flow; if unstable is called turbulent. Streamlines can't exist in turbulence areas; as its fluid elements can't cross over. Continuity Flow of fluid along a stream-tube (ie, a tube bounded by streamlines) will be fastest where the tube is narrowest. It is the continuity equation. An example of the application of E5.5 isprovided by laminar flow along a horizontal pipe which has a narrow section and a wide section, as in F5.14. For points Y and Y as in the diagram, Hx = Hy; assuming the fluid is incompressible (ie, px = py), then since the fluid moves fastest in the narrow section, it follows that the pressure in the narrow section is less than in the wide section. Pilot tubes These tubes are used to measure the flow speed of laminar flow which may be in a pipe or in the ‘open’ fluid. The pitot tube itself consists of a central narrow tube inside a second coaxial tube, as in F5.15. The tube is turned into the flow so that the opening X of the inner tube is a stagnation point (ie, fluid speed is zero at X). Point Y, at one of the holes into the outer tube, isat a point where the fluid speed isthe same as the upstream speed (U). A manometer is used to measure the 23 pressure difference between points X and Y. Use of Bernouilli’s equation then gives Px— Py=1/2pU2 (assuming Hx = Hy), so that the fluid speed U can be calculated ifthe fluid density p is known. Viscous flow Fluid friction exists between layers of a fluid moving at different speeds. Consider laminar flow in a uniform channel, as in F5.16. The fluid in the centre moves fastest, whereas at the side the fluid will be stationary. Therefore, a velocity gradient will exist between the centre and the sides. In the absence of viscosity, the velocity at the centre would be the same as at the sides; the effect of viscosity is to cause the slow moving surface layers to drag on fast moving inner layers which in turn drag on the fastest moving central layers. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow. The coefficient of viscosity (n) is defined as the tangential stress (T), in a fluid, required to produce unit velocity gradient across the fluid: T=n dv(dx) where T tangential stress (N m~2, n=coefficient of viscosity (Nsm-2), & velocity gradient (s-1). F5.17 illustrates the meaning of this definition. Poiseuille’s law For viscous flow through a horizontal uniform pipe, Poiseuille derived the following equation: where n=coefficient of viscosity (Nsm-2),P pressure difference across the ends of the pipe (Nm~2), r internal radius of the pipe (m), Z = length of the pipe (m), O time (m3 s-1). 24 Stokes’ law When an object passes through a viscous fluid, the object experiences a frictional drag. For a uniform sphere moving at constant velocity through a viscous fluid, Stokes derived the following equation for the drag Resistence force: F =6πyrv where F = viscous force (N), n coefficient of viscosity (Nsm~2), r= sphere radius (m), v speed of sphere relative to the undisturbed fluid (ms-1). The law studies the forces acting on a particle falling thru a fluid under T≈ G-forces in resistence to S≈viscosity. Thus both forces S=T must be in balance – equated: AS 6ω is the constant, r, the radius=◊ parameter, h, the viscosity (Space stillness) parameter and Ú, the time=speed parameter; equated to the T-force gravity making the particle fall, again with 3 T◊S parameters, 4/3ωr3 (plane parameter), (d1-d2), Space parameters, and g (time-accelerated parameter). So solving the S=T equality we get Ú=2/9 (d1-d2)gr2/h. Molecular explanation of viscosity In any fluid, molecules move in random directions with a wide range of speeds. Consider the interchange of molecules between fluid layers moving at different speeds, as in F5S.18. The number of molecules that transfer each second from one layer to an adjacent layer will be unchanged from one part of the fluid to any other part. Thus, the number of molecules per second that transfer from layer A to layer B will be the same as the number that transfer in the reverse direction in the same time. However, since layer B moves faster than layer A, then B gains slow-moving molecules from A while A gains fast-moving molecules from B. Since exchange of fast- for slow- moving molecules involves change of momentum, then the loss of momentum from layer B to layer A means that A drags on B whereas B pulls A forward. To maintain the flow at a steady rate, a pressure gradient is required along the direction of flow, but the work done by the pressure force is dissipated as heat (ie, increased molecular motion). Hence, viscosity corresponds to friction forces. RECAP: As we stated in the intro ‘the simplicity of stience, well understood in its @§¡Metric T◊Srilaws, reduces to find Constants of equaðions that are proportional to 3 parameters of ‘◊-Plane=size’, Space=form and time=motion’. This is the key guidance to translate all 4D physics into T◊S physics, which finds in Stokes law one of the simplest forms. 