Miran is an ancient oasis town located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the China. It lies on the famous trade route known as the Silk Road where the Lop Nur desert meets the Altun Shan mountains. Two thousand years ago a river flowed down from the mountain and Miran had a sophisticated irrigation system. Now the area is a sparsely inhabited dusty spot with poor roads and minimal transportation. Archaeological excavations since the early 20th century have uncovered an extensive Buddhist monastic site that existed between the 2nd to 5th centuries AD, as well as Miran fort which was a Tibetan settlement during the 8th and 9th centuries AD.
Names
Lionel Giles has recorded the following names for Miran (with his Wade-Giles forms of the Chinese names converted to pinyin):
During the period of Tibetan occupation (mid-8th to mid-9th centuries), the area was known as Nop Chungu (nob chu ngu).
History
In ancient times Miran was a busy trading center on the southern part of the Silk Road, after the route split into two (the northern route and the southern route), as caravans of merchants sought to escape travel across the harsh wasteland of the desert (called by the Chinese "The Sea of Death") and the Tarim Basin. They went by going around its north or south rim. It was also a thriving center of Buddhism with many monasteries and stupas. Buddhist devotees would have walked around the covered circular stupas, whose central pillar contained relics of the Buddha.
This is a list of goat breeds. There are many recognized breeds of domestic goat(Capra aegagrus hircus). Goat breeds (especially dairy goats) are some of the oldest defined animal breeds for which breed standards and production records have been kept. Selective breeding of goats generally focuses on improving production of fiber, meat, dairy products or goatskin. Breeds are generally classified based on their primary use, though there are several breeds which are considered dual- or multi-purpose goats, so there is some crossover between lists.
Over a century ago the Hungarian scholar Marc Aurel Stein set out on what was to be his first of four expeditions to Chinese Central Asia. He was in search of ancient civilisations, almost forgotten to history yet with ruins which could potentially provide archaeological evidence of the rich cultural mix engendered by the opening of the international trade routes across Eurasia the Silk Road. Steins expeditions and finds exceeded his expectations: he uncovered hundreds of archaeological sites, discovering over 50,000 artefacts. He also mapped his journey and the sites and took over 5,000 photographs, recording the sites, people he encountered, everyday life, officials and the changing landscape. In November 2008 members of a joint project between IDP and the Xinjiang Institute of Archaeol...
published: 31 Mar 2010
The Miran Ruins
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilisation.
Here, an ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands of Cele County.
Although these lost civilisations of Xinjiang are mysterious and fascinating, they also serve as a warning that any civilisation can disappear if the sand is not controlled.
VIDEO: CGTN
The Silk Road 1 06. il deserto di Taklamakan "R. A. Xinjiang Uyghur/Cina"
Across the Taklamakan Desert (6° epis.)
Serie TV | The Silk Road - La Via della Seta-dalla cultura cinese alla Roma imperiale (Stagione 1) Produzione NHK-CCTV
51min | Documentario | 1980-1981 "Rubrica Occhio sul Mondo - Regia Antonio Ciotti-Presenta Leonardo Valente (Rai 2)"
L'equipaggio della Via della Seta raggiunge Miran, R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur /Prefettura autonoma mongola Bayin'gholin/Contea di Ruoqiang, città buddista nella parte sud-occidentale del regno di Lou-Lan, scoperta dall'esploratore britannico Aurel Stein. Miran sembra essere stato un insediamento tibetano che fu definitivamente abbandonato intorno all'XI secolo, per ragioni perse nel tempo. Non c'è rimasto quasi...
published: 17 Apr 2018
Ruins of Gaochang civilization being preserved
Archeologists in Xinjiang are racing against time to preserve the ruins of the once majestic city of Gaochang. Last year, the ruins were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, and a crucial part of the ancient Silk Road. CCTV's Han Peng paid a visit to the ancient city, and filed this report.
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published: 29 Sep 2015
米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城遺址 Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran (Loulan Kingdom)
米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城 (今新疆若羌縣東80km)
Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran - Loulan Kingdom (80km from the East of Ruojiang in Xinjiang)
This video was taken by Traveller Raymond Ho Lam Lee in 2015.
影片由浩慧居士提供
published: 05 Jan 2016
XINJIANG: Ancient village tourism
Han Bin visits a village in northern Xinjiang’s Yii Prefecture. He found out how modernization has brought dramatic changes to this once isolated village, and new conflicts among the different groups of people.
