In mathematical logic, a judgment can be an assertion about occurrence of a free variable in an expression of the object language, or about provability of a proposition (either as a tautology or from a given context), but judgments can be also other inductively definable assertions in the metatheory. Judgments are used for example in formalizing deduction systems: a logical axiom expresses a judgment, premises of a rule of inference are formed as a sequence of judgments, and their conclusion is a judgment as well. Also the result of a proof expresses a judgment, and the used hypotheses are formed as a sequence of judgments.
A characteristic feature of the variants of Hilbert-style deduction systems is that the context is not changed in any of their rules of inference, while both natural deduction and sequent calculus contain some context-changing rules. Thus, if we are interested only in the derivability of tautologies, not hypothetical judgments, then we can formalize the Hilbert-style deduction system in such a way that its rules of inference contain only judgments of a rather simple form. The same cannot be done with the other two deductions systems: as context is changed in some of their rules of inferences, they cannot be formalized so that hypothetical judgments could be avoided—not even if we want to use them just for proving derivability of tautologies.
Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to, and has been motivated by, the study of foundations of mathematics. This study began in the late 19th century with the development of axiomatic frameworks for geometry, arithmetic, and analysis. In the early 20th century it was shaped by David Hilbert's program to prove the consistency of foundational theories. Results of Kurt Gödel, Gerhard Gentzen, and others provided partial resolution to the program, and clarified the issues involved in proving consistency. Work in set theory showed that almost all ordinary mathematics can be formalized in terms of sets, although there are some theorems that cannot be proven in common axiom systems for set theory. Contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics often focuses on establishing which parts of mathematics can be formalized in particular formal systems (as in reverse mathematics) rather than trying to find theories in which all of mathematics can be developed.
The first track, "Siete Ocho", meaning "Seven Eight", is an intriguing 7/8 piece with a main theme about 20 measures long. "Flea Flop" was named "for the first notes of the melody, which seemed to suggest a jumping flea. This is also dedicated to the hotels and motels that jazz sidemen are obliged to stay in all over the country." The composition "Yokada Yokada" was named after the song "Yakety Yak", referring to "senseless dialogue between people," whilst "Alfred" was, of course, dedicated to producer Alfred Lion because of his "natural understanding of jazz in general," and because of the rapport that was established in the interpretation of Hill's tunes. The title track "Judgment" was inspired by a poem written by Hill's wife, Lavern. Ultimately, "Reconciliation" wants to represent "the adjustment every musician has to make to achieve unity and harmony with the rest of the group."
Informal and psychological – used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment.
The Odyssey is a Magic: The Gathering expert-level block. It consists of a trio of expansion sets: Odyssey (September, 2001), Torment (February, 2002) and Judgment (May, 2002).
Storyline
Odyssey
The storyline of Odyssey leaps forward 100 years after the events in the set Apocalypse on the remote continent Otaria. Odyssey 's protagonist is Kamahl, a formidable fighter-mage skilled in both throwing fireballs and melee combat. Kamahl has a close friend Chainer, a cabalist, and a cool-headed sister Jeska. The antagonist is Laquatus, a sly merfolk who uses trickery and mind control to bend others to his will. Other characters include the cephalid emperor Aboshan, Kamahl's centaur friend Seton, Kamahl and Jeska's dwarven trainer Balthor, the militaristic Kirtar, the mellow but dangerous Cabal Patriarch (The First), and the unpredictable sociopath Braids. Almost everyone in the story is after the Mirari, a legendary artifact of immense power with the ability to make its wielder's innermost wishes come true. The Mirari is relatively small, resembling a metallic ball mounted on a wiry helix. The Mirari notoriously drives its wielder insane, often causing death and massive destruction, wherein it awaits a new master.
Logic, the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration
Mathematical logic, a branch of mathematics that grew out of symbolic logic
Philosophical logic, the application of formal logic to philosophical problems
Mathematical logic, a branch of mathematics that grew out of symbolic logic
Philosophical logic, the application of formal logic to philosophical problems
Logic may also refer to:
Entertainment
"A Logic Named Joe", a science fiction short story by Murray Leinster (using his given name, Will F. Jenkins) first published in the March 1946 issue of Astounding Science Fiction
Lamont "LOGiC" Coleman, a musician who collaborated on rapper Jim Jones' fifth studio album, Capo (album) (2011) on E1 Music
"Logic" is a song by Australian band Operator Please. It is the first single released from the band's second album, Gloves. The song's official release was on 16 February 2010.