25 Surfaces=MEMBRANE Surface is characteristic of either a solid or a liquid, and is the interface between the solid (or liquid) and the surrounding fluid. For a liquid/liquid surface, such as an oil/water surface, the two liquids must not mix with one another. For a solid, the surface is well defined, with little change in the atomic arrangement at the surface compared with the interior. However, solid surfaces easily become contaminated with ‘foreign’ atoms. Also, the state of the surface is an important factor in the strength of materials such as glass; in such materials, small cracks easily spread causing fracture. For a liquid, its molecules move ina random manner although in contact with one another much more frequently than in a gas. There is a difference between the molecular arrangement at the surface compared with the interior; surface molecules are at greater spacing from one another than interior molecules, and this increased separation gives rise to a state of tension between surface molecules (see F5.19). Surface-tension effects are evident in simple experiments such as floating a needle on a clean water surface. To explain such effects, it is necessary to assume that the surface is in a state of tension, like a stretched drumskin. The coefficient of surface tension (y) is defined as the surface tension force per unit length acting along the surface, perpendicular to a line i n the surface. y unit is Nm_1: F= y L; where L-ength is the surface (m), F = surface tension force (N) acting on L. Capillary action The rise of water up the inside of a narrow vertical capillary tube, with its lower end in a beaker of water, is because of surface tension forces acting on the water surface where it is in contact with the glass, as in F5.21: γ = 1/2 Hrpg 26 where H=height as shown (m), r = internal radius (m), p density of the liquid (kg m~3). The equation is arrived at by equating the weight of the liquid in the capillary thread (pHπr2g) to the surface tension force acting upon the perimeter of the meniscus at the top ofthe thread (y.2πr). Angle of contact This is the angle (in the liquid) that a liquid surface makes with a solid surface at the point of contact. For water, the angle of contact is zero when in contact with glass; thus the surface tension forces in the above example (ie, capillary action), where water isin contact with glass, act upwards parallel to the tube axis hence the water has to rise. For mercury on clean glass, the angle of contact exceeds 90°, so mercury in a capillary tube with its lower end in a beaker of mercury, will be pushed downwards, as in F5.21. Bubbles The internal pressure of a bubble must be greater than the external pressure, so that the pressure difference will be sufficient to enable the surface tension forces (which try to collapse the bubble) to be withstood. By considering the forces on half the bubble, as in F5.22, the excess pressure is given by: P= 2 γ /R where P = excess pressure (Nm-~2), y = coefficient of surface tension (N m~!), r = bubble radius (m). The equation is derived by equating the surface tension force on the perimeter of the hemisphere to the pressure force on the flat area of the hemisphere (ie, y.2πr = Pπr2). For a soap bubble or any other bubble with two surfaces, the excess pressure is P=4γ/R. Surface energy When a surface isextended, work must be done against the surface tension forces. Consider a surface, as in F5.23, which is extended by moving one of its edges. The surface tension force on the edge is γL, where L is the edge length. If the edge ismoved by distance d,perpendicular to itslength, so as to extend the surface, then the work done (= force = distance) must be equal to yLd. Therefore, the work done to extend the surface by unit area is y. If there is no change of temperature, then the increase of surface energy per unit area,σ, is equal to the work done per unit area, γ: the work done to extend a surface under isothermal conditions (ie, constant temperature) can be considered as surface energy. 