Xinjiang: Exploring China’s New Frontier airs on CCTV America from October 1 - October 18, 2016. Learn more about the series here:
http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/09/29/xinjiang-exploring-chinas-new-frontier
published: 30 Sep 2016
Rebirth of a once lost oasis
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilization. An ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands in Cele County. These lost civilizations of Xinjiang serve as a warning that any civilization can disappear if the sand is not controlled. Actually, sand control is not about conquering nature, which is something that both the staff of the Cele Sand Control Station and the local people are well aware of. Living in harmony with the sand for many years, they have developed their own wisdom and know how to thrive.
In ancient times, Xinjiang is the business hub between China and the central Asia. Lots of civilizations were bred there, but many of them were buried by sands of desert there. It was through the hard work of adventurers that the buried civilizations eventually unearthed. The ancient Loulan kingdom is one of them.
This is one episode in the documentary series "Xinjiang, a Land of Wonders 我们新疆好地方", and for more about this wonderful place, you may check out the playlist at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjErQil8g4Tuqmwhh5HX0iK8PKm7dL_v5
If you like our channel, you may subscribe to it at https://www.youtube.com/c/VideoChinaTV
You may also follow us on various social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/videocnTV
Twitter: https://twitter.com/videochinatv
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Over a century ago the Hungarian scholar Marc Aurel Stein set out on what was to be his first of four expeditions to Chinese Central Asia. He was in search of a...
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilisation.
Here, an ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands of Cele County...
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilisation.
Here, an ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands of Cele County.
Although these lost civilisations of Xinjiang are mysterious and fascinating, they also serve as a warning that any civilisation can disappear if the sand is not controlled.
VIDEO: CGTN
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilisation.
Here, an ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands of Cele County.
Although these lost civilisations of Xinjiang are mysterious and fascinating, they also serve as a warning that any civilisation can disappear if the sand is not controlled.
VIDEO: CGTN
Across the Taklamakan Desert (6° epis.)
Serie TV | The Silk Road - La Via della Seta-dalla cultura cinese alla Roma imperiale (Stagione 1) Produzione NHK-CCTV
51min | Documentario | 1980-1981 "Rubrica Occhio sul Mondo - Regia Antonio Ciotti-Presenta Leonardo Valente (Rai 2)"
L'equipaggio della Via della Seta raggiunge Miran, R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur /Prefettura autonoma mongola Bayin'gholin/Contea di Ruoqiang, città buddista nella parte sud-occidentale del regno di Lou-Lan, scoperta dall'esploratore britannico Aurel Stein. Miran sembra essere stato un insediamento tibetano che fu definitivamente abbandonato intorno all'XI secolo, per ragioni perse nel tempo. Non c'è rimasto quasi nulla tranne i resti di uno stupa. Vengono mostrate immagini nella miscela di cultura cinese e occidentale. E poi arrivano nella città delle oasi di Cherchen, dove visitano una famiglia della tribù degli Uiguri e vedono la vita e l'economia del nucleo familiare. E poi cercano di raggiungere Niya odierna Minfeng/R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur/Prefettura di Hotan/Contea Minfeng, attraverso i cammelli nel deserto del Taklamakan. Una volta Niya era un importante luogo commerciale sulla Via della seta, anche se il luogo è stato sepolto per lungo tempo nelle sabbie del deserto. Niya sembra essere crollata molto prima, intorno al IV secolo. Originariamente copriva un'area di circa 20 km x 10 km. È così remoto che la squadra è passata oltre ed è dovuta tornare indietro il giorno seguente. Non rimane molto della città tranne che i pilastri di legno marcio, che tuttavia danno un'idea delle dimensioni delle case e delle dimore. Fu qui che Sir Aurel Stein trovò alcuni manoscritti in Kharoshthi (tipo di scrittura utilizzata nel subcontinente indiano), che finirono principalmente nel British Museum. Dagli anni '90 sono stati preservati ed esaminati dal Prof.Richard Salomon e dalla sua squadra e sono alcuni dei documenti più importanti per questo antico regno buddista.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)
https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/183329824#map=6/38.013/89.473
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niya_ruins
https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.0214&mlon=82.7376&zoom=15#map=7/37.944/80.728
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_del_Taklamakan
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8864760
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/153310
Across the Taklamakan Desert (6° epis.)
Serie TV | The Silk Road - La Via della Seta-dalla cultura cinese alla Roma imperiale (Stagione 1) Produzione NHK-CCTV
51min | Documentario | 1980-1981 "Rubrica Occhio sul Mondo - Regia Antonio Ciotti-Presenta Leonardo Valente (Rai 2)"
L'equipaggio della Via della Seta raggiunge Miran, R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur /Prefettura autonoma mongola Bayin'gholin/Contea di Ruoqiang, città buddista nella parte sud-occidentale del regno di Lou-Lan, scoperta dall'esploratore britannico Aurel Stein. Miran sembra essere stato un insediamento tibetano che fu definitivamente abbandonato intorno all'XI secolo, per ragioni perse nel tempo. Non c'è rimasto quasi nulla tranne i resti di uno stupa. Vengono mostrate immagini nella miscela di cultura cinese e occidentale. E poi arrivano nella città delle oasi di Cherchen, dove visitano una famiglia della tribù degli Uiguri e vedono la vita e l'economia del nucleo familiare. E poi cercano di raggiungere Niya odierna Minfeng/R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur/Prefettura di Hotan/Contea Minfeng, attraverso i cammelli nel deserto del Taklamakan. Una volta Niya era un importante luogo commerciale sulla Via della seta, anche se il luogo è stato sepolto per lungo tempo nelle sabbie del deserto. Niya sembra essere crollata molto prima, intorno al IV secolo. Originariamente copriva un'area di circa 20 km x 10 km. È così remoto che la squadra è passata oltre ed è dovuta tornare indietro il giorno seguente. Non rimane molto della città tranne che i pilastri di legno marcio, che tuttavia danno un'idea delle dimensioni delle case e delle dimore. Fu qui che Sir Aurel Stein trovò alcuni manoscritti in Kharoshthi (tipo di scrittura utilizzata nel subcontinente indiano), che finirono principalmente nel British Museum. Dagli anni '90 sono stati preservati ed esaminati dal Prof.Richard Salomon e dalla sua squadra e sono alcuni dei documenti più importanti per questo antico regno buddista.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)
https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/183329824#map=6/38.013/89.473
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niya_ruins
https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.0214&mlon=82.7376&zoom=15#map=7/37.944/80.728
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_del_Taklamakan
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8864760
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/153310
Archeologists in Xinjiang are racing against time to preserve the ruins of the once majestic city of Gaochang. Last year, the ruins were listed by UNESCO as a W...
Archeologists in Xinjiang are racing against time to preserve the ruins of the once majestic city of Gaochang. Last year, the ruins were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, and a crucial part of the ancient Silk Road. CCTV's Han Peng paid a visit to the ancient city, and filed this report.
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Archeologists in Xinjiang are racing against time to preserve the ruins of the once majestic city of Gaochang. Last year, the ruins were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, and a crucial part of the ancient Silk Road. CCTV's Han Peng paid a visit to the ancient city, and filed this report.
Subscribe to us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/CCTVNEWSbeijing
Download for IOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/cctvnews-app/id922456579?l=zh&ls=1&mt=8
Download for Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.imib.cctv
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米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城 (今新疆若羌縣東80km)
Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran - Loulan Kingdom (80km from the East of Ruojiang in Xinjiang)
This video was taken by Trav...
米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城 (今新疆若羌縣東80km)
Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran - Loulan Kingdom (80km from the East of Ruojiang in Xinjiang)
This video was taken by Traveller Raymond Ho Lam Lee in 2015.
影片由浩慧居士提供
米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城 (今新疆若羌縣東80km)
Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran - Loulan Kingdom (80km from the East of Ruojiang in Xinjiang)
This video was taken by Traveller Raymond Ho Lam Lee in 2015.
影片由浩慧居士提供
Han Bin visits a village in northern Xinjiang’s Yii Prefecture. He found out how modernization has brought dramatic changes to this once isolated village, and n...
Han Bin visits a village in northern Xinjiang’s Yii Prefecture. He found out how modernization has brought dramatic changes to this once isolated village, and new conflicts among the different groups of people.
Xinjiang: Exploring China’s New Frontier airs on CCTV America from October 1 - October 18, 2016. Learn more about the series here:
http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/09/29/xinjiang-exploring-chinas-new-frontier
Han Bin visits a village in northern Xinjiang’s Yii Prefecture. He found out how modernization has brought dramatic changes to this once isolated village, and new conflicts among the different groups of people.
Xinjiang: Exploring China’s New Frontier airs on CCTV America from October 1 - October 18, 2016. Learn more about the series here:
http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/09/29/xinjiang-exploring-chinas-new-frontier
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilization. An ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands in Cele County. These ...
