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Endocrinology | Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
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Join us in this video where we discuss the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and the steps needed to produce this hormone. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
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published: 11 May 2017
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The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) - Endocrine System
The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)…Thyroxine…Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine, Thyroglobulin. Thyroid stimulating hormone, iodide, iodine. Biology lectures for NEET, NEETPG, MCAT, DAT, PLAB, USMLE, NCLEX, COMLEX.
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published: 05 Dec 2021
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Thyroid Gland - Thyroid Hormones
http://armandoh.org/
Talks in detail about thyroid hormones
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published: 08 Oct 2012
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Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
For tutoring on this topic, click here: https://lancemillerphd.as.me/
published: 31 May 2016
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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | T3 - T4
Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre.
The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week[2] is longer than that of T3.[3] In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1.[4] T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and ...
published: 13 Feb 2023
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Thyroid Hormone Production
http://www.handwrittentutorials.com - This tutorial takes a look at the production of thyroid hormones in the Thyroid Gland. This includes the transport of iodine and the production of thyroglobulin in the Thyroid Follicles. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com
published: 18 Aug 2011
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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis: Step-By-Step Pathway [Physiology Explained]
Thyroid hormone synthesis, physiology, pathway explained step-by-step! Animation of thyroid hormone production and regulation by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
We discuss TRH release from the hypothalamus, TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland.
Includes step-by-step walk through of how thyroid hormone is produced within the thyroid gland.
_______________________________
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:
🔸Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-steps-pathway
🔸Study Guide - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-study-guide
🔸PDF Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-pdf-lecture
___________________...
published: 23 Mar 2022
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Understanding TSH The Brain's Signal to Your Thyroid
Did you know your TSH levels reveal how hard your brain is working to signal your thyroid? In this quick video, we break down what TSH means and why it’s crucial for understanding thyroid hormone production. Tune in to learn how energy input affects thyroid output!
published: 04 Oct 2024
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Thyroid hormone secretion | Endocrinology | Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
This video talks about the synthesis and secretion of Thyroid Hormones.
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published: 06 Feb 2022
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Thyroid Gland, Hormones and Thyroid Problems, Animation
(USMLE topics, endocrinology) Regulation of thyroid hormone, hyper- and hypothyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment, goiter.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked copy of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Voice by: Sue Stern
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped ENDOCRINE gland located in the neck. It is wrapped around the trachea, just below the thyroid cartilage –the Adam’s apple.
The two major hormones of the thyroid are triiodothyronine, T3 and t...
published: 26 Sep 2017
24:22
Endocrinology | Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join us in this video where we discuss the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and the steps needed t...
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join us in this video where we discuss the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and the steps needed to produce this hormone. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
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https://wn.com/Endocrinology_|_Synthesis_Of_Thyroid_Hormone
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join us in this video where we discuss the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and the steps needed to produce this hormone. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
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#ninjanerd #ThyroidHormone #Endocrinology
- published: 11 May 2017
- views: 858091
14:26
The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) - Endocrine System
The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)…Thyroxine…Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine, Thyroglobulin. Thyroid stimulating hormone, iodide, iodine. ...
The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)…Thyroxine…Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine, Thyroglobulin. Thyroid stimulating hormone, iodide, iodine. Biology lectures for NEET, NEETPG, MCAT, DAT, PLAB, USMLE, NCLEX, COMLEX.
Anatomy of the Biliary System 🤮 …Anatomy lectures..
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https://wn.com/The_Thyroid_Gland_And_The_Thyroid_Hormone_(T3_T4)_Endocrine_System
The Thyroid Gland and the Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)…Thyroxine…Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine, Thyroglobulin. Thyroid stimulating hormone, iodide, iodine. Biology lectures for NEET, NEETPG, MCAT, DAT, PLAB, USMLE, NCLEX, COMLEX.