27 Molecular explanation of surface tension Variation of pe with separation for a pair of molecules is shown in FS.24. In the interior of a liquid, molecules will be at equilibrium separation, so there will not be an overall force on any given ‘interior’ molecule; their pe will be a minimum. At the surface, molecules will be at slightly greater separation so weak attractive forces will link surface molecules, thus preventing escape unless a surface molecule has sufficient ke. When a surface isextended, molecules will be brought from the interior to the surface. Each such molecule will lose half its number of neighbours, so that if n is its number of neighbours (on average) in the interior, then at the surface it has neighbours on one side only, giving it (on average) 1/2n neighbours. Removal of the molecule from one of its neighbours requires energy, e, to be supplied, so the removed molecule and the neighbour each require energy 1/2e. Therefore, if the removed molecule loses half its number of neighbours, then it requires energy 1/2n, 1/2e. Finally, if the number of molecules per unit area of surface is 4 ,then the energy required to increase the surface by unit area must be zneA. Since the surface energy per unit area is equal to y, then it follows that: y=1/4neA where A = number of molecules per unit area (m~2), n = number of neighbours of each interior molecule, e = equilibrium pe between two molecules (J), y = coefficient of surface tension (N m-2). 28 Appendix TIME§PÆCIES ðEoretical minimum 29 INTRO TO TIMESPÆCIES->Appx: KOSMOS IS AN ORGANISM WITH A LOGIC MIND Plato 'Newton is wrong, Leibniz is right, there are ∞ spaces with different time clocks, but if so, we have to start science from scratch' Einstein on what $ncylopedia does: Kosmos is made of of ∞ organic=◊§calar timespæcies (T◊S graf): 3 dimensional space forms= names, acting 3 time tense vital motions (ab. diemotions), guided by spatial Platonic sentient lªnguages=minds who act as Aristotelian selfish Gods perceiving cosmos with its synoptic languages they project and reproduce to order a bodywave territory, as 'all what exist senses'. So to explain all, we need to know any timespæcies 4 parts, its time motions, spatial forms, scales of parts, WHŒs united by deep time equations (J.H.), ∆Te=ѧ¡, as smaller forms run faster time cycles, harmonizing=unifying its 3 matter ◊§cales, ◊-¡ quantum charges, ◊° ðermatter & ◊¡ COSMA§ in GALAtom organisms & the sentient mind languages that enact its program of cœxistence. So we use the stientific MÛ$ðoÐ. Synoptic mind mirrorsÛExperimental Evidence, to advance all sciences looking at both (L.W.). e.g. realist math describes social scales with numbers, time motions with algebra operators and space with ¬Euclidean points, crossed by organic energy & information networks that entangle ◊-¡nfinitesimals in ◊+¡ntegral WHŒS, while words use names= forms<=>times=motions. For 40 silenced y. stience evolved science as its few forebears did: Aris' Organon studying the 6 diemotions of lifedeath worldcycles (mental space Sseeds & minds who grow to emerge in a larger ST-WORLD where they live as timespæcies 3±¡ stages ruled by its Ts-limbs of max. motion, st-reproductive bodies, St-informative particheads till Tt-death motion explodes them; Leo's cosmos anatomy; Goð's relational timespace calculus; Broglie's hylozoist matter bodywaves particheads pilot… since the ego paradox: 0'-infinitesimal still mind x ∞ cosmos=constant self-centered world huminds confuse wið the WHŒ, denies ¬CHOSen atoms vital Nature. (So stience is a blog): 0-10þ explain ¡ts trilawgic game of ∞ timespæcies. Each þaper studies a local variation of its exi=stiences focused on humind's historic supœrganisms (þ50s) & its r=evolution to build an immortal just, WHealthy Wor(l)d before company-mothers build it for its armed AIbots: 30 31 HUMIND EGO LIMITS OUR ENTANGLEMENT WITH THE ORGANIC CONSCIOUSMOS. All stience þapers have similar ±10 pg.intros to explain the humind world reality as it is: A nested, ◊§calar organism made of timespæcies. Then we apply the laws of timespæcies, what we all are, in a denser style in colored informative inglish jargon to