'+pages+''); $('.stream > div:odd').addClass('bgr_color'); updateHeight('#history'); }); window.activateTabArea = ensure(function(tab, areas){ var parsed = false; var parts = (areas || '').split('/'); window.fsonload = $.inArray('fs', parts) >= 0; if(fsonload){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf('fs'), 1); } var replayMode = false; if($.inArray('replay', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'replay'; } var noSoundMode = false; if($.inArray('nosound', parts)>=0){ noSoundMode = 'nosound'; } if($.inArray('ns', parts)>=0){ noSoundMode = 'ns'; } var previewMode = null; if($.inArray('p', parts)>=0){ previewMode = 'p'; } if($.inArray('preview', parts)>=0){ previewMode = 'preview'; } if($.inArray('repeat', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'repeat'; } if($.inArray('r', parts)>=0 || $.inArray('ro', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'r'; } if(replayMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(replayMode), 1); } if(noSoundMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(noSoundMode), 1); } if(previewMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(previewMode), 1); } if(previewMode){ if(!parts.length){ parts = ['1-14', '999:59']; } } var area = parts[0]; if(tab == 'history' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; $.ajax({ url: 'https://login.wn.com/recent/json/?pp='+history_pp+'&skip='+history_pp*(page-1), dataType: 'jsonp', success: function(response){ $ensure(function(){ renderHistory(response, page); }); } }); return true; } if(tab == 'global_history' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; globalHistory.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#global_history'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'my_playlists' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; myPlaylists.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#my_playlists'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'my_videos' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; myVideos.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#my_videos'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'related_sites' && areas && matchPosition(areas)){ var seconds = parsePosition(areas); scrollRelated(seconds); return false; } if(matchPosition(area) || matchAction(area)){ parts.unshift('1'); area = parts[0]; } if(tab == 'expand' && area && area.match(/\d+/)) { var num = parseInt(area); if(num < 100){ //FIX ME. 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Load timeline page with ajax here } } else if(tab.match(/^playlist\d+$/)){ var playerId = parseInt(tab.substring(8)); var vp = videoplayers[playerId]; window.descriptionsholder = $('.descriptionsplace'); if(!vp) return; // why? no player? if(replayMode){ $('.replaycurrent'+playerId).attr('checked', true); vp.setReplayCurrent(true); } var playQueue = []; window.playQueue = playQueue; var playQueuePosition = 0; var playShouldStart = null; var playShouldStop = null; var parseList = function(x){ var items = x.split(/;|,/g); var results = []; for (i in items){ try{ var action = parseAction(vp, items[i]); if(!action.video){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Warning: No video for queued entry: " + items[i]); }else{ results.push(action); } }catch(e){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Warning: Can''t parse queue entry: " + items[i]); } } return results; }; var scrollToPlaylistPosition = function(vp){ var ppos = vp.getPlaylistPosition(); var el = vp.playlistContainer.find('>li').eq(ppos); var par = el.closest('.playlist_scrollarea'); par.scrollTop(el.offset().top-par.height()/2); } var updateVolumeState = function(){ if(noSoundMode){ if(noSoundMode == 'turn-on'){ clog("Sound is on, vsid="+vp.vsid); vp.setVolumeUnMute(); noSoundMode = false; }else{ clog("Sound is off, vsid="+vp.vsid); vp.setVolumeMute(); noSoundMode = 'turn-on'; } } } var playQueueUpdate = function(){ var playPosition = playQueue[playQueuePosition]; vp.playFromPlaylist(playPosition.video); scrollToPlaylistPosition(vp); playShouldStart = playPosition.start; playShouldStop = playPosition.stop; }; var playQueueAdvancePosition = function(){ clog("Advancing play position..."); playQueuePosition ++; while(playQueuePosition < playQueue.length && !playQueue[playQueuePosition].video){ playQueuePosition ++; } if(playQueuePosition < playQueue.length){ playQueueUpdate(); }else if(vp.getReplayCurrent()){ playQueuePosition = 0; playQueueUpdate(); vp.seekTo(playShouldStart); vp.playVideo(); }else{ vp.pauseVideo(); playShouldStop = null; playShouldStart = null; } }; function loadMoreVideos(playerId, vp, start, finish, callback){ var playlistInfo = playlists[playerId-1]; if(playlistInfo.loading >= finish) return; playlistInfo.loading = finish; $.ajax({ url: '/api/upge/cheetah-photo-search/query_videos2', dataType: 'json', data: { query: playlistInfo.query, orderby: playlistInfo.orderby, start: start, count: finish-start }, success: function(response){ var pl = vp.getPlaylist().slice(0); pl.push.apply(pl, response); vp.setPlaylist(pl); callback(); } }); } if(parts.length == 1 && matchDash(parts[0])){ var pl = vp.getActualPlaylist(); var vids = parseDash(parts[0]); parts = []; for(var i = 0; i < vids.length; i++){ playQueue.push({ 'video': pl[vids[i]-1], 'start': 0, 'stop': null }) } if(vids.length){ if(vids[vids.length-1]-1>=pl.length){ loadMoreVideos(playerId, vp, pl.length, vids[vids.length-1], function(){ if(fsonload){ activateTabArea(tab, parts[0]+'/fs'); }else{ activateTabArea(tab, parts[0]); } var pls = vp.getPlaylist(); vp.playFromPlaylist(pls[pls.length-1]); vp.playVideo(); scrollToPlaylistPosition(vp); }); return true; } } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; playShouldStart = 0; } } if(previewMode){ var vids = []; var dur = 0; var pl = vp.getActualPlaylist(); area = parts[0]; if(parts.length == 1 && matchPosition(parts[0])){ vids = parseDash('1-'+pl.length); dur = parsePosition(parts[0]); parts = []; }else if(parts.length == 1 && matchDash(parts[0])){ vids = parseDash(parts[0]); dur = parsePosition("999:59"); parts = []; } if(parts.length == 2 && matchDash(parts[0]) && matchPosition(parts[1])){ vids = parseDash(parts[0]); dur = parsePosition(parts[1]); parts = []; } for(var i = 0; i < vids.length; i++){ playQueue.push({ 'video': pl[vids[i]-1], 'start': 0, 'stop': dur }) } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; } } if(parts.length>1){ for(var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++){ var sel = findMatchingVideo(vp, parts[i]); if(sel){ playQueue.push({ 'video': sel, 'start': 0, 'stop': null }) } } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; } }else if(area){ var sel = findMatchingVideo(vp, area); if(sel){ vp.playFromPlaylist(sel); playShouldStart = 0; parsed = true; } } if(fsonload || replayMode){ playShouldStart = 0; } if(document.location.search.match('at=|queue=')){ var opts = document.location.search.replace(/^\?/,'').split(/&/g); for(var o in opts){ if(opts[o].match(/^at=(\d+:)?(\d+:)?\d+$/)){ playShouldStart = parsePosition(opts[o].substr(3)) } if(opts[o].match(/^queue=/)){ playQueue = parseList(opts[o].substr(6)); if(playQueue){ playQueuePosition = 0; playQueueUpdate(); } } } } if(matchPosition(parts[1])){ playShouldStart = parsePosition(parts[1]); parsed = true; } if(matchAction(parts[1])){ var action = parseAction(vp, area+'/'+parts[1]); playShouldStart = action.start; playShouldStop = action.stop; parsed = true; } if(playShouldStart !== null && !playQueue.length){ playQueue.push({ video: vp.getCurrentVideo(), start: playShouldStart, stop: playShouldStop }); } if(playShouldStart != null){ setInterval(function(){ if(playShouldStop && vp.currentPlayer && vp.currentPlayer.getCurrentTime() > playShouldStop){ playShouldStop = null; if(vp.getCurrentVideo() == playQueue[playQueuePosition].video){ playQueueAdvancePosition(); }else{ playShouldStart = null; } } }, 500); vp.playerContainer.bind('videoplayer.player.statechange', function(e, state){ if(state == 'ended'){ // advance to the next video playQueueAdvancePosition(); } }); vp.playerContainer.bind('videoplayer.player.readychange', function(e, state){ if(state){ updateVolumeState(); if(playShouldStart !== null){ vp.seekTo(playShouldStart); playShouldStart = null; }else{ playShouldStop = null; // someone started other video, stop playing from playQueue } } if(fsonload) { triggerFullscreen(playerId); fsonload = false; } }); } } else if(tab.match(/^wiki\d+$/)){ if(firstTimeActivate){ load_wiki($('#'+tab), function(){ if(area){ var areaNode = $('#'+area); if(areaNode.length>0){ $('html, body').scrollTop(areaNode.offset().top + 10); return true; } } }); } } return parsed; }) window.activateTab = ensure(function(tab, area){ window.activeArea = null; if(tab == 'import_videos'){ if(area){ import_videos(area); }else{ start_import(); } return true; } if(tab == 'chat'){ update_chat_position($('.chat').eq(0)); window.activeArea = 'chat'; jQuery('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'chat'); return true; } if(tab in rev_names){ tab = rev_names[tab]; } if(tab.match(':')){ return false; } var sup = $('ul li a[id=#'+tab+']'); if(sup && sup.length>0){ window.activeArea = area; sup.first().click(); if(!window.activateTabArea(tab, area)){ window.activeArea = null; } window.activeArea = null; return true; }else{ var have_tabs = $('#playlist_menu li').length; if(tab.match(/^playlists?\d+$/)){ var to_add = +tab.substring(8).replace(/^s/,'')-have_tabs; if(to_add>0 && have_tabs){ add_more_videos(to_add); return true; } } } return false; }); window.currentPath = ensure(function(){ return window.lastHistory.replace(basepath, '').split('?')[0]; }); window.main_tab = window.main_tab || 'videos'; window.addHistory = ensure(function(path){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Adding to history: "+path); if(window.history && history.replaceState && document.location.hostname.match(/^(youtube\.)?(\w{2,3}\.)?wn\.com$/)){ if(path == main_tab || path == main_tab+'/' || path == '' || path == '/') { path = basepath; } else if( path.match('^'+main_tab+'/') ){ path = basepath + '/' + path.replace(main_tab+'/', '').replace('--','/'); } else { path = basepath + '/' + path.replace('--','/'); } if(document.location.search){ path += document.location.search; } if(window.lastHistory) { history.pushState(null, null, path); } else if(window.lastHistory != path){ history.replaceState(null, null, path); window.lastHistory = path; } } else{ path = path.replace('--','/'); if(path == main_tab || path == main_tab+'/' || path == '' || path == '/') { path = ''; } if(window.lastHistory != '/'+path){ window.location.hash = path? '/'+path : ''; window.lastHistory = '/'+path; } } }); $('.tabtrigger li a').live('click', ensure(function() { var tab = $(this).attr('id'); if(tab.substring(0,1) == '#'){ var name = tab.substring(1); if(name in menu_names){ name = menu_names[name][0]; } realTab = rev_names[name]; $('#'+realTab).show(); if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Triggering tab: "+name+(window.activeArea?" activeArea="+window.activeArea:'')); var path = name; if(window.activeArea){ path = path + '/' + window.activeArea; } if(tab.match(/#playlist\d+/) || tab.match(/#details\d+/)){ $('.multiple-playlists').show(); $('.related_playlist').show(); $('.longest_videos_playlist').show(); }else { $('.multiple-playlists').hide(); $('.related_playlist').hide(); $('.longest_videos_playlist').hide(); } // start the related script only when the tab is on screen showing if (tab.match(/related_sites/)) { if (mc) { mc.startCredits(); } } window.activeTab = realTab; addHistory(path); setTimeout(ensure(function(){ if(tab.match(/language--/)){ $('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'language'); } if(tab.match(/weather/)) { $('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'weather'); loadContinent(); } updateMenus(tab); updateHeight(); }), 10); } return false; })); }); -->