Release
The song first appeared on the band's official MySpace page on 15 January 2010. Around the same time a download offer was added to the band's official website where you could sign up to a mailing list which would send you a free download link on 8 February. The song went on to be officially released on the iTunes Store eight days later, and was released on 7" vinyl on 12 March. It is notable that new member Chris Holland contributes backing vocals to "Logic".
Music video
In early February, the band filmed the video for "Logic". The video premiered on 13 February on Video Hits. It is predominantly a performance-based video and features effects reminiscent of the artwork for the album.
Per Martin Löf: How did 'judgement' come to be a term of logic ?
# Paris - Savoirs ENS 14.10.2011
Transcription of the lecture: https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Paris14Oct11.pdf
What is logic? Is it the study of the process of inference or reasoning, called demonstration in mathematics, by means of which we justify our judgements? Or is it the study of the logical and set-theoretical concepts, like proposition, truth and consequence on the one hand, and set, element and function on the other, that make their appearance in the contents of our judgements? This is the fundamental question whether logic is in essence, or by nature, epistemological or ontological. The answer is presumably that it is both, which is to say that, within logic, one can distinguish between two parts, or two layers, the one epistemological and the other ontological. But there r...
published: 31 Mar 2020
Traditional Logic Judgment and Proposition
published: 30 Jun 2022
Logic- Judgment
Logic Subject about Judgment
published: 05 Apr 2022
Judgment and Proposition and The Logical Form
This is Chapter 6(a) of the module in Logic.
published: 20 Oct 2020
Judgment Is the Decisive Skill
Everything we've discussed so far has been setting you up to apply judgment.
• In an age of infinite leverage, judgment becomes the most important skill 0:00
• Everything else you do is setting you up to apply judgment 1:21
• Judgment is knowing the long-term consequences of your actions 2:40
• Without experience, judgment is often less than useless 3:15
• The people with the best judgment are among the least emotional 4:05
• A lot of the top investors often sound like philosophers 5:18
• The more outraged someone is, the worse their judgment 6:00
Full show notes and transcript: http://startupboy.com/2019/04/29/judgment
published: 29 Apr 2019
Critical Thinking: Judgment and Proposition - Part 1 (Jove S. Aguas)
This is the first part of my class lecture on Judgment and Proposition.
published: 02 Oct 2020
Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Discrete Mathematics: Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Topics discussed:
1. A quick and easy method to check the validity of an argument.
Follow Neso Academy on Instagram: @nesoacademy(https://bit.ly/2XP63OE)
Follow me on Instagram: @jaspreetedu(https://bit.ly/2YX26E5)
Contribute: http://www.nesoacademy.org/donate
Memberships: https://bit.ly/2U7YSPI
Books: http://www.nesoacademy.org/recommended-books
Website ► http://www.nesoacademy.org/
Forum ► http://forum.nesoacademy.org/
Facebook ► https://goo.gl/Nt0PmB
Twitter ► https://twitter.com/nesoacademy
Music:
Axol x Alex Skrindo - You [NCS Release]
#DiscreteMathematicsByNeso #DiscreteMaths
published: 06 Jun 2018
The QAFE Method - Professional Judgment and Competency Development in Mathematics
This capsule depicts a method to support professional judgment regarding the level of student competency development for the subject of mathematics.
English version of "La méthode QAFE - Jugement professionnel et développement de compétences en mathématique" - https://youtu.be/XQtceJqU0Ds
Original Text: Martin Francoeur
Adaptation and Narration: Sonya Fiocco
Graphic Design and Video Editing: Sonia Boulais
Coordination: Véronique Bernard and Vanessa Boily
Images used under licence from BigStockPhoto.com
published: 21 Mar 2018
Logic - DeMorgan's Laws of Negation
understanding demorgan's law of negation
published: 11 Jul 2012
The psychology behind irrational decisions - Sara Garofalo
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-psychology-behind-irrational-decisions-sara-garofalo
Often people make decisions that are not “rational” from a purely economical point of view — meaning that they don’t necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it? Sara Garofalo explains heuristics, problem-solving approaches based on previous experience and intuition rather than analysis.
Lesson by Sara Garofalo, animation by TOGETHER.
# Paris - Savoirs ENS 14.10.2011
Transcription of the lecture: https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Paris14Oct11.pdf
What is logic? Is it the study of the proces...
# Paris - Savoirs ENS 14.10.2011
Transcription of the lecture: https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Paris14Oct11.pdf
What is logic? Is it the study of the process of inference or reasoning, called demonstration in mathematics, by means of which we justify our judgements? Or is it the study of the logical and set-theoretical concepts, like proposition, truth and consequence on the one hand, and set, element and function on the other, that make their appearance in the contents of our judgements? This is the fundamental question whether logic is in essence, or by nature, epistemological or ontological. The answer is presumably that it is both, which is to say that, within logic, one can distinguish between two parts, or two layers, the one epistemological and the other ontological. But there remains the question of the order of priority between these two layers: Which comes first? Is epistemology prior to ontology, or is it the other way round? Bolzano, whose logic in four volumes, called Wissenschaftslehre, has the most clear architectonic structure of all logics that have so far been written, treated of the ontological notions of proposition, truth and logical consequence (Ableitbarkeit) in the first two volumes of his Wissenschaftslehre, relegating the epistemology to the third volume. Thus he let ontology take priority over epistemology. Although the line of demarcation between the two was drawn in exactly the right place by Bolzano, my own work on constructive type theory has forced me to the conclusion that the order of priority between ontology and epistemology is nevertheless the reverse of the order in which they are treated in the Wissenschaftslehre. The epistemological notions of judgement and inference have to be in place already when you begin to deal with propositions, truth and consequence, as well as with other purely ontological notions, like the set-theoretical ones.
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# Nagel Lectures 2013 (by Per Martin Löf)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3uJp6P1bz8QBQ9bbBWkhuW3n_S1V-j3
# Paris - Savoirs ENS 14.10.2011
Transcription of the lecture: https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Paris14Oct11.pdf
What is logic? Is it the study of the process of inference or reasoning, called demonstration in mathematics, by means of which we justify our judgements? Or is it the study of the logical and set-theoretical concepts, like proposition, truth and consequence on the one hand, and set, element and function on the other, that make their appearance in the contents of our judgements? This is the fundamental question whether logic is in essence, or by nature, epistemological or ontological. The answer is presumably that it is both, which is to say that, within logic, one can distinguish between two parts, or two layers, the one epistemological and the other ontological. But there remains the question of the order of priority between these two layers: Which comes first? Is epistemology prior to ontology, or is it the other way round? Bolzano, whose logic in four volumes, called Wissenschaftslehre, has the most clear architectonic structure of all logics that have so far been written, treated of the ontological notions of proposition, truth and logical consequence (Ableitbarkeit) in the first two volumes of his Wissenschaftslehre, relegating the epistemology to the third volume. Thus he let ontology take priority over epistemology. Although the line of demarcation between the two was drawn in exactly the right place by Bolzano, my own work on constructive type theory has forced me to the conclusion that the order of priority between ontology and epistemology is nevertheless the reverse of the order in which they are treated in the Wissenschaftslehre. The epistemological notions of judgement and inference have to be in place already when you begin to deal with propositions, truth and consequence, as well as with other purely ontological notions, like the set-theoretical ones.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Nagel Lectures 2013 (by Per Martin Löf)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3uJp6P1bz8QBQ9bbBWkhuW3n_S1V-j3
Everything we've discussed so far has been setting you up to apply judgment.
• In an age of infinite leverage, judgment becomes the most important skill 0:00
...
Everything we've discussed so far has been setting you up to apply judgment.
• In an age of infinite leverage, judgment becomes the most important skill 0:00
• Everything else you do is setting you up to apply judgment 1:21
• Judgment is knowing the long-term consequences of your actions 2:40
• Without experience, judgment is often less than useless 3:15
• The people with the best judgment are among the least emotional 4:05
• A lot of the top investors often sound like philosophers 5:18
• The more outraged someone is, the worse their judgment 6:00
Full show notes and transcript: http://startupboy.com/2019/04/29/judgment
Everything we've discussed so far has been setting you up to apply judgment.