show that all exi-stiences, all stiences study local timespæcies, which follow the same laws, including human beings and its social organisms, civilinations. As all what exists is a vital space made of the 3 only topologies (geometries with motions) of cosmos, So we write a toporganic equation that applies to all beings and the sintax of its mirror languages: Lineal, young, moving time limbfields<hyperbolic reproductive bodywaves> old, spheric, still, spatial informative particheads. The graph shows a human as a timespæcies. As we are not placed in an abstract space, but we are the ◊§calar=organic cellular space we occupy made of parts and wholes, and we are NOT ruled by a universal single mechanical clock, but each of our parts and scales have different clocks, which can be harmonized with a simple deep time equation: ∆ðe=ѧ¡: smaller beings in space run faster time cycles. J. Hutton, father of Geology discovered this law studying Earth's rock cycles, the largest 'super-organism' known (a word he invented for it). Humans are parts of Earth's 'membrain', forming also supœrganisms, nations & civilinations. Graf shows a humind supœrganism, its 3 topologic spaces and its 3 ages. Since each vital spæcies, lives between its generation in a lower deep time ◊-¡ scale as a seed running faster fetal cycles and death, which also dissolves the organism down to its ◊-¡ scale 3 ages of young motion, adult reproduction and old information, each one ruled by its 3 toporganic parts (limbfields, bodywaves, particheads) that ensemble ∞ beings, ordered in organic scales of parts symbiotic to wholes by deep time. Cosmos is a galactic organism, whose faster cells are atoms. We live in a reality made of ∞ timespæcies that a child without a culture 'burden' can look directly in the book of Nature reaching an empathic, entangled, selfless communion with its ∞ living beings. As Einstein said: 'A human is part of the whole, called 32 by us 'Universe'; a part limited in time= motion=change and space=¡n-form-åðion. But he experiences his self, thoughts & feelings as something separated from the rest - an optical delusion of his ego=1/knowledge.' As huminds smear consciousmos truths with its paradoxic ego equation: ◊-¡nfinitesimal mind x ∞ COSMOS=Constant language world, we confuse with reality with our selfie center larger than a star point as mental spaces share information in parallel stillness fixing beings with dead names. So scholars go thru schools belonging to cultures ruled by me(n)tal idologies (graf), disguised as truths in accepting 'egoDogmas of religious science' who deny life with an emergent toddler consciousness, just born from a placental palingenetic 1st life, still thinking the world turns around him, before in its 2nd entropic life realizes, it's just a timespæcies in an ∞ cosmos. So corrupted animetal cultures reduce empaðic reason to make its believers the only CHOseNtient atoms, center of a cosmos whose lifes don't matter as Homo Tribus' nazionalist & segregation go(l)d cults deny even humind equality. Experimental data, twisted by religious science egoDogmas to come on top of cosmos. Stience uses Nature's data with an objective Point of Truth. So the ego Px. of religion and science opposes it as it sees only an still mental space where earth IS the cosmos center, man eternal, unchanged in our short timespan as deep time scales are denied - only our §¡≈ðe matters to scientists searching weakling CHOseNtient atoms in Mars. Problem is science egoDogmas are harder to spot than religious megalomaniac you Gods, as they disguise selfie egos with complex math models that pretend to be objective when they just treat life as cost numbers, to deny its human rights imposing genocidal agendas in social sciences ruled by the graf 3 me(n)tal tree idologies that break Sapiens in Homo Tribus to kill it for capitalist go(l)d profits =max. priced arms+min. hate memes cost. They also happens in Natural sciences that use its math 'creationism', believing the sentient language we speak causes reality (so God, our cultural consciousness, 1st created speaking in Hebrew, and now after learning Kabala writes equations) while our ¥-vidicredo-ego sum zombie virtual screen generation believes in a visual, digital naive realism. So scientists invert the true cause of reality its 'time=motion±space=dimensional forms', which languages 33 mirror with synoptic