Mutation

In biology, a mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired, errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.

Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.

Mutation (disambiguation)

A mutation is a change in the sequence of an organism's genetic material.

Mutation may also refer to:

Literature

  • Mutate (comics), a group and term used in Marvel Comics
  • Mutation (novel), a 1990 medical thriller by Robin Cook
  • Savage Land Mutates, a group of mutants in Marvel Comics
  • Human Mutation, a peer-reviewed medical journal of human genetics.
  • Music

  • Mutation, the process of changing hexachords in medieval music theory
  • Mutation (organ stop), a type of organ stop that does not sound at unison or octave pitch
  • Mutations (Beck album), 1998
  • Mutations (Fight album), 1994
  • Mutations (Vijay Iyer album), 2014
  • "Mutations", a song by Salt the Wound from their 2009 album, Ares
  • Sciences

  • Mutation (genetic algorithm), an operator in a genetic algorithm of computing
  • Apophony, in linguistics, a change in a sound in a word
  • Consonant mutation, in linguistics, a change in a consonant sound
  • Mutation (algebra), an operation on algebras producing an algebra with a modified multiplication operation
  • Mutation (knot theory), an operation on a knot that creates different knots
  • Mutations (Vijay Iyer album)

    Mutations is an album by pianist Vijay Iyer recorded in 2013 and released on the ECM label in 2014.

    Reception

    The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars out of 5, stating "Mutations rewards with well-considered, inspired performances". Writing for All About Jazz, John Kelman said "Mutations is a landmark recording from an artist who, while already possessing an admirable discography, has clearly been limited to more decidedly jazz-oriented concerns. Representing a significant musical shift, if Mutations is but the first sign of the greater freedom ECM plans to afford Iyer, the only vaticinator of what's to follow will surely be its complete and utter unpredictability".The Guardian review by John Fordham awarded the album 4 stars noting "It's thoughtful, typically original, and unexpectedly very exciting".

    Not all reviews were as enthusiastic with JazzTimes stating "Mutations is a major disappointment. The problem is Iyer’s writing for strings. There is a 10-part suite for string quartet, piano and electronics. The suite is stunningly devoid of the aesthetic and emotional content that makes most people listen to music. Qualities such as lyric discovery, melodic fulfillment and rhythmic engagement are absent".

    Brutality

    Brutality or brutal may refer to:

  • Violence
  • Battery (crime)
  • Police brutality
  • Brutality (band), an American death metal band
  • Brutality (film), a 1912 film
  • Brutality (Mortal Kombat), a finishing move in the video game Mortal Kombat
  • Brutalist architecture, an architectural style
  • Brutal: Paws of Fury, a video game
  • Brütal Legend, a video game
  • Brutal (album), an album by Brazilian hard rock band Dr. Sin, released in 1995
  • Brutality (film)

    Brutality is a 1912 American drama film directed by D. W. Griffith.

    Cast

  • Walter Miller - The Young Man
  • Mae Marsh - The Young Woman
  • Joseph Graybill - The Victim of Anger
  • Lionel Barrymore - At Wedding
  • Elmer Booth - In Play
  • Clara T. Bracy - At Wedding/At Theatre
  • William J. Butler - At Theatre
  • Harry Carey - At Theatre
  • John T. Dillon - At Wedding/Outside Bar
  • Frank Evans - Outside Bar
  • Dorothy Gish
  • Lillian Gish - At Theatre
  • Robert Harron
  • Madge Kirby - At Theatre
  • Walter P. Lewis - At Wedding
  • Charles Hill Mailes - At Theatre
  • Alfred Paget - Outside Bar
  • Jack Pickford - At Theatre
  • Gus Pixley - At Theatre
  • W. C. Robinson - At Theatre
  • Henry B. Walthall - In Play
  • J. Waltham - At Theatre
  • See also

  • List of American films of 1912
  • Harry Carey filmography
  • D. W. Griffith filmography
  • Lillian Gish filmography
  • Lionel Barrymore
  • References

    External links

  • Brutality at the Internet Movie Database
  • Fatality (Mortal Kombat)

    A Fatality is a gameplay feature in the Mortal Kombat series of fighting video games. It is a finishing move in which the victor of the final round in a match inflicts a brutal and morbid execution on their defeated opponent. Fatalities are performed after the announcer says "Finish Him/Her" by entering, within a short timeframe, specific button sequences while the player is positioned a set distance from the opponent. This feature is one of the most notable features of Mortal Kombat series and has caused a large cultural impact and controversies.