• In an age of infinite leverage, judgment becomes the most important skill 0:00
• Everything else you do is setting you up to apply judgment 1:21
• Judgment is knowing the long-term consequences of your actions 2:40
• Without experience, judgment is often less than useless 3:15
• The people with the best judgment are among the least emotional 4:05
• A lot of the top investors often sound like philosophers 5:18
• The more outraged someone is, the worse their judgment 6:00
Full show notes and transcript: http://startupboy.com/2019/04/29/judgment
Discrete Mathematics: Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Topics discussed:
1. A quick and easy method to check the validity of an argument.
...
Discrete Mathematics: Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Topics discussed:
1. A quick and easy method to check the validity of an argument.
Follow Neso Academy on Instagram: @nesoacademy(https://bit.ly/2XP63OE)
Follow me on Instagram: @jaspreetedu(https://bit.ly/2YX26E5)
Contribute: http://www.nesoacademy.org/donate
Memberships: https://bit.ly/2U7YSPI
Books: http://www.nesoacademy.org/recommended-books
Website ► http://www.nesoacademy.org/
Forum ► http://forum.nesoacademy.org/
Facebook ► https://goo.gl/Nt0PmB
Twitter ► https://twitter.com/nesoacademy
Music:
Axol x Alex Skrindo - You [NCS Release]
#DiscreteMathematicsByNeso #DiscreteMaths
Discrete Mathematics: Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Topics discussed:
1. A quick and easy method to check the validity of an argument.
Follow Neso Academy on Instagram: @nesoacademy(https://bit.ly/2XP63OE)
Follow me on Instagram: @jaspreetedu(https://bit.ly/2YX26E5)
Contribute: http://www.nesoacademy.org/donate
Memberships: https://bit.ly/2U7YSPI
Books: http://www.nesoacademy.org/recommended-books
Website ► http://www.nesoacademy.org/
Forum ► http://forum.nesoacademy.org/
Facebook ► https://goo.gl/Nt0PmB
Twitter ► https://twitter.com/nesoacademy
Music:
Axol x Alex Skrindo - You [NCS Release]
#DiscreteMathematicsByNeso #DiscreteMaths
This capsule depicts a method to support professional judgment regarding the level of student competency development for the subject of mathematics.
English ve...
This capsule depicts a method to support professional judgment regarding the level of student competency development for the subject of mathematics.
English version of "La méthode QAFE - Jugement professionnel et développement de compétences en mathématique" - https://youtu.be/XQtceJqU0Ds
Original Text: Martin Francoeur
Adaptation and Narration: Sonya Fiocco
Graphic Design and Video Editing: Sonia Boulais
Coordination: Véronique Bernard and Vanessa Boily
Images used under licence from BigStockPhoto.com
This capsule depicts a method to support professional judgment regarding the level of student competency development for the subject of mathematics.
English version of "La méthode QAFE - Jugement professionnel et développement de compétences en mathématique" - https://youtu.be/XQtceJqU0Ds
Original Text: Martin Francoeur
Adaptation and Narration: Sonya Fiocco
Graphic Design and Video Editing: Sonia Boulais
Coordination: Véronique Bernard and Vanessa Boily
Images used under licence from BigStockPhoto.com
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-psychology-behind-irrational-decisions-sara-garofalo
Often people make decisions that are not “rational” from a...
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-psychology-behind-irrational-decisions-sara-garofalo
Often people make decisions that are not “rational” from a purely economical point of view — meaning that they don’t necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it? Sara Garofalo explains heuristics, problem-solving approaches based on previous experience and intuition rather than analysis.
Lesson by Sara Garofalo, animation by TOGETHER.
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-psychology-behind-irrational-decisions-sara-garofalo
Often people make decisions that are not “rational” from a purely economical point of view — meaning that they don’t necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it? Sara Garofalo explains heuristics, problem-solving approaches based on previous experience and intuition rather than analysis.
Lesson by Sara Garofalo, animation by TOGETHER.