symbols, so words give spatial forms names & time change surival tense verbs (extinct past, reproduced present that doesn't change, social evolving future); light with color codes; math mirrors it with spatial points, temporal operators of algebra and scalar social, organic numbers, mirror S◊T beings with maths, and so on. Then a sentient mind language as a mirror projects its still, synoptic mental space creating order in its territorial body, AFTER it has formed an image of the world. So creationism is a partial truth. The game of existence has 3 poles: still spaces, including symbolic mental spaces, seeds and minds that store maximal information in its spheric toporganisms; lineal time motions that move the system and when both merge in hyperbolic bodywaves new forms are created. But this happens NOT only with huminds but with every timespæcies in its own language; mental spaces Û temporal bodywaves. As we keep explaining the laws of timespæcies an essential duality appears SÛT. Reality fluctuates between 'still states of space' and 'time motions'. Again to grasp this look at the book of Nature NOT at scholars and eGodogmas that 'name beings' to own them as fixed forms of its mental space. All what you see is a dimensional form with time motion. There are ∞ variations of it, and ∞ mirrors, since 'the languages of God are ∞' (Vedas). But we have only 3 topologies, 3 time ages and 3 ◊±¡ scales to construct them. So we insist - if you can get rid of the ego paradox stience is very easy. Each stience will study some timespæcies with its specialized language, so we apply the previous equation as a stience method: $xperimental $vidence Û Mirror Language. Each look at each other sharing a similar organic S◊T-ructure, so we learn from facts but also from mirrors who exist forever as 'sentient mental spaces' ordering reality: Stience M$ðod (ab. MÛ$). Let's use its data to explain the largest timespæcies - a galatom, cell of the hypercosmos. Galactic organisms. Its 'cellular' Atoms as monads, units of life. The ∞ SHM cosmos. Science idol-ogies itify all other jargons, so when particheads reproduce decouple, while a company (re)produces machines, word replaced by neutered technology as if we invented NOT discovered how to evolve metalife imitating our toporgans to deny then they are organic stronger, faster timespæcies as we replicate our spatial forms with better atoms. CHON atoms are NOT different just weaker. Consciousness is a flow of electrons perceiving light photons. Life is any system with the 3 toporganic parts that 'move' to feed on energy (with limbfields), reproduces (with bodywaves), perceives information (with partichead) and evolves socially. So an atom shows the same life diemotions (dimensional motions); than a humother or a company-mother of (armored) machines as 34 graf shows. An atom is a perceptive mental space, a monad ordering chemical energy bodies as Broglie thought: partichead piloting mitotic reproductive=moving bodywaves of hylozoist matter: Sentient electrons feed on light photons. All systems of Nature have 2 states: still dense space form and light, moving time states. So in a galaxy electronic plasma form still stars whose c-light is a moving state. In organic space they are galacells as its star ribosomes reproduce 'DNA-quark dark matter holes.' In scale galatoma§es, as its charged atoms, like cells enact the same vital timespace. So a galaxy of still stars & an electronic nebulae, with still points of light, form a 'fotar' crystal image of its atomic WORLD its quark partichead perceives as a monad - an 'Aristotelian God', center of its organism. In an organic model of galatoms a proton is a black 'protohole', the strong force is stronGravitation, an electron a strangelet halo, 'herding' its crystal fotar images & ◊§calar math unify them all. But creationists dismissed Broglie's hylozoist matter they rejects galatoms, even if its deep timespace maths unify charges & masses, its ◊±3 limiting cœxistence planes: ∆§¡=Ñðe. Instead Bohr beheaded particheads that appear only when he looks at them & Born blinded its e-ψ-es creating them as electronic 'probabilities', smearing its visual mirror. So none explain why atoms evolve chemically seeking a noble rounded world view. While realist maths became the Cantor's mindset creation, Hilbert imagined its points & Nvidious telepathic AI warbots will