The German occupation of Norway began on 9 April 1940 after German forces invaded the neutral Scandinavian country of Norway. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on June 10, 1940 and the Germans then controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on May 8/9, 1945. Throughout this period, Norway was continuously occupied by the Wehrmacht. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government, while the Norwegian King and legitimate government continued to operate in exile from London. This period of military occupation is in Norway referred to as the "war years" or "occupation period".
Background
Having maintained its neutrality during World War I, Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors:
Fiscal austerity promoted by the conservative parties;
The Reichskommissariat Norwegen was the civilian occupation regime set up by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Norway during World War II. Its full title in German was the Reichskommissariat für die besetzten norwegischen Gebiete ("Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories"). It was governed by ReichskommissarJosef Terboven until his suicide on 7 May 1945. The German military forces in Norway, then under the command of general Franz Böhme, surrendered to the Allied forces on 8 May and the legal government was restored.
German invasion and occupation of Norway
The need by Nazi Germany to occupy and incorporate Norway into a German empire came about for two principal reasons. The first was that in 1940, Germany was dependent on natural resources, mainly iron ore, being sent from Sweden to Germany. If Norway allowed Allied vessels to pass through its waters, they could potentially blockade the trade routes. The second reason was that Germany feared an allied attack, either using Norway as a staging area, or moving through Sweden.
Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747sqmi) and a population of 5,109,059 people (2014). The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden (1,619 km or 1,006mi long). Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, and the Skagerrak Strait to the south, with Denmark on the other side. Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea.
The 58,000-square-foot (5,400m2) Norway Pavilion is designed to look like a Norwegian village. The village includes a detailed Stave church, and the exterior of its main table-service restaurant, Restaurant Akershus, resembles its namesake in Oslo. The exhibit showcases 4 styles of Norwegian architecture: Setesdal-style, Bergen-style, Oslo-style and Ålesund-style.
Much of the pavilion is taken up by interconnected shops. These shops are decorated with large wooden trolls and sell assorted Norwegian goods, including clothing, candy, and statuettes of Norse gods and trolls. The courtyard of the pavilion contains the entrance to Maelstrom, a boat ride into Norway's past and present. Kringla Bakeri og Kafé is a bakery, featuring assorted Norwegian pastries, such as cream horns and open-faced salmon sandwiches. The courtyard contains the entrance to Restaurant Akershus, featuring a hot and cold buffet and "Princess Storybook Dining."
Norway is always at the top of the rankings that measure the best countries in the world. Its beauty and prosperity make it one of the favorite destinations for many tourists.
Are you ready to enjoy Viking culture, amazing landscapes, beautiful cities, northern lights, and the midnight sun? You will find fun for all kinds of tourists and interests when visiting this country. Stay with us and discover the best places to visit in Norway. You will not regret it!
Chapters:
00:00 Why visiting Norway
00:36 Oslo
01:44 Tromsø
02:36 Lofoten and Nordland
03:17 Ålesund
04:15 Bergen
05:16 The Geiranger Fjord
05:47 Stavanger
06:38 The Trøndelag region
07:29 Southern Norway and Kristiansand
08:31 The Svalbard Islands
09:26 Reason for visiting Norway
#Norway #Places #Travel
published: 14 Sep 2022
5 Star Prison In Norway? #shorts
published: 17 Jun 2022
Norwegian is a simple language.
published: 20 Aug 2022
Wonders of Norway | The Most Amazing Places In Norway | Travel Video 4K
🌍 Welcome to Top Travel! 🌍
Today, we’re heading to one of the most stunning countries on Earth—Norway. 🇳🇴 Picture yourself cruising through majestic fjords, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and fresh, crisp air. Norway is full of incredible sights, from charming cities like Bergen and Trondheim to the untouched beauty of the Lofoten Islands.
✨ We’ll explore must-see places like the Geirangerfjord, take a ride on the famous Flåm Railway, and wander through the colorful streets of Ålesund. Along the way, we’ll dive into Norway’s rich history, unique traditions, and some of the best hidden gems. And stick around till the end for a special spot where you can catch the Northern Lights in all their glory!
Let me know your favorite places in Norway in the comments—I’d love to hear about yo...
published: 24 Sep 2024
How Nordic people wash their clothes
Sunday is laundry day, and all you fellow Scandinavias know what that means, right? 😉
► MY SOCIAL MEDIA AND LINKS!
• My Art & Jewelry Webshop: https://jonnajintonsweden.com
• Instagram: @jonnajinton http://www.instagram.com/jonnajinton
• Wallpaper collection: https://www.photowall.com/designers/jonna-jinton
• Facebook Page - http://www.facebook.com/jonnajinton
• Blog: https://jonnajintonsweden.com/blog/
► MUSIC
Viking Raid by Anatoliy Gavrilenko
Stock Media provided by AG_Music / Pond5
published: 19 Mar 2023
25 Shocking Things About NORWAY That Will Leave You Speechless
Discover the beauty and culture of life in Norway! From stunning fjords and mountains to the vibrant cities of Oslo and Bergen, experience how Norwegians balance a deep connection to nature with modern living. Learn about their love for outdoor activities, the concept of friluftsliv, and the cozy lifestyle of hygge. Join us as we explore everyday life in one of the happiest countries in the world!
Subscribe to our channel if you like this video
I put a lot of work into this video with my team – researching, writing, recording, and editing. Please ask before using it, and I really hope you enjoy it!
published: 26 Sep 2024
Why Norway is Becoming the World's Richest Country
Go to https://brilliant.org/RealLifeLore/ to get a 30-day free trial + the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription
Watch more than 25 additional exclusive RealLifeLore videos on Nebula in Modern Conflicts: https://nebula.tv/modernconflicts
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Select video clips courtesy of Getty Images
Select video clips courtesy of the AP Archive
Special thanks to MapTiler, OpenStreetMap Contributors, and GEOlayers
https://www.maptiler.com/copyright/
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published: 07 Feb 2024
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Support me on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/oliverbahl
Video by:
Oliver Franke
Research & Script:
Oliver Franke, Emanuele Martinelli
Edit & Animations:
Oliver Franke
published: 11 Feb 2023
Epi.10. NL 🇳🇱 to Norway 🇳🇴 What you see from the road, A Canam Ryker roadtrip #canamonroad #Norway
Finally, after having to put this tour off for a year, I'm on my way. I am leaving Amsterdam and heading to Groningen first, as I want to break the journey into manageable pieces.
The first phase is to reach Kiel in Germany. That's already a ride of 560km.
In Kiel from the Port, I take the ferry to Gothenburg in Sweden. After visiting my friends in Åsa, I hