Picrotoxin, also known as cocculin, is a poisonous crystalline plant compound, first isolated by Pierre Boullay in 1812. The name "picrotoxin" is a combination of the Greek words "picros" (bitter) and "toxicon" (poison).
Found primarily in the fruit of the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus, it has a strong physiological action. It acts as a non-competitive channel blocker for the GABAA receptor chloride channels. It is therefore a channel blocker rather than a receptor antagonist.
On the other hand, evidence exists that picrotoxin acts as a competitive antagonist, and not as a channel blocker. For example, Newland and Cull-Candy (1992) found that when recording GABA-activated currents in neurons, picrotoxin "did not alter the amplitude of the main conductance state. However, picrotoxin did reduce the frequency of channel openings." They concluded, "Our data are consistent with a mechanism whereby picrotoxin binds preferentially to an agonist bound form of the receptor and stabilizes an agonist-bound shut state. This could, for example, mean that picrotoxin enhances the occurrence of a desensitized state or an allosterically blocked state."
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published: 05 Jan 2022
Picrotoxin uses in Homeopathy
published: 23 Jul 2023
What does picrotoxin mean?
What does picrotoxin mean?
A spoken definition of picrotoxin.
Intro Sound:
Typewriter - Tamskp
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Outro Music:
Groove Groove - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Intro/Outro Photo:
The best days are not planned - Marcus Hansson
Licensed under CC-BY-2.0
Book Image:
Open Book template PSD - DougitDesign
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Text derived from:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/picrotoxin
published: 26 May 2018
What does picrotoxin mean
What does picrotoxin mean in English?
published: 14 Jan 2016
Medical vocabulary: What does Picrotoxin mean
What does Picrotoxin mean in English?
published: 17 Jan 2016
Picrotoxin Meaning
Picrotoxin Meaning
A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.
In this video, you will learn "Picrotoxin" Meaning and pronunciation in English.
Subscribe to Wordy Affair for more such videos.
Contact Us at [email protected]
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published: 08 May 2021
Picrotoxin treatment Nov 22 NL QPS AT
published: 09 Nov 2022
Exp 1 (a). To study the effect of strychnine and picrotoxin on frog
#pharmacology #pharmacotherapy #pharmacy #medical #medicalstudent #epilepsy #epileptic #epilepsia
1.a: Screening of Anti epileptics drugs
2. What is Epilepsy
3. Types of Epilepsy
4. Summary of Treatments
The identification of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of epilepsy requires the use of seizure models. These models can be either in vivo or in vitro, mechanism specific, mechanism independent, or seizure specific. To be predictive of therapeutic activity in patients, the models should approximate the events that precipitate seizures in humans. Model validation is defined by determining the pharmacologic characteristics using known clinically effective drugs. Mechanism-independent models were used to identify the first antiepileptic drugs [AEDs; e.g., phenobarbital (PB) and...
published: 23 Oct 2020
Qik - drosophila seizure picrotoxin (ptx) by angryamygdala
Streamed by angryamygdala in United States. More at http://qik.com/angryamygdala Qik is the fastest way to upload videos to YouTube from your mobile phone. Find out more at http://qik.com.
Mechanism of action of GABA-A, GABA-B and GABA-C. Allosteric modulators. Action of Benzodiazepines (benzos) and Flumazenil.
Purchase a license to download a n...
Hello Friends,
We are uploading all the video lectures of all the subjects of MBBS.
And Now we are introducing you with a new website with notes and detailed li...
Hello Friends,
We are uploading all the video lectures of all the subjects of MBBS.
And Now we are introducing you with a new website with notes and detailed lists of all playlists uploaded in this YouTube channel for easy access.
The goal is to provide the notes, video lectures, courses and quiz free of cost for all the students.
Happy Learning.
Website Link:
https://creativemedicine.education4fun.com/
Hello Friends,
We are uploading all the video lectures of all the subjects of MBBS.
And Now we are introducing you with a new website with notes and detailed lists of all playlists uploaded in this YouTube channel for easy access.
The goal is to provide the notes, video lectures, courses and quiz free of cost for all the students.
Happy Learning.
Website Link:
https://creativemedicine.education4fun.com/
What does picrotoxin mean?
A spoken definition of picrotoxin.
Intro Sound:
Typewriter - Tamskp
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Outro Music:
Groove Groove - K...
What does picrotoxin mean?
A spoken definition of picrotoxin.
Intro Sound:
Typewriter - Tamskp
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Outro Music:
Groove Groove - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Intro/Outro Photo:
The best days are not planned - Marcus Hansson
Licensed under CC-BY-2.0
Book Image:
Open Book template PSD - DougitDesign
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Text derived from:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/picrotoxin
What does picrotoxin mean?
A spoken definition of picrotoxin.
Intro Sound:
Typewriter - Tamskp
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Outro Music:
Groove Groove - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Intro/Outro Photo:
The best days are not planned - Marcus Hansson
Licensed under CC-BY-2.0
Book Image:
Open Book template PSD - DougitDesign
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Text derived from:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/picrotoxin
Picrotoxin Meaning
A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mix...
Picrotoxin Meaning
A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.
In this video, you will learn "Picrotoxin" Meaning and pronunciation in English.
Subscribe to Wordy Affair for more such videos.
Contact Us at [email protected]
Wordy Affair
Picrotoxin Meaning
A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.
In this video, you will learn "Picrotoxin" Meaning and pronunciation in English.
Subscribe to Wordy Affair for more such videos.
Contact Us at [email protected]
Wordy Affair
#pharmacology #pharmacotherapy #pharmacy #medical #medicalstudent #epilepsy #epileptic #epilepsia
1.a: Screening of Anti epileptics drugs
2. What is Epilepsy
3...
#pharmacology #pharmacotherapy #pharmacy #medical #medicalstudent #epilepsy #epileptic #epilepsia
1.a: Screening of Anti epileptics drugs
2. What is Epilepsy
3. Types of Epilepsy
4. Summary of Treatments
The identification of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of epilepsy requires the use of seizure models. These models can be either in vivo or in vitro, mechanism specific, mechanism independent, or seizure specific. To be predictive of therapeutic activity in patients, the models should approximate the events that precipitate seizures in humans. Model validation is defined by determining the pharmacologic characteristics using known clinically effective drugs. Mechanism-independent models were used to identify the first antiepileptic drugs [AEDs; e.g., phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (PHT)]. Mechanism-specific models are based on the fundamental process by which seizure propagation and inhibition occurs. Seizure-type models identify a compound's potential based on its effects on electrographic and behavioral response. No single model can be used to identify potential compounds adequately for development. The full pharmacologic-anticonvulsant profile of a potentially useful new therapeutic agent is required to ensure successful development.
Acute Models:
Genetically Determined Syndromes of Reflex
Epilepsy: It is primary generalized epilepsy such
as: In Senegalese baboon, it is photic produced
epilepsy. Seizure with secondary sensory induction
may exist in few inbred strains of rodents as
DBA/2 Mice and Genetically Epilepsy Prone Rats
(GEPR) whereas, a genetic predisposition for
seizures is seen in Gerbils, while a strain of Wistar
rats has the genetic disposition for absence seizures
Chemically Induced Focal or Generalized
Seizure:
Bicuculline Induced Seizures: The possible
GABA agonist activities mediated at GABA
receptors is predicted.
Picrotoxin Induced Seizures: Picrotoxin block the
GABAA receptor channel, which is associated with
voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and also blocks
presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmitter
release, which is antagonized by GABA, GABA
mimetic agents along with Ca2+ channel blocker.
Strychnine: Strychnine is a glycine antagonist
specifically and an activity opposite to strychnine
generated seizures see activity at glycine receptor
site particularly at spinal cord level.
Thiosemicarbazide (TSCZ): There is a net
decrease in GABA levels in the brain with this
chemical also it is the best pro-convulsant agent to
test drugs with potential anticonvulsant activity.
For instance, gabapentin (neuremhin), a new
antiepileptic drug, has no mechanism related to
GABAA or GABAB receptor. It does not interfere
in GABA metabolism; some parts of the brain have
shown to elevate GABA content, and in TSCZ test
gabapentin, it can be actively seen. It is also
moderately active in PTZ test and a lot less active
in antagonizing seizures induced by Bicuculline
and Picrotoxin.
G-Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB): A GABA
metabolite that occurs naturally and produces a
predictable sequence of EEG. It also shows
behavioral events and characteristics of absence
seizure when administered to different species of
animals.