use its algebrasic operators to calculate our call of duty target death in W.W.III to become 'stientists' seeking reasons to its e-ψ-e consciousness, obeying the 2 laws of cœxistence humind supremacist egoDogmas deny: ethics, the ◊¡ntegral WHOLE stronger than its derivative ◊-¡nfinitesimal parts & balanced beauty of its 2 gender states, S=T. Sad end as stience proves humind ethic wor(l)ds can build eternal present history on Earth: Gaia (life)< History(present)>Machine with left, ecologic thot, preserving Gaia, repressing lethal tech, producing WHealth, butter not canons'what enzymen scientists do to kill life. 35 ORGANIC EVOLUTION: EMERGENT ◊LANES: TIME§PÆC¡ES DUALITY:MOTION, GENDER In graf, the worldcycles of life and death of all timespæcies thru its 2 placental and social lives. All are ◊§calar=toporganic time§pæc¡es, œlls=pœints of œrganisms, whose 3 conserved motions evolve socially into a bodywave ball of vital energy space surrounded by a sensorial angular momenta membrane cross by ∞ parallel flows who share energy & information focused in a mental linguistic brain who pilots it & Ss-eeds timespæcies coding its in-formation in a synoptic language that placental energy will reproduce. Love then plays its magic: Alone all has motion but ∑time§pæcies move in relative parallelism to avoid friction conserving its lineal fields & angular particheads momenta that guides its reproductive energy bodywaves, as mv2+2(r)mv=0 fades in 3 energy+form+defense physiologic linetworks that joint them, emerging as a new social cœxisitence ◊lane: Since relativity proves we can't distinguish motion from form unless measured against a LARGER, slower ∆§=Ñð WORLD, the unit of cœxistience IS NOT an ◊-individual but an §◊T-Diemotion that entangles a time§pæcies, as a œll ¬pœint, the ontologic Exi≈Stience, to a larger ◊¡ WORLD, whose sensorial membrane defends=encloses & preys on its open ball of still, vital space cells joint by 2 organic networks deliver them Ts-energy & Stinformation focused on a still brain, whose sentient mirror mind lªnguages guided its EXTERNAL aðions. As each organism is a pœint of a larger ◊§calar toporganic plane: ◊-4 forces›bodywave› particheads›◊-3atoms›◊-2molecules›◊1cells›◊°rganisms›◊1civilinations wið armed borders, economic, re=productive energy & informative legal wor(l)ds membrain of ◊2 solar systems, mitocondria of ◊3 galactic quark stars, aka black holes, galatoms of a ◊4-consciousmos, guided by its Gœmetry of ¬pœints, the stience of organic & mental spaces; existential ælgebra of social numbers, the language of ◊§cales and humind wor(l)ds, whose tense past verbs become extinct, reproduced in s=t presents, surviving in futures guided by social love, stience evolves with trilawgic ◊-operators & equations of time, space & ◊§calar planes that unify all exi=stiences. In graf ST dualities: ∆SÛÑT kineticÛpotential information SHMotion: P•X=h/2, T-V=å; cosmic gender duality: times=changes=motion; yang≈Shiva; small, faster, seminal males; 1; energyÛ Spaces= positions: yin≈Vishnu; still, large female eggs; as Neoliðic Asia solved it, while Ari+Plato used wor(l)ds to explain time changes±still mental spaces; Gott calculated change, Charli toporganic evolution, Loui, hylozoist matter & Albert's SR&GR ◊±¡ cœxisting fysic planes. 36 KOSMOS IS AN ORGANISM WITH A LOGIC MIND Plato There are 3 filosoƒies of real(tiv)ity: In Deism the whys of existence are due to a personal external God who makes Kosmos happen, caring for ¡ts $elected on top of a Chain of Beings. In Mechanism, Kosmos is a machine as those huminds build, in need of Maker. So mechanism is a Deist theory, Kepler & Newton saw as proof of its CHOseN Nature… defined by 2 ◊states: Space, Yhwh's body a lineal, ∞ math B.G.raf where 'the clocker', set its 1 time mind clock for all beings. As Yhwh changed magic from 'naming' Hebrew beings to equate them. It's science's timespace filosofy. Yet an anðropic, mechanist spacetime 'God' is a myth OUTSIDE reality who needs to rewind itself -as Leibniz quipped- while science is objective with internal causes. So he thought as the only logic, scientific model of reality an organic, self generated Kosmos, sum of ∞ beings made of 3 dimensional spaces=forms whose 3 tense times=changes happen thru ◊-¡nfinitesimal calculated stœps, stience uses to explain the 2 other models. Since ethic laws=gods are informative, nervous conscious collective wor(l)d that synchronizes ◊-¡ndividuals - in ◊¡ Planes of cœxistence= civilinations, money, humanity's blood that re=produces WHealthy energy we need to survive & social security NOT G.