# Paris - Savoirs ENS 14.10.2011
Transcription of the lecture: https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Paris14Oct11.pdf
What is logic? Is it the study of the process of inference or reasoning, called demonstration in mathematics, by means of which we justify our judgements? Or is it the study of the logical and set-theoretical concepts, like proposition, truth and consequence on the one hand, and set, element and function on the other, that make their appearance in the contents of our judgements? This is the fundamental question whether logic is in essence, or by nature, epistemological or ontological. The answer is presumably that it is both, which is to say that, within logic, one can distinguish between two parts, or two layers, the one epistemological and the other ontological. But there remains the question of the order of priority between these two layers: Which comes first? Is epistemology prior to ontology, or is it the other way round? Bolzano, whose logic in four volumes, called Wissenschaftslehre, has the most clear architectonic structure of all logics that have so far been written, treated of the ontological notions of proposition, truth and logical consequence (Ableitbarkeit) in the first two volumes of his Wissenschaftslehre, relegating the epistemology to the third volume. Thus he let ontology take priority over epistemology. Although the line of demarcation between the two was drawn in exactly the right place by Bolzano, my own work on constructive type theory has forced me to the conclusion that the order of priority between ontology and epistemology is nevertheless the reverse of the order in which they are treated in the Wissenschaftslehre. The epistemological notions of judgement and inference have to be in place already when you begin to deal with propositions, truth and consequence, as well as with other purely ontological notions, like the set-theoretical ones.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Nagel Lectures 2013 (by Per Martin Löf)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3uJp6P1bz8QBQ9bbBWkhuW3n_S1V-j3
Everything we've discussed so far has been setting you up to apply judgment.
• In an age of infinite leverage, judgment becomes the most important skill 0:00
• Everything else you do is setting you up to apply judgment 1:21
• Judgment is knowing the long-term consequences of your actions 2:40
• Without experience, judgment is often less than useless 3:15
• The people with the best judgment are among the least emotional 4:05
• A lot of the top investors often sound like philosophers 5:18
• The more outraged someone is, the worse their judgment 6:00
Full show notes and transcript: http://startupboy.com/2019/04/29/judgment
Discrete Mathematics: Checking The Validity of An Argument (Shortcut Method)
Topics discussed:
1. A quick and easy method to check the validity of an argument.
Follow Neso Academy on Instagram: @nesoacademy(https://bit.ly/2XP63OE)
Follow me on Instagram: @jaspreetedu(https://bit.ly/2YX26E5)
Contribute: http://www.nesoacademy.org/donate
Memberships: https://bit.ly/2U7YSPI
Books: http://www.nesoacademy.org/recommended-books
Website ► http://www.nesoacademy.org/
Forum ► http://forum.nesoacademy.org/
Facebook ► https://goo.gl/Nt0PmB
Twitter ► https://twitter.com/nesoacademy
Music:
Axol x Alex Skrindo - You [NCS Release]
#DiscreteMathematicsByNeso #DiscreteMaths
This capsule depicts a method to support professional judgment regarding the level of student competency development for the subject of mathematics.
English version of "La méthode QAFE - Jugement professionnel et développement de compétences en mathématique" - https://youtu.be/XQtceJqU0Ds
Original Text: Martin Francoeur
Adaptation and Narration: Sonya Fiocco
Graphic Design and Video Editing: Sonia Boulais
Coordination: Véronique Bernard and Vanessa Boily
Images used under licence from BigStockPhoto.com
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-psychology-behind-irrational-decisions-sara-garofalo
Often people make decisions that are not “rational” from a purely economical point of view — meaning that they don’t necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it? Sara Garofalo explains heuristics, problem-solving approaches based on previous experience and intuition rather than analysis.
Lesson by Sara Garofalo, animation by TOGETHER.
In mathematical logic, a judgment can be an assertion about occurrence of a free variable in an expression of the object language, or about provability of a proposition (either as a tautology or from a given context), but judgments can be also other inductively definable assertions in the metatheory. Judgments are used for example in formalizing deduction systems: a logical axiom expresses a judgment, premises of a rule of inference are formed as a sequence of judgments, and their conclusion is a judgment as well. Also the result of a proof expresses a judgment, and the used hypotheses are formed as a sequence of judgments.
A characteristic feature of the variants of Hilbert-style deduction systems is that the context is not changed in any of their rules of inference, while both natural deduction and sequent calculus contain some context-changing rules. Thus, if we are interested only in the derivability of tautologies, not hypothetical judgments, then we can formalize the Hilbert-style deduction system in such a way that its rules of inference contain only judgments of a rather simple form. The same cannot be done with the other two deductions systems: as context is changed in some of their rules of inferences, they cannot be formalized so that hypothetical judgments could be avoided—not even if we want to use them just for proving derivability of tautologies.
Are the odds of an Israel-Iran nuclear conflict meaningfully calculable? The only scientifically correct answer here is “no,” because valid probability judgments in logic and mathematics must always ...