Penicillin: After direct administration of penicillin
by injection in the cerebral cortex of monkeys, cats,
dogs, men, and mice, seizures are seen within 2
min with EEG alteration and grossly observable
convulsions, which are then graded accordingly to
Millichap proposed scale.
Yohimbine: Yohimbine produces clonic or tonic
convulsions as induced by Picrotoxin with a dose
(3-12 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally.
Convulsions are induced in mice after exposing the
test animals to hyperbaric oxygen, which
significantly causes GABA levels reduction in the
brain.
Pilocarpine: Pilocarpine develops limbic seizures,
which later on progress into limbic status
epileptics. This happens when it is systemically
administered at high doses in rats (400 mg/kg) or
mice (300-350 mg/kg) 19, 20, 21
Lithium-Pilocarpine Model: It consists of adding
a minute amount of lithium chloride (4 mEq/Kg)
intraperitoneally to increase the consistency of
pilocarpine. Lithium chloride is given 24 h prior to
intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine (20
mg/kg). For counteracting the peripheral effects,
scopolamine is given 30 min earlier than
pilocarpine administration and the animals treated
show behavioral and electrographic proof of status
epilepticus for 5 h
Other Chemicals Used For Inducing
Convulsions: There are other chemicals that
induce convulsions like brucine, thebaine, synthetic
strychnine like agents, nicotine, caffeine, Carbon
dioxideand isoniazid induced convulsion in rabbits.
Sensory Precipitated Generalized
#pharmacology #pharmacotherapy #pharmacy #medical #medicalstudent #epilepsy #epileptic #epilepsia
1.a: Screening of Anti epileptics drugs
2. What is Epilepsy
3. Types of Epilepsy
4. Summary of Treatments
The identification of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of epilepsy requires the use of seizure models. These models can be either in vivo or in vitro, mechanism specific, mechanism independent, or seizure specific. To be predictive of therapeutic activity in patients, the models should approximate the events that precipitate seizures in humans. Model validation is defined by determining the pharmacologic characteristics using known clinically effective drugs. Mechanism-independent models were used to identify the first antiepileptic drugs [AEDs; e.g., phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (PHT)]. Mechanism-specific models are based on the fundamental process by which seizure propagation and inhibition occurs. Seizure-type models identify a compound's potential based on its effects on electrographic and behavioral response. No single model can be used to identify potential compounds adequately for development. The full pharmacologic-anticonvulsant profile of a potentially useful new therapeutic agent is required to ensure successful development.
Acute Models:
Genetically Determined Syndromes of Reflex
Epilepsy: It is primary generalized epilepsy such
as: In Senegalese baboon, it is photic produced
epilepsy. Seizure with secondary sensory induction
may exist in few inbred strains of rodents as
DBA/2 Mice and Genetically Epilepsy Prone Rats
(GEPR) whereas, a genetic predisposition for
seizures is seen in Gerbils, while a strain of Wistar
rats has the genetic disposition for absence seizures
Chemically Induced Focal or Generalized
Seizure:
Bicuculline Induced Seizures: The possible
GABA agonist activities mediated at GABA
receptors is predicted.
Picrotoxin Induced Seizures: Picrotoxin block the
GABAA receptor channel, which is associated with
voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and also blocks
presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmitter
release, which is antagonized by GABA, GABA
mimetic agents along with Ca2+ channel blocker.
Strychnine: Strychnine is a glycine antagonist
specifically and an activity opposite to strychnine
generated seizures see activity at glycine receptor
site particularly at spinal cord level.
Thiosemicarbazide (TSCZ): There is a net
decrease in GABA levels in the brain with this
chemical also it is the best pro-convulsant agent to
test drugs with potential anticonvulsant activity.
For instance, gabapentin (neuremhin), a new
antiepileptic drug, has no mechanism related to
GABAA or GABAB receptor. It does not interfere
in GABA metabolism; some parts of the brain have
shown to elevate GABA content, and in TSCZ test
gabapentin, it can be actively seen. It is also
moderately active in PTZ test and a lot less active
in antagonizing seizures induced by Bicuculline
and Picrotoxin.
G-Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB): A GABA
metabolite that occurs naturally and produces a
predictable sequence of EEG. It also shows
behavioral events and characteristics of absence
seizure when administered to different species of
animals.
Penicillin: After direct administration of penicillin
by injection in the cerebral cortex of monkeys, cats,
dogs, men, and mice, seizures are seen within 2
min with EEG alteration and grossly observable
convulsions, which are then graded accordingly to
Millichap proposed scale.
Yohimbine: Yohimbine produces clonic or tonic
convulsions as induced by Picrotoxin with a dose
(3-12 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally.
Convulsions are induced in mice after exposing the
test animals to hyperbaric oxygen, which
significantly causes GABA levels reduction in the
brain.
Pilocarpine: Pilocarpine develops limbic seizures,
which later on progress into limbic status
epileptics. This happens when it is systemically
administered at high doses in rats (400 mg/kg) or
mice (300-350 mg/kg) 19, 20, 21
Lithium-Pilocarpine Model: It consists of adding
a minute amount of lithium chloride (4 mEq/Kg)
intraperitoneally to increase the consistency of
pilocarpine. Lithium chloride is given 24 h prior to
intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine (20
mg/kg). For counteracting the peripheral effects,
scopolamine is given 30 min earlier than
pilocarpine administration and the animals treated
show behavioral and electrographic proof of status
epilepticus for 5 h
Other Chemicals Used For Inducing
Convulsions: There are other chemicals that
induce convulsions like brucine, thebaine, synthetic
strychnine like agents, nicotine, caffeine, Carbon
dioxideand isoniazid induced convulsion in rabbits.
Sensory Precipitated Generalized
Streamed by angryamygdala in United States. More at http://qik.com/angryamygdala Qik is the fastest way to upload videos to YouTube from your mobile phone. Find...
Streamed by angryamygdala in United States. More at http://qik.com/angryamygdala Qik is the fastest way to upload videos to YouTube from your mobile phone. Find out more at http://qik.com.
Streamed by angryamygdala in United States. More at http://qik.com/angryamygdala Qik is the fastest way to upload videos to YouTube from your mobile phone. Find out more at http://qik.com.
Hello Friends,
We are uploading all the video lectures of all the subjects of MBBS.
And Now we are introducing you with a new website with notes and detailed lists of all playlists uploaded in this YouTube channel for easy access.
The goal is to provide the notes, video lectures, courses and quiz free of cost for all the students.
Happy Learning.
Website Link:
https://creativemedicine.education4fun.com/
What does picrotoxin mean?
A spoken definition of picrotoxin.
Intro Sound:
Typewriter - Tamskp
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Outro Music:
Groove Groove - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Intro/Outro Photo:
The best days are not planned - Marcus Hansson
Licensed under CC-BY-2.0
Book Image:
Open Book template PSD - DougitDesign
Licensed under CC:BA 3.0
Text derived from:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/picrotoxin
Picrotoxin Meaning
A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.
In this video, you will learn "Picrotoxin" Meaning and pronunciation in English.
Subscribe to Wordy Affair for more such videos.
Contact Us at [email protected]
Wordy Affair
#pharmacology #pharmacotherapy #pharmacy #medical #medicalstudent #epilepsy #epileptic #epilepsia
1.a: Screening of Anti epileptics drugs
2. What is Epilepsy
3. Types of Epilepsy
4. Summary of Treatments
The identification of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of epilepsy requires the use of seizure models. These models can be either in vivo or in vitro, mechanism specific, mechanism independent, or seizure specific. To be predictive of therapeutic activity in patients, the models should approximate the events that precipitate seizures in humans. Model validation is defined by determining the pharmacologic characteristics using known clinically effective drugs. Mechanism-independent models were used to identify the first antiepileptic drugs [AEDs; e.g., phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (PHT)]. Mechanism-specific models are based on the fundamental process by which seizure propagation and inhibition occurs. Seizure-type models identify a compound's potential based on its effects on electrographic and behavioral response. No single model can be used to identify potential compounds adequately for development. The full pharmacologic-anticonvulsant profile of a potentially useful new therapeutic agent is required to ensure successful development.