    Conception

    While creating Mortal Kombat, Ed Boon and John Tobias started with the idea of Street Fighter II-like system and retained many of its conventions but tweaked others. The most notable additions were graphic blood effects, more brutal fighting techniques, and especially the fatal finishing moves (this was a novelty as the traditional fighting games ended with the loser simply knocked unconscious and the victor posing for the players). According to Boon, it started with an idea to enable the player to hit a dizzied opponent at the end of the match with a "free hit", and that idea "quickly evolved into something nasty". According to Tobias: "Our first idea was to use them as a finishing move for final boss Shang Tsung, who was going to pull out his sword and behead his opponent. Then we thought, 'What if the player could do that to his opponent?' When we watched players react to the Fatalities, we knew we had no choice but to give them more." Former Midway Games programmer Mark Turmell stated that initially no one at Midway expected players to find the Fatalities in the game.

    Podcasts:

    • Mutations (Updated)

      Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the significance of these changes. This updated video has improved audio and images! Check out our updated handout on https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and expand for table of contents! Factual Reference: OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition, Biology 2e. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@15.43. Codons and the amino acids they code for is represented by standard charts can be found in the public domain. While the rectangle chart is the common format, there may be other ways to represent the information. P.S. If exploring more about mutations, check out this cool codon chart that includes mutations(!!) in the public domain: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki...

      published: 01 Aug 2019
    • What are Mutations and what are the different types of Mutations?

      A mutation is a random change in the DNA. Mutations can be neutral, which means it does not cause a change in a trait of the organism, or it could cause a beneficial or a harmful mutation. There are a few different types of mutations - gene mutations, which are mutations only within a single gene and chromosomal mutations, which are large changes in a chromosome. Mutations drive the evolution of life and are one of the reasons for life's diversity. #science #animations #mutations 0:00 Introduction 0:52 What are mutations? 2:35 Types of Mutations 3:10 Substitution Mutation 5:10 Insertion/Deletion Mutation 5:39 Chromosomal Mutation 6:16 Aneuploidy 7:00 Conclusion - mutations probably won’t make you a superhero References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/ https://www.ncbi....

      published: 11 Jan 2021
    • Genetic mutation | gene mutation

      Genetic mutation in humans explained. This lecture explains about gene mutation and chromosomal mutation in animals. gene mutations and genetic mutations are dangerous and the effect is horrifying. http://www.shomusbiology.com/ Get Shomu's Biology DVD set here- http://www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store/ Download the study materials here- http://shomusbiology.com/bio-materials.html Remember Shomu’s Biology is created to spread the knowledge of life science and biology by sharing all this free biology lectures video and animation presented by Suman Bhattacharjee in YouTube. All these tutorials are brought to you for free. Please subscribe to our channel so that we can grow together. You can check for any of the following services from Shomu’s Biology- Buy Shomu’s Biology lecture DVD set- www.sh...

      published: 24 Mar 2015
    • Mutations

      Paul Andersen describes the major mutations found in the living world. He starts with an analogy comparing the information in DNA with the information in a recipe. Changes in the DNA can result in changes to the protein, like changes in the recipe can result in changes in the food. He describes the three major point mutations; substitutions, deletions and insertions. He also describes several chromosomal mutations. Intro Music Atribution Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav Artist: CosmicD Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/ Creative Commons Atribution License

      published: 10 May 2012
    • How mutations, or variations, can lead to genetic conditions

      There are approximately 20,000 genes in the human genome. A mutation, or permanent variation, in just one gene can lead to a genetic condition. Knowing what causes a genetic condition is the first step in understanding how, potentially through ongoing research in gene therapy, healthcare providers might be able to treat these conditions differently. -- BioMarin is a global biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class and best-in-class therapeutics that provide meaningful advances to patients who live with serious and life-threatening rare genetic diseases. http://www.BioMarin.com http://www.Hemdifferently.com http://www.Facebook.com/BioMarinOfficial http://www.Linkedin.com/company/biomarin/ https://www.instagram.com/biomarinofficial/

      published: 23 Apr 2021
    • GCSE Biology - What are DNA Mutations? #67

      This video covers: - What genetic mutations are - What causes mutations e.g. carcinogens and harmful radiation - What the consequences can be - The 3 types of mutations: substitution, addition, deletion Exam board specific info: AQA - Separate/triple science and higher tier only IGCSE Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc OCR 21st Century - Separate/triple science and higher tier only OCR Gateway - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc Maths Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLidqqIGKox7XPh1QacLRiKto_UlnRIEVh GCSE Chemistry playlist: ...

      published: 22 Mar 2020
    • Mutations

      Did you know that we're all mutants? Watch this video to find out why our DNA isn't quite like our parents' and learn how our individual mutations help the human species survive. This video was created in celebration of the National Institutes of Health National DNA Day. #NIH #Scicomm #mutants #DNA #RNA Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/scitoons/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/sci_toons?lang=en Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sci_toons YouTube: @SciToons Facebook: @scitoons Twitter: @sci_toons

      published: 25 Apr 2016
    • Genetics - Mutations and their Types - Lesson 20 | Don't Memorise