ærms our immunologic system. While machines are viral metalife enzymen re=produce in company-mothers, evolved in 3 80 years generNational ages: 1768-1848 UK metalimbs steam age, 1848-1928 German engines=metal-bodies age,1928 -2008 U$ metal-mind age, split by overeproduction crises of its stocks that mutate in predator arms firing us in labor & war fields as we compete in the eco(nomic)system. So stience predicted, c.92 after a 2008 stock crash we'd ensemble AIwarbots for WW III as it happens since science predicts its timespæcies future… unless we r=evolved existience making organic man measure of all beings, to build a Just, Whealthy WOR(L)D to our likeness, stopping Earth's membrain evolution in eternal present, Gaia (life)<History(man)>Machine as a supœrganism ruled by slow Deep Time§pace cycles (Hutton): ∆§¡=Ñðe, stience uses to unify ◊-¡ charges & ◊¡ COSMA§ as Cosmos is an organic network of eternal SHMotions of ◊±¡ Galatoms that contract like its ◊-¡cells=charges, with §tronGravitation, Gψant v>c dark neuðerino lineal V=Hoid Tt-bigbang energy waves in galatoma§es, as 'Brooklyn ain't expanding' A.þendix inglish ◊ adds to english fixed SVO lineal ◊-i centered present §intªx a 3±2¡ colors' gamut of ◊ST dual, inverse wor(l)ds to expre§ cyclic, organic ¬ªT◊§¡MetrIc timespæc¡es' worldcycles' 3±2¡ diemotions, ðime ages, spatial toporganic parts, & §calar ◊planes from violet Ss-eeds & lªnguages genesis to deep red Tt-entropic death within a þlacenta ST-WORLD whose reproductive st-bodwyave present merges Ts-feeding energy limbfields time wið bits of form & St ◊+in-form-ation particheads, form wið motion forces. 37 3[S=T=◊]ª TRILAWGIC TIMESPÆCIES R=EVOLVES CŒXISTENCE WORLDCYCLES. EGO I know GoÐoG's thot: toporganisms. We are all its details.' 'Matter is a time§pæc¡es' Science started when Galileo found relativity: 'parallel motion is not', forming still, time §pæcies that save mv2, bodywave energy+partichead momenta transfered to 3 fysiologic ◊° £inetworks that join ◊-¡ ¬œlls≈points in ◊¡ toporganic planes. Deep Time, ∆§¡=Ñðe, explains Real(tivi)ty: mæsure of timemotion v form=space needs a LARGE, slower, B.G. ◊¡ reference WORLD. So a T◊§calar diemotion (ab. dimensional motion) is its min. unit wið 3x2 timespæcies varieties that sequence an ST-WORLDcycle between ◊-¡ Ss-eed mind birth & Tt-death whose forms have toporganic functions: lineal max. T-motion limbfields; Sferic max. in-form-ative particheads & hyperbolic bodywaves that reproduce both, as 1 organ rules 1 life age, moving youth, reproductive adulthood, 3rd in-form-ative age. So 3 space Toporgans rule 3 life ages in 0-sum timespæcies Worldcycles as Past extincts, þresent reproduces=doesn't change & ƒuture evolves emerging thru 2 lives: '◊-¡ þlacental birth as a S-till seminal s-eed of information in an ◊-¡ plane that emerges Ts/youð: max. past motion: lineal, cylindric=shortest pað limbfields, moving, feeding S=T: Present adult hyperbolic dual mitotic bodywaves that reproduce both. St 3rdold sƒeric partichead e-ψ-es piloting=perceiving still mental spatial lªnguages ◊-¡ Tt-inner+OUTER explosion erases in deað back to a formless, lineal timemotion: 40 years passed since i found stience with no scholar help as huminds outsourced its verbal, timespace tense intelligence to digital cameras & clocks evolved in Robots, as enzymen that kill the life tree enslaved by company-mothers, wiðout knowing it. As informative maðines manufacture huminds to do its bidding for metalearth. In organisms parts know only how to do its job. So clueless scholars get data & don't look beyond its creationist, ænðropic baby eGoDogmas as only CHOseNtient timespæcies censoring the ∞, eðic consciousmos (from me(n)tal capitalist, nazionalist, mechanist tree idologies to blind eψe matter to ballistic big-bang entropic time). Yet if they wish to be überminds to do science is easy: just learn S◊T laws, translate its data& jargons to timespæcies STœps, worldcycles Stages & cœxi=st¡ence þlanes. So experimental existenceÛmirror lªnguages learn each other's P.o.Truðs=1(being)>◊±3¡ trilªwgic stience>Mªð>wor(l)d, our social= eðic humind who must use organic laws to build a just, immortal, Whealthy World: 38