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilization. An ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands in Cele County. These lost civilizations of Xinjiang serve as a warning that any civilization can disappear if the sand is not controlled. Actually, sand control is not about conquering nature, which is something that both the staff of the Cele Sand Control Station and the local people are well aware of. Living in harmony with the sand for many years, they have developed their own wisdom and know how to thrive.
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilization. An ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands in Cele County. These lost civilizations of Xinjiang serve as a warning that any civilization can disappear if the sand is not controlled. Actually, sand control is not about conquering nature, which is something that both the staff of the Cele Sand Control Station and the local people are well aware of. Living in harmony with the sand for many years, they have developed their own wisdom and know how to thrive.
In ancient times, Xinjiang is the business hub between China and the central Asia. Lots of civilizations were bred there, but many of them were buried by sands ...
In ancient times, Xinjiang is the business hub between China and the central Asia. Lots of civilizations were bred there, but many of them were buried by sands of desert there. It was through the hard work of adventurers that the buried civilizations eventually unearthed. The ancient Loulan kingdom is one of them.
This is one episode in the documentary series "Xinjiang, a Land of Wonders 我们新疆好地方", and for more about this wonderful place, you may check out the playlist at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjErQil8g4Tuqmwhh5HX0iK8PKm7dL_v5
If you like our channel, you may subscribe to it at https://www.youtube.com/c/VideoChinaTV
You may also follow us on various social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/videocnTV
Twitter: https://twitter.com/videochinatv
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Or visit our websites:
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In ancient times, Xinjiang is the business hub between China and the central Asia. Lots of civilizations were bred there, but many of them were buried by sands of desert there. It was through the hard work of adventurers that the buried civilizations eventually unearthed. The ancient Loulan kingdom is one of them.
This is one episode in the documentary series "Xinjiang, a Land of Wonders 我们新疆好地方", and for more about this wonderful place, you may check out the playlist at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjErQil8g4Tuqmwhh5HX0iK8PKm7dL_v5
If you like our channel, you may subscribe to it at https://www.youtube.com/c/VideoChinaTV
You may also follow us on various social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/videocnTV
Twitter: https://twitter.com/videochinatv
VK: https://vk.com/ciccvideochinatv
Sina Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/5651321743
Or visit our websites:
影像中国网站: http://videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (English): http://en.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (Français): http://fr.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (Deutsch): http://de.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (日本語): http://jp.videochina.tv/
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilisation.
Here, an ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands of Cele County.
Although these lost civilisations of Xinjiang are mysterious and fascinating, they also serve as a warning that any civilisation can disappear if the sand is not controlled.
VIDEO: CGTN
Across the Taklamakan Desert (6° epis.)
Serie TV | The Silk Road - La Via della Seta-dalla cultura cinese alla Roma imperiale (Stagione 1) Produzione NHK-CCTV
51min | Documentario | 1980-1981 "Rubrica Occhio sul Mondo - Regia Antonio Ciotti-Presenta Leonardo Valente (Rai 2)"
L'equipaggio della Via della Seta raggiunge Miran, R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur /Prefettura autonoma mongola Bayin'gholin/Contea di Ruoqiang, città buddista nella parte sud-occidentale del regno di Lou-Lan, scoperta dall'esploratore britannico Aurel Stein. Miran sembra essere stato un insediamento tibetano che fu definitivamente abbandonato intorno all'XI secolo, per ragioni perse nel tempo. Non c'è rimasto quasi nulla tranne i resti di uno stupa. Vengono mostrate immagini nella miscela di cultura cinese e occidentale. E poi arrivano nella città delle oasi di Cherchen, dove visitano una famiglia della tribù degli Uiguri e vedono la vita e l'economia del nucleo familiare. E poi cercano di raggiungere Niya odierna Minfeng/R.A.Xinjiang Uyghur/Prefettura di Hotan/Contea Minfeng, attraverso i cammelli nel deserto del Taklamakan. Una volta Niya era un importante luogo commerciale sulla Via della seta, anche se il luogo è stato sepolto per lungo tempo nelle sabbie del deserto. Niya sembra essere crollata molto prima, intorno al IV secolo. Originariamente copriva un'area di circa 20 km x 10 km. È così remoto che la squadra è passata oltre ed è dovuta tornare indietro il giorno seguente. Non rimane molto della città tranne che i pilastri di legno marcio, che tuttavia danno un'idea delle dimensioni delle case e delle dimore. Fu qui che Sir Aurel Stein trovò alcuni manoscritti in Kharoshthi (tipo di scrittura utilizzata nel subcontinente indiano), che finirono principalmente nel British Museum. Dagli anni '90 sono stati preservati ed esaminati dal Prof.Richard Salomon e dalla sua squadra e sono alcuni dei documenti più importanti per questo antico regno buddista.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)
https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/183329824#map=6/38.013/89.473
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niya_ruins
https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.0214&mlon=82.7376&zoom=15#map=7/37.944/80.728
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_del_Taklamakan
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8864760
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang
https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/153310
Archeologists in Xinjiang are racing against time to preserve the ruins of the once majestic city of Gaochang. Last year, the ruins were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, and a crucial part of the ancient Silk Road. CCTV's Han Peng paid a visit to the ancient city, and filed this report.
Subscribe to us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/CCTVNEWSbeijing
Download for IOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/cctvnews-app/id922456579?l=zh&ls=1&mt=8
Download for Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.imib.cctv
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米蘭古城遺址 - 古樓蘭國(鄯善)伊循城 (今新疆若羌縣東80km)
Ruins of the Ancient City of Miran - Loulan Kingdom (80km from the East of Ruojiang in Xinjiang)
This video was taken by Traveller Raymond Ho Lam Lee in 2015.
影片由浩慧居士提供
Han Bin visits a village in northern Xinjiang’s Yii Prefecture. He found out how modernization has brought dramatic changes to this once isolated village, and new conflicts among the different groups of people.
Xinjiang: Exploring China’s New Frontier airs on CCTV America from October 1 - October 18, 2016. Learn more about the series here:
http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/09/29/xinjiang-exploring-chinas-new-frontier
The Miran Ruins, near the Tarim Basin, are home to a lost civilization. An ancient temple was once buried for 1,000 years under the sands in Cele County. These lost civilizations of Xinjiang serve as a warning that any civilization can disappear if the sand is not controlled. Actually, sand control is not about conquering nature, which is something that both the staff of the Cele Sand Control Station and the local people are well aware of. Living in harmony with the sand for many years, they have developed their own wisdom and know how to thrive.
In ancient times, Xinjiang is the business hub between China and the central Asia. Lots of civilizations were bred there, but many of them were buried by sands of desert there. It was through the hard work of adventurers that the buried civilizations eventually unearthed. The ancient Loulan kingdom is one of them.
This is one episode in the documentary series "Xinjiang, a Land of Wonders 我们新疆好地方", and for more about this wonderful place, you may check out the playlist at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjErQil8g4Tuqmwhh5HX0iK8PKm7dL_v5
If you like our channel, you may subscribe to it at https://www.youtube.com/c/VideoChinaTV
You may also follow us on various social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/videocnTV
Twitter: https://twitter.com/videochinatv
VK: https://vk.com/ciccvideochinatv
Sina Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/5651321743
Or visit our websites:
影像中国网站: http://videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (English): http://en.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (Français): http://fr.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (Deutsch): http://de.videochina.tv/
VIDEOCHINA (日本語): http://jp.videochina.tv/
Miran is an ancient oasis town located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the China. It lies on the famous trade route known as the Silk Road where the Lop Nur desert meets the Altun Shan mountains. Two thousand years ago a river flowed down from the mountain and Miran had a sophisticated irrigation system. Now the area is a sparsely inhabited dusty spot with poor roads and minimal transportation. Archaeological excavations since the early 20th century have uncovered an extensive Buddhist monastic site that existed between the 2nd to 5th centuries AD, as well as Miran fort which was a Tibetan settlement during the 8th and 9th centuries AD.
Names
Lionel Giles has recorded the following names for Miran (with his Wade-Giles forms of the Chinese names converted to pinyin):
During the period of Tibetan occupation (mid-8th to mid-9th centuries), the area was known as Nop Chungu (nob chu ngu).
History
In ancient times Miran was a busy trading center on the southern part of the Silk Road, after the route split into two (the northern route and the southern route), as caravans of merchants sought to escape travel across the harsh wasteland of the desert (called by the Chinese "The Sea of Death") and the Tarim Basin. They went by going around its north or south rim. It was also a thriving center of Buddhism with many monasteries and stupas. Buddhist devotees would have walked around the covered circular stupas, whose central pillar contained relics of the Buddha.