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- published: 05 Dec 2021
- views: 224881
12:46
Thyroid Gland - Thyroid Hormones
http://armandoh.org/
Talks in detail about thyroid hormones
IMAGE: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8Ss3-wJfHrpbWpjVC1ZMVN6c1k
https://www.facebook.com/Arma...
http://armandoh.org/
Talks in detail about thyroid hormones
IMAGE: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8Ss3-wJfHrpbWpjVC1ZMVN6c1k
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https://wn.com/Thyroid_Gland_Thyroid_Hormones
http://armandoh.org/
Talks in detail about thyroid hormones
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- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 1199655
4:18
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
For tutoring on this topic, click here: https://lancemillerphd.as.me/
For tutoring on this topic, click here: https://lancemillerphd.as.me/
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Gland_Thyroid_Hormone_Synthesis
For tutoring on this topic, click here: https://lancemillerphd.as.me/
- published: 31 May 2016
- views: 364416
5:55
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | T3 - T4
Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones ...
Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre.
The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week[2] is longer than that of T3.[3] In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1.[4] T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T4 in vivo are mediated via T3 (T4 is converted to T3 in target tissues). T3 is three to five times as active than T4.
Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T4.
The Na+/I− symporter transports two sodium ions across the basement membrane of the follicular cells along with an iodide ion. This is a secondary active transporter that utilises the concentration gradient of Na+ to move I− against its concentration gradient.
I− is moved across the apical membrane into the colloid of the follicle by pendrin .
Thyroperoxidase oxidizes two I− to form I2. Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step.
The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid.
Iodinated Thyroglobulin binds megalin for endocytosis back into cell.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary (also known as the adenohypophysis) binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid.
The endocytosed vesicles fuse with the lysosomes of the follicular cell. The lysosomal enzymes cleave the T4 from the iodinated thyroglobulin.
The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism.[28] Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport,[31] but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells.
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Hormone_Synthesis_|_T3_T4
Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre.
The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week[2] is longer than that of T3.[3] In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1.[4] T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T4 in vivo are mediated via T3 (T4 is converted to T3 in target tissues). T3 is three to five times as active than T4.
Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T4.
The Na+/I− symporter transports two sodium ions across the basement membrane of the follicular cells along with an iodide ion. This is a secondary active transporter that utilises the concentration gradient of Na+ to move I− against its concentration gradient.
I− is moved across the apical membrane into the colloid of the follicle by pendrin .
Thyroperoxidase oxidizes two I− to form I2. Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step.
The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid.
Iodinated Thyroglobulin binds megalin for endocytosis back into cell.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary (also known as the adenohypophysis) binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid.
The endocytosed vesicles fuse with the lysosomes of the follicular cell. The lysosomal enzymes cleave the T4 from the iodinated thyroglobulin.
The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism.[28] Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport,[31] but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells.
- published: 13 Feb 2023
- views: 84919
7:17
Thyroid Hormone Production
http://www.handwrittentutorials.com - This tutorial takes a look at the production of thyroid hormones in the Thyroid Gland. This includes the transport of iodi...
http://www.handwrittentutorials.com - This tutorial takes a look at the production of thyroid hormones in the Thyroid Gland. This includes the transport of iodine and the production of thyroglobulin in the Thyroid Follicles. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Hormone_Production
http://www.handwrittentutorials.com - This tutorial takes a look at the production of thyroid hormones in the Thyroid Gland. This includes the transport of iodine and the production of thyroglobulin in the Thyroid Follicles. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com
- published: 18 Aug 2011
- views: 475410
12:02
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis: Step-By-Step Pathway [Physiology Explained]
Thyroid hormone synthesis, physiology, pathway explained step-by-step! Animation of thyroid hormone production and regulation by the hypothalamus, anterior pitu...
Thyroid hormone synthesis, physiology, pathway explained step-by-step! Animation of thyroid hormone production and regulation by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
We discuss TRH release from the hypothalamus, TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland.
Includes step-by-step walk through of how thyroid hormone is produced within the thyroid gland.