      Mutations are not always a part of the fictitious world! They can be real as well. However, mutations in humans do not lead to extra-ordinary powers. Rather, they bring a lot of concerns with them. But what exactly are these Mutations? And how are they caused? Watch this video to get introduced to this concept in detail. ✅To access all videos related to Genetics, enroll in our full course now: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=mCOMD291oBM&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D In this video, we will learn: 0:00 Introduction 1:00 What is mutation 2:08 Types of mutation 4:27 chromosomal mutations 4:55 chromosomal mutation - deletion 5:28 chromosomal mutation - duplication 5:46 chromosomal mutation - inversion 6:08 chromosomal mutation ...

      published: 13 May 2019
    • Types of Mutations | Changes in the Gene Pool | Genetic Drift | Biology 🧬

      Types of Mutations | Biology 🧬 Lectures for USMLE, NCLEX, MCAT, DAT, ASCP.. 🚨 Emergency Medicine HighYields Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 😷 Surgery HighYields Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊🦠 Antibiotics Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊 📛 Toxicology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💦 🐳 Kidney Physiology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ 📝 Download my handwritten notes: www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ — PREMIUM COURSES not available on YouTube:— 💊🦠 Antibiotics Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/courses/antibiotics/ 💦 🐳 Kidney Physiology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ ❤️ Cardiac Pharmacology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 🧪Ac...

      published: 03 Oct 2022
    • What is a BRCA Gene Mutation?

      In this video, genetic counselor Joyce Turner, MSC, CGC, explains what the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are and how a mutation in either gene can lead to cancer. She also discusses how genetic counseling and testing can help women make informed decisions about their health. This video can also be viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/videos/breast/BringYourBrave/Genetic_Counselor/WhatIsBRCAGeneMutation/WhatIsBRCAGeneMutation_lowRes.mp4

      published: 03 Jun 2015
    Mutations (Updated)
    7:14

    Mutations (Updated)

    • Order:
    • Duration: 7:14
    • Uploaded Date: 01 Aug 2019
    • views: 3059506
    Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the significance of these changes. This updated video has improved audio and images! Check out our updated handout on https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and expand for table of contents! Factual Reference: OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition, Biology 2e. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@15.43. Codons and the amino acids they code for is represented by standard charts can be found in the public domain. While the rectangle chart is the common format, there may be other ways to represent the information. P.S. If exploring more about mutations, check out this cool codon chart that includes mutations(!!) in the public domain: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notable_mutations.svg ***Further Reading Suggestions to Go Beyond This Content!*** Regarding "Random" At the point where "random" is mentioned in the video, it is discussing the effect of whether the mutation is beneficial to the organism and we follow the sentence with, "The organism can't will itself to get a certain mutation." We chose to address this, because it's important to understand organisms are not "choosing a specific mutation to adapt and evolve." An additional, lengthier source from Berkeley explains "random" in regards to mutations is here: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_07 BUT keep in mind this is different than the mutation rate or frequency which can be altered by both external and internal factors (we actually mention some at 1:38 ). However, as we do think the word "random" could be interpreted as referring to different things, if we remake this video, we would prefer to spend some time on that discussion. Several years after this video released, a fascinating study ( https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04269-6 ) about a plant species and mutations was published and furthers this discussion about potential issues with the term "random." While the plants in the study are still not choosing specific mutations, the results indicated that these plants have mechanisms (such as epigenetic factors) that can reduce the occurrence of harmful mutations. "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/77/11/2522/7252632 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ We think this conversation on Twitter/X started by one of the linked study's authors about the term "random" is an interesting read. https://x.com/Grey_Monroe/status/1481348377996447745 "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/77/11/2522/7252632 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ -Yes, mutations can happen in viruses! Check out master teacher John Mead's National Geographic Education blog post on this with the influenza virus: https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2017/12/08/talking-evolution-the-challenge-of-influenza-part-2/ -Mutations in fruit flies? Learn more: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4649653/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349060/ -Careers in Genetics? National Society of Genetic Counselors: https://www.nsgc.org/page/aboutgeneticcounselors Bioinformatics: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408859/ Flowchart from American Society of Human Genetics- http://www.ashg.org/education/career_flowchart.shtml --------------------- The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos ⭐ Our Linktree: https://linktr.ee/amoebasisters ❤️ Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us 🗂️ Resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing Biology Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz MUSIC: Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire. End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog TRANSLATIONS: Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal Turkish Subtitles Credit: Emre Durak https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles Our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel has our videos dubbed in Spanish! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1Njo3LBy53cOPngz6ArV8Q
    https://wn.com/Mutations_(Updated)
    What are Mutations and what are the different types of Mutations?
    7:51

    What are Mutations and what are the different types of Mutations?

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    • Duration: 7:51
    • Uploaded Date: 11 Jan 2021
    • views: 68444
    A mutation is a random change in the DNA. Mutations can be neutral, which means it does not cause a change in a trait of the organism, or it could cause a beneficial or a harmful mutation. There are a few different types of mutations - gene mutations, which are mutations only within a single gene and chromosomal mutations, which are large changes in a chromosome. Mutations drive the evolution of life and are one of the reasons for life's diversity. #science #animations #mutations 0:00 Introduction 0:52 What are mutations? 2:35 Types of Mutations 3:10 Substitution Mutation 5:10 Insertion/Deletion Mutation 5:39 Chromosomal Mutation 6:16 Aneuploidy 7:00 Conclusion - mutations probably won’t make you a superhero References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21870/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5741991/ Original Article Link: https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-mutation-definition-different-types-biology-genetic-missense-nonsense.html If you wish to buy/license this video, please write to us at admin@scienceabc.com. Voice Over Artist: John Staughton ( https://www.fiverr.com/jswildwood ) SUBSCRIBE to get more such science videos! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcN3IuIAR6Fn74FWMQf6lFA?sub_confirmation=1 Follow us on Twitter! https://twitter.com/abc_science Follow us on Facebook! https://facebook.com/sciabc Follow our Website! https://www.scienceabc.com
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    Genetic mutation | gene mutation
    8:47