Acute Models:
Genetically Determined Syndromes of Reflex
Epilepsy: It is primary generalized epilepsy such
as: In Senegalese baboon, it is photic produced
epilepsy. Seizure with secondary sensory induction
may exist in few inbred strains of rodents as
DBA/2 Mice and Genetically Epilepsy Prone Rats
(GEPR) whereas, a genetic predisposition for
seizures is seen in Gerbils, while a strain of Wistar
rats has the genetic disposition for absence seizures
Chemically Induced Focal or Generalized
Seizure:
Bicuculline Induced Seizures: The possible
GABA agonist activities mediated at GABA
receptors is predicted.
Picrotoxin Induced Seizures: Picrotoxin block the
GABAA receptor channel, which is associated with
voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and also blocks
presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmitter
release, which is antagonized by GABA, GABA
mimetic agents along with Ca2+ channel blocker.
Strychnine: Strychnine is a glycine antagonist
specifically and an activity opposite to strychnine
generated seizures see activity at glycine receptor
site particularly at spinal cord level.
Thiosemicarbazide (TSCZ): There is a net
decrease in GABA levels in the brain with this
chemical also it is the best pro-convulsant agent to
test drugs with potential anticonvulsant activity.
For instance, gabapentin (neuremhin), a new
antiepileptic drug, has no mechanism related to
GABAA or GABAB receptor. It does not interfere
in GABA metabolism; some parts of the brain have
shown to elevate GABA content, and in TSCZ test
gabapentin, it can be actively seen. It is also
moderately active in PTZ test and a lot less active
in antagonizing seizures induced by Bicuculline
and Picrotoxin.
G-Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB): A GABA
metabolite that occurs naturally and produces a
predictable sequence of EEG. It also shows
behavioral events and characteristics of absence
seizure when administered to different species of
animals.
Penicillin: After direct administration of penicillin
by injection in the cerebral cortex of monkeys, cats,
dogs, men, and mice, seizures are seen within 2
min with EEG alteration and grossly observable
convulsions, which are then graded accordingly to
Millichap proposed scale.
Yohimbine: Yohimbine produces clonic or tonic
convulsions as induced by Picrotoxin with a dose
(3-12 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally.
Convulsions are induced in mice after exposing the
test animals to hyperbaric oxygen, which
significantly causes GABA levels reduction in the
brain.
Pilocarpine: Pilocarpine develops limbic seizures,
which later on progress into limbic status
epileptics. This happens when it is systemically
administered at high doses in rats (400 mg/kg) or
mice (300-350 mg/kg) 19, 20, 21
Lithium-Pilocarpine Model: It consists of adding
a minute amount of lithium chloride (4 mEq/Kg)
intraperitoneally to increase the consistency of
pilocarpine. Lithium chloride is given 24 h prior to
intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine (20
mg/kg). For counteracting the peripheral effects,
scopolamine is given 30 min earlier than
pilocarpine administration and the animals treated
show behavioral and electrographic proof of status
epilepticus for 5 h
Other Chemicals Used For Inducing
Convulsions: There are other chemicals that
induce convulsions like brucine, thebaine, synthetic
strychnine like agents, nicotine, caffeine, Carbon
dioxideand isoniazid induced convulsion in rabbits.
Sensory Precipitated Generalized
Streamed by angryamygdala in United States. More at http://qik.com/angryamygdala Qik is the fastest way to upload videos to YouTube from your mobile phone. Find out more at http://qik.com.
Picrotoxin, also known as cocculin, is a poisonous crystalline plant compound, first isolated by Pierre Boullay in 1812. The name "picrotoxin" is a combination of the Greek words "picros" (bitter) and "toxicon" (poison).
Found primarily in the fruit of the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus, it has a strong physiological action. It acts as a non-competitive channel blocker for the GABAA receptor chloride channels. It is therefore a channel blocker rather than a receptor antagonist.
On the other hand, evidence exists that picrotoxin acts as a competitive antagonist, and not as a channel blocker. For example, Newland and Cull-Candy (1992) found that when recording GABA-activated currents in neurons, picrotoxin "did not alter the amplitude of the main conductance state. However, picrotoxin did reduce the frequency of channel openings." They concluded, "Our data are consistent with a mechanism whereby picrotoxin binds preferentially to an agonist bound form of the receptor and stabilizes an agonist-bound shut state. This could, for example, mean that picrotoxin enhances the occurrence of a desensitized state or an allosterically blocked state."