_______________________________
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:
🔸Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-steps-pathway
🔸Study Guide - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-study-guide
🔸PDF Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-pdf-lecture
_______________________________
EZmed Content:
🔸Study Guides & Flashcards - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store
🔸Membership - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/member-area-study-guides
🔸Tutoring - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/medical-tutoring-services-online
🔸Freebies - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/join
_______________________________
Subscribe to socials for videos, notes and study guides!
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🔸Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ezmedlearning/
_______________________________
Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
00:44 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
01:41 Step 1 - TRH Release (Hypothalamus)
02:24 Step 2 - TSH Release (Anterior Pituitary)
04:56 Step 3 - Thyroid Hormone Synthesis (Thyroid)
06:06 Step 3.1 - Thyroglobulin Production
06:29 Step 3.2 - Iodide Uptake
07:20 Step 3.3 - Iodide Oxidation
07:42 Step 3.4 - Thyroglobulin Iodination
08:37 Step 3.5 - MIT/DIT Coupling
10:12 Step 3.6 - Thyroglobulin Proteolysis
10:30 Step 4 - Thyroid Hormone Release
11:05 Flow Chart and Summary
11:35 Lecture Notes and Study Guide
Thanks for watching!
_______________________________
Recommended Videos:
Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism:
https://youtu.be/47HYktFARww
Medical Terminology:
https://youtu.be/uVm91-NH5Ek
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Hormone_Synthesis_Step_By_Step_Pathway_Physiology_Explained
Thyroid hormone synthesis, physiology, pathway explained step-by-step! Animation of thyroid hormone production and regulation by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
We discuss TRH release from the hypothalamus, TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland.
Includes step-by-step walk through of how thyroid hormone is produced within the thyroid gland.
_______________________________
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:
🔸Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-steps-pathway
🔸Study Guide - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-study-guide
🔸PDF Lecture - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store/p/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-pdf-lecture
_______________________________
EZmed Content:
🔸Study Guides & Flashcards - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/store
🔸Membership - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/member-area-study-guides
🔸Tutoring - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/medical-tutoring-services-online
🔸Freebies - https://www.ezmedlearning.com/join
_______________________________
Subscribe to socials for videos, notes and study guides!
🔸YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUigJdXAQTejK5yx8l03gLg/videos
🔸Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ezmedlearning/
_______________________________
Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
00:44 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
01:41 Step 1 - TRH Release (Hypothalamus)
02:24 Step 2 - TSH Release (Anterior Pituitary)
04:56 Step 3 - Thyroid Hormone Synthesis (Thyroid)
06:06 Step 3.1 - Thyroglobulin Production
06:29 Step 3.2 - Iodide Uptake
07:20 Step 3.3 - Iodide Oxidation
07:42 Step 3.4 - Thyroglobulin Iodination
08:37 Step 3.5 - MIT/DIT Coupling
10:12 Step 3.6 - Thyroglobulin Proteolysis
10:30 Step 4 - Thyroid Hormone Release
11:05 Flow Chart and Summary
11:35 Lecture Notes and Study Guide
Thanks for watching!
_______________________________
Recommended Videos:
Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism:
https://youtu.be/47HYktFARww
Medical Terminology:
https://youtu.be/uVm91-NH5Ek
- published: 23 Mar 2022
- views: 85051
0:49
Understanding TSH The Brain's Signal to Your Thyroid
Did you know your TSH levels reveal how hard your brain is working to signal your thyroid? In this quick video, we break down what TSH means and why it’s crucia...
Did you know your TSH levels reveal how hard your brain is working to signal your thyroid? In this quick video, we break down what TSH means and why it’s crucial for understanding thyroid hormone production. Tune in to learn how energy input affects thyroid output!
https://wn.com/Understanding_Tsh_The_Brain's_Signal_To_Your_Thyroid
Did you know your TSH levels reveal how hard your brain is working to signal your thyroid? In this quick video, we break down what TSH means and why it’s crucial for understanding thyroid hormone production. Tune in to learn how energy input affects thyroid output!
- published: 04 Oct 2024
- views: 442
6:41
Thyroid hormone secretion | Endocrinology | Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
This video talks about the synthesis and secretion of Thyroid Hormones.
Facebook page link : https://www.facebook.com/Animated-biology-with-Arpan-1098940175090...
This video talks about the synthesis and secretion of Thyroid Hormones.
Facebook page link : https://www.facebook.com/Animated-biology-with-Arpan-109894017509038/?ref=pages_you_manage
Also follow me on other social media -
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/arpan.parich...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/arpanparichha/
Linked in: https://in.linkedin.com/in/arpan-pari...
Twitter : https://twitter.com/arpan_parichha?la...
Link to my other channel - Lets crack bio exams https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4IpyopsGWSjaPACNTZLuqg
For Physics part of bio exams - Physics for IIT JAM biotechnology
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJvSHjOoL2FDN85hQbu7vfw
#animated_biology #animated_biology_with_arpan #biology #bio_facts #CSIR_NET #IIT_JAM #IIT_JAM_BT #biotechnology #bioscience #biological_sciences #microbiology #genetics #zoology #molecular_biology #cell_biology #botany #immunology #ecology
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Hormone_Secretion_|_Endocrinology_|_Synthesis_Of_Thyroid_Hormone
This video talks about the synthesis and secretion of Thyroid Hormones.
Facebook page link : https://www.facebook.com/Animated-biology-with-Arpan-109894017509038/?ref=pages_you_manage
Also follow me on other social media -
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/arpan.parich...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/arpanparichha/
Linked in: https://in.linkedin.com/in/arpan-pari...
Twitter : https://twitter.com/arpan_parichha?la...
Link to my other channel - Lets crack bio exams https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4IpyopsGWSjaPACNTZLuqg
For Physics part of bio exams - Physics for IIT JAM biotechnology
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJvSHjOoL2FDN85hQbu7vfw
#animated_biology #animated_biology_with_arpan #biology #bio_facts #CSIR_NET #IIT_JAM #IIT_JAM_BT #biotechnology #bioscience #biological_sciences #microbiology #genetics #zoology #molecular_biology #cell_biology #botany #immunology #ecology
- published: 06 Feb 2022
- views: 44766
4:03
Thyroid Gland, Hormones and Thyroid Problems, Animation
(USMLE topics, endocrinology) Regulation of thyroid hormone, hyper- and hypothyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment, goiter.
Purchase a license to download...
(USMLE topics, endocrinology) Regulation of thyroid hormone, hyper- and hypothyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment, goiter.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked copy of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Voice by: Sue Stern
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped ENDOCRINE gland located in the neck. It is wrapped around the trachea, just below the thyroid cartilage –the Adam’s apple.
The two major hormones of the thyroid are triiodothyronine, T3 and thyroxine, T4. The numbers 3 and 4 indicate the number of iodine atoms present in a molecule of each hormone. T3 and T4 are collectively referred to as THYROID hormones.
Thyroid hormone secretion is under control of thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH, from the anterior pituitary. TSH, in turn, is induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH, produced by the hypothalamus. The amount of circulating thyroid hormones is regulated by a negative feedback loop: when their levels are too high, they SUPPRESS the production of TSH and TRH, consequently INHIBITING their own production.
Thyroid hormones act to INCREASE the body’s metabolic rate. They stimulate appetite, digestion, breakdown of nutrients and absorption. They also increase oxygen consumption, raise the breathing rate, heart rate and contraction strength. As a result, the body’s HEAT production is INCREASED. Thyroid hormone secretion usually rises in winter months to keep the body warm.
Thyroid hormones are also important for bone growth and fetal brain development.
There are 2 major groups of thyroid problems:
HYPOthyroidism: when the thyroid does NOT produce ENOUGH hormones, resulting in a LOW metabolic rate, combined with SLOW respiratory and cardiovascular activities. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain despite poor appetite, cold intolerance, slow heart rate, heavy menstrual bleeding and constipation. Iodine deficiency and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are the most common causes. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by the body’s own immune system.
Hypothyroidism, especially when caused by iodine deficiency, may lead to swelling of the thyroid gland, known as GOITER. In an attempt to fix the low levels of thyroid hormones, the pituitary produces MORE TSH to further stimulate the thyroid gland. The thyroid, while UNable to make hormones WITHOUT iodine, responds to TSH by GROWING in size.
Hypothyroidism is managed with thyroxine hormone replacement.
HYPERthyroidism: when the thyroid gland produces TOO MUCH hormones, resulting in a TOO ACTIVE metabolism, together with respiratory and cardiovascular rates that are HIGHER than necessary. Common symptoms include irritability, insomnia, weight loss despite good appetite, heat intolerance, heart racing and diarrhea.
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by Graves' disease, another autoimmune disorder characterized by presence of an antibody, called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI. TSI, similar to TSH, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Unlike TSH, however, TSI is NOT regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, leading to UNcontrolled production of thyroid hormones. TSI also stimulates the thyroid gland to grow, which MAY lead to formation of a goiter.
Hyperthyroidism may be managed with drugs that suppress thyroid function, radioactive iodine that selectively destroys the thyroid gland, or surgery that removes part of the gland.
https://wn.com/Thyroid_Gland,_Hormones_And_Thyroid_Problems,_Animation
(USMLE topics, endocrinology) Regulation of thyroid hormone, hyper- and hypothyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment, goiter.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked copy of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Voice by: Sue Stern
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped ENDOCRINE gland located in the neck. It is wrapped around the trachea, just below the thyroid cartilage –the Adam’s apple.
The two major hormones of the thyroid are triiodothyronine, T3 and thyroxine, T4. The numbers 3 and 4 indicate the number of iodine atoms present in a molecule of each hormone. T3 and T4 are collectively referred to as THYROID hormones.
Thyroid hormone secretion is under control of thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH, from the anterior pituitary. TSH, in turn, is induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH, produced by the hypothalamus. The amount of circulating thyroid hormones is regulated by a negative feedback loop: when their levels are too high, they SUPPRESS the production of TSH and TRH, consequently INHIBITING their own production.
Thyroid hormones act to INCREASE the body’s metabolic rate. They stimulate appetite, digestion, breakdown of nutrients and absorption. They also increase oxygen consumption, raise the breathing rate, heart rate and contraction strength. As a result, the body’s HEAT production is INCREASED. Thyroid hormone secretion usually rises in winter months to keep the body warm.
Thyroid hormones are also important for bone growth and fetal brain development.
There are 2 major groups of thyroid problems:
HYPOthyroidism: when the thyroid does NOT produce ENOUGH hormones, resulting in a LOW metabolic rate, combined with SLOW respiratory and cardiovascular activities. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain despite poor appetite, cold intolerance, slow heart rate, heavy menstrual bleeding and constipation. Iodine deficiency and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are the most common causes. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by the body’s own immune system.
Hypothyroidism, especially when caused by iodine deficiency, may lead to swelling of the thyroid gland, known as GOITER. In an attempt to fix the low levels of thyroid hormones, the pituitary produces MORE TSH to further stimulate the thyroid gland. The thyroid, while UNable to make hormones WITHOUT iodine, responds to TSH by GROWING in size.
Hypothyroidism is managed with thyroxine hormone replacement.
HYPERthyroidism: when the thyroid gland produces TOO MUCH hormones, resulting in a TOO ACTIVE metabolism, together with respiratory and cardiovascular rates that are HIGHER than necessary. Common symptoms include irritability, insomnia, weight loss despite good appetite, heat intolerance, heart racing and diarrhea.
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by Graves' disease, another autoimmune disorder characterized by presence of an antibody, called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI. TSI, similar to TSH, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Unlike TSH, however, TSI is NOT regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, leading to UNcontrolled production of thyroid hormones. TSI also stimulates the thyroid gland to grow, which MAY lead to formation of a goiter.
Hyperthyroidism may be managed with drugs that suppress thyroid function, radioactive iodine that selectively destroys the thyroid gland, or surgery that removes part of the gland.
- published: 26 Sep 2017
- views: 2701640