    Genetic mutation | gene mutation

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    • Duration: 8:47
    • Uploaded Date: 24 Mar 2015
    • views: 346354
    Genetic mutation in humans explained. This lecture explains about gene mutation and chromosomal mutation in animals. gene mutations and genetic mutations are dangerous and the effect is horrifying. http://www.shomusbiology.com/ Get Shomu's Biology DVD set here- http://www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store/ Download the study materials here- http://shomusbiology.com/bio-materials.html Remember Shomu’s Biology is created to spread the knowledge of life science and biology by sharing all this free biology lectures video and animation presented by Suman Bhattacharjee in YouTube. All these tutorials are brought to you for free. Please subscribe to our channel so that we can grow together. You can check for any of the following services from Shomu’s Biology- Buy Shomu’s Biology lecture DVD set- www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store Shomu’s Biology assignment services – www.shomusbiology.com/assignment -help Join Online coaching for CSIR NET exam – www.shomusbiology.com/net-coaching We are social. Find us on different sites here- Our Website – www.shomusbiology.com Facebook page- https://www.facebook.com/ShomusBiology/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/shomusbiology SlideShare- www.slideshare.net/shomusbiology Google plus- https://plus.google.com/113648584982732129198 LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/suman-bhattacharjee-2a051661 Youtube- https://www.youtube.com/user/TheFunsuman Thank you for watching A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most humans. Mutations variety in dimension; they are able to have an impact on wherever from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a huge segment of a chromosome that involves more than one genes. Gene mutations can be classified in two most important approaches: Hereditary mutations are inherited from a mother or father and are present for the period of a individual’s lifestyles in practically each mobile within the body. These mutations are also referred to as germline mutations due to the fact they're present within the mum or dad’s egg or sperm cells, which might be also called germ cells. When an egg and a sperm mobilephone unite, the resulting fertilized egg telephone receives DNA from both mum and dad. If this DNA has a mutation, the youngster that grows from the fertilized egg may have the mutation in every of his or her cells. Acquired (or somatic) mutations arise at some time during a character’s lifestyles and are present handiest in specified cells, not in each telephone within the physique. These changes can also be induced by using environmental explanations corresponding to ultraviolet radiation from the solar, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself for the period of telephone division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells rather then sperm and egg cells) can't be passed on to the next iteration. Genetic changes that are described as de novo (new) mutations can be either hereditary or somatic. In some cases, the mutation occurs in a man or woman’s egg or sperm mobile but isn't present in any of the character’s other cells. In other instances, the mutation happens in the fertilized egg quickly after the egg and sperm cells unite. (it's commonly unimaginable to tell exactly when a de novo mutation happened.) because the fertilized egg divides, each and every resulting phone within the developing embryo could have the mutation. De novo mutations could provide an explanation for genetic issues wherein an affected child has a mutation in each mobilephone in the physique however the mum and dad don't, and there is not any loved ones historical past of the sickness.
    https://wn.com/Genetic_Mutation_|_Gene_Mutation
    Mutations
    7:03

    Mutations

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    • Duration: 7:03
    • Uploaded Date: 10 May 2012
    • views: 1252524
    Paul Andersen describes the major mutations found in the living world. He starts with an analogy comparing the information in DNA with the information in a recipe. Changes in the DNA can result in changes to the protein, like changes in the recipe can result in changes in the food. He describes the three major point mutations; substitutions, deletions and insertions. He also describes several chromosomal mutations. Intro Music Atribution Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav Artist: CosmicD Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/ Creative Commons Atribution License
    https://wn.com/Mutations
    How mutations, or variations, can lead to genetic conditions
    2:11

    How mutations, or variations, can lead to genetic conditions

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    • Duration: 2:11
    • Uploaded Date: 23 Apr 2021
    • views: 115817
    There are approximately 20,000 genes in the human genome. A mutation, or permanent variation, in just one gene can lead to a genetic condition. Knowing what causes a genetic condition is the first step in understanding how, potentially through ongoing research in gene therapy, healthcare providers might be able to treat these conditions differently. -- BioMarin is a global biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class and best-in-class therapeutics that provide meaningful advances to patients who live with serious and life-threatening rare genetic diseases. http://www.BioMarin.com http://www.Hemdifferently.com http://www.Facebook.com/BioMarinOfficial http://www.Linkedin.com/company/biomarin/ https://www.instagram.com/biomarinofficial/
    https://wn.com/How_Mutations,_Or_Variations,_Can_Lead_To_Genetic_Conditions
    GCSE Biology - What are DNA Mutations? #67
    6:30

    GCSE Biology - What are DNA Mutations? #67

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    • Duration: 6:30
    • Uploaded Date: 22 Mar 2020
    • views: 258144
    This video covers: - What genetic mutations are - What causes mutations e.g. carcinogens and harmful radiation - What the consequences can be - The 3 types of mutations: substitution, addition, deletion Exam board specific info: AQA - Separate/triple science and higher tier only IGCSE Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc OCR 21st Century - Separate/triple science and higher tier only OCR Gateway - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - Don’t need to know about insertions, deletions etc Maths Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLidqqIGKox7XPh1QacLRiKto_UlnRIEVh GCSE Chemistry playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN8kH9Vvqo0&list=PLidqqIGKox7WeOKVGHxcd69kKqtwrKl8W GCSE Biology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--dIBinUdeU&list=PLidqqIGKox7X5UFT-expKIuR-i-BN3Q1g GCSE Physics Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHVJfRxeAxo&list=PLidqqIGKox7UVC-8WC9djoeBzwxPeXph7
    https://wn.com/Gcse_Biology_What_Are_Dna_Mutations_67
    Mutations
    4:31

    Mutations

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    • Duration: 4:31
    • Uploaded Date: 25 Apr 2016
    • views: 62201
    Did you know that we're all mutants? Watch this video to find out why our DNA isn't quite like our parents' and learn how our individual mutations help the human species survive. This video was created in celebration of the National Institutes of Health National DNA Day. #NIH #Scicomm #mutants #DNA #RNA Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/scitoons/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/sci_toons?lang=en Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sci_toons YouTube: @SciToons Facebook: @scitoons Twitter: @sci_toons
    https://wn.com/Mutations
    Genetics - Mutations and their Types - Lesson 20 | Don't Memorise
    11:34

    Genetics - Mutations and their Types - Lesson 20 | Don't Memorise

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    • Duration: 11:34
    • Uploaded Date: 13 May 2019
    • views: 551553
    Mutations are not always a part of the fictitious world! They can be real as well. However, mutations in humans do not lead to extra-ordinary powers. Rather, they bring a lot of concerns with them. But what exactly are these Mutations? And how are they caused? Watch this video to get introduced to this concept in detail. ✅To access all videos related to Genetics, enroll in our full course now: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=mCOMD291oBM&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D In this video, we will learn: 0:00 Introduction 1:00 What is mutation 2:08 Types of mutation 4:27 chromosomal mutations 4:55 chromosomal mutation - deletion 5:28 chromosomal mutation - duplication 5:46 chromosomal mutation - inversion 6:08 chromosomal mutation - insertion 6:29 chromosomal mutation - translocation 7:04 chromosomal aberrations 7:48 Aneuploidy - Down syndrome 9:01 Klinefelter syndrome 9:32 Turner syndrome 10:09 What causes these mutations? To watch more Genetics videos, click here: https://bit.ly/GeneticsBasics_DMYT Don’t Memorise brings learning to life through its captivating educational videos. To Know More, visit https://infinitylearn.com/ New videos every week. To stay updated, subscribe to our YouTube channel : http://bit.ly/DontMemoriseYouTube Register on our website to gain access to all videos and quizzes: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=mCOMD291oBM&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D ✅Download the Infinity Learn APP Now➡️ https://vsbpz.app.link/dmil ✔Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya ✔Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/infinitylearn_by_srichaitanya/ ✔Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/InfinityLearn_ #Biology #Genetics #Mutations
    https://wn.com/Genetics_Mutations_And_Their_Types_Lesson_20_|_Don't_Memorise
    Types of Mutations | Changes in the Gene Pool | Genetic Drift | Biology 🧬
    8:27

    Types of Mutations | Changes in the Gene Pool | Genetic Drift | Biology 🧬

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    • Duration: 8:27
    • Uploaded Date: 03 Oct 2022
    • views: 58920
    Types of Mutations | Biology 🧬 Lectures for USMLE, NCLEX, MCAT, DAT, ASCP.. 🚨 Emergency Medicine HighYields Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 😷 Surgery HighYields Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊🦠 Antibiotics Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊 📛 Toxicology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💦 🐳 Kidney Physiology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ 📝 Download my handwritten notes: www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ — PREMIUM COURSES not available on YouTube:— 💊🦠 Antibiotics Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/courses/antibiotics/ 💦 🐳 Kidney Physiology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ ❤️ Cardiac Pharmacology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 🧪Acid-Base Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ 🧠 Autonomic Pharmacology Course: www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 🧪 Electrolytes Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 🍱 Endocrine Pharmacology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/products/ 🧠 CNS Pharmacology Course: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊 General Pharmacology (Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics): https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ ⁉️ Questions and Answers: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 📝 Notes: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 🗳 Complete the Survey: https://airtable.com/shrYWjvabooT7DrcG 📊 My favorite Productivity App (Airtable): https://airtable.com/invite/r/2zH40fus/ 🎁Free Stuff: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 💊 🦠 Antibiotics Lectures: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 📚 Sapira’s Art And Science of Bedside Diagnosis: https://www.amazon.com/shop/medicosisperfectionalis/ 💊 Pharmacology Lectures: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 😍🖼Animated Mnemonics (Picmonic): https://www.picmonic.com/viphookup/medicosis/ YouTube PLAYLISTS: ► 🧠 Physiology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qk_LTVXZ2w&list=PLYcLrRDaR8_eAjmngd289ghWijs2wfqnj&index=2&t=0s 🧫 🦠 Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYcLrRDaR8_ftu9ms-ytDewlhJxYNuIYo/ ► 🩸 hematology videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYcLrRDaR8_eoNz6dxXolh1XMEietcniU ► 💪 Rheumatology: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYcLrRDaR8_ckdsow-7buX1rIzIEKfxZQ ► ❤️ Cardiac Pharmacology: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYcLrRDaR8_e3pM6ifeZDfNPlE3K4KF3J/ ► 🙌 Support me on cash app: https://cash.app/$medicosis/ ► 😍 Support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/medicosis/ ► 🥰 Support me on PayPal: https://www.paypal.me/perfectionalis/ ► ☕️ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/medicosis/ ► 😚 Join my Channel on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-J-ovSJhA3or73Q2uVpow/join/ ► 👨‍🏫 All of my premium courses are ON SALE: https://www.medicosisperfectionalis.com/ 📚 Recommended Books: https://www.amazon.com/shop/medicosisperfectionalis/ ► ❓If you have any questions, please email me at: medicosisperfectionalis@gmail.com 🗳 Complete the Survey: https://airtable.com/shrYWjvabooT7DrcG/ 🎁 Small gift: here are 2 FREE audiobooks from Audible https://amzn.to/2FQurW0 📖 Try Amazon Kindle unlimited for FREE, they have some good medical books that you can read for FREE. https://amzn.to/2UceoG2 --If you have joined my channel on youtube (the join button that's next to the subscribe button), then go to the "community tab" and you will find some member-only posts. ►Website: www.medicosisperfectionalis.com ►Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/medicosis ►YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/MedicosisPerfectionalis or: ► Like my page on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/medicosis/ ►Follow us on Instagram here: https://www.instagram.com/medicosisperfectionalis/ ►PayPal: https://www.paypal.me/perfectionalis/ ►Venmo: @medicosis ►Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/medicosis/ ►Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/medicosis ►SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/medicosis ►TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@medicosisp/ ►LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/medicosis-perfectionalis-873886197 ►Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/medicosis ►Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/medicosisperfectionalis/ ►Rumble: https://rumble.com/user/MedicosisPerfectionalis ► Tumblr: https://medicosis.tumblr.com/ Thank you so much for supporting my channel! Love ❤️. Happy studying!! 😍🖼Animated Mnemonics (Picmonic): https://www.picmonic.com/viphookup/medicosis/ 📱Save on your mobile phone bill: http://fbuy.me/q6bMj 📊 My favorite Productivity App: https://airtable.com/invite/r/2zH40fus/ 🏦 Qbank (TrueLearn): https://truelearn.referralrock.com/l/MEDICOSIS/
    https://wn.com/Types_Of_Mutations_|_Changes_In_The_Gene_Pool_|_Genetic_Drift_|_Biology_🧬
    What is a BRCA Gene Mutation?
    1:28

    What is a BRCA Gene Mutation?

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    • Duration: 1:28
    • Uploaded Date: 03 Jun 2015
    • views: 24314
    In this video, genetic counselor Joyce Turner, MSC, CGC, explains what the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are and how a mutation in either gene can lead to cancer. She also discusses how genetic counseling and testing can help women make informed decisions about their health. This video can also be viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/videos/breast/BringYourBrave/Genetic_Counselor/WhatIsBRCAGeneMutation/WhatIsBRCAGeneMutation_lowRes.mp4
    https://wn.com/What_Is_A_Brca_Gene_Mutation
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    Mutations (Updated)

    Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the significance of these changes. This updated video has improved audio and images! Check out our updated handout on https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and expand for table of contents! Factual Reference: OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition, Biology 2e. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@15.43. Codons and the amino acids they code for is represented by standard charts can be found in the public domain. While the rectangle chart is the common format, there may be other ways to represent the information. P.S. If exploring more about mutations, check out this cool codon chart that includes mutations(!!) in the public domain: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notable_mutations.svg ***Further Reading Suggestions to Go Beyond This Content!*** Regarding "Random" At the point where "random" is mentioned in the video, it is discussing the effect of whether the mutation is beneficial to the organism and we follow the sentence with, "The organism can't will itself to get a certain mutation." We chose to address this, because it's important to understand organisms are not "choosing a specific mutation to adapt and evolve." An additional, lengthier source from Berkeley explains "random" in regards to mutations is here: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_07 BUT keep in mind this is different than the mutation rate or frequency which can be altered by both external and internal factors (we actually mention some at 1:38 ). However, as we do think the word "random" could be interpreted as referring to different things, if we remake this video, we would prefer to spend some time on that discussion. Several years after this video released, a fascinating study ( https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04269-6 ) about a plant species and mutations was published and furthers this discussion about potential issues with the term "random." While the plants in the study are still not choosing specific mutations, the results indicated that these plants have mechanisms (such as epigenetic factors) that can reduce the occurrence of harmful mutations. "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/77/11/2522/7252632 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ We think this conversation on Twitter/X started by one of the linked study's authors about the term "random" is an interesting read. https://x.com/Grey_Monroe/status/1481348377996447745 "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/77/11/2522/7252632 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ -Yes, mutations can happen in viruses! Check out master teacher John Mead's National Geographic Education blog post on this with the influenza virus: https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2017/12/08/talking-evolution-the-challenge-of-influenza-part-2/ -Mutations in fruit flies? Learn more: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4649653/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349060/ -Careers in Genetics? National Society of Genetic Counselors: https://www.nsgc.org/page/aboutgeneticcounselors Bioinformatics: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408859/ Flowchart from American Society of Human Genetics- http://www.ashg.org/education/career_flowchart.shtml --------------------- The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos ⭐ Our Linktree: https://linktr.ee/amoebasisters ❤️ Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us 🗂️ Resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing Biology Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz MUSIC: Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire. End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog TRANSLATIONS: Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal Turkish Subtitles Credit: Emre Durak https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles Our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel has our videos dubbed in Spanish! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1Njo3LBy53cOPngz6ArV8Q
    7:14
    Mutations (Updated)
    Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the sig...
    published: 01 Aug 2019
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    Mutation

    In biology, a mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired, errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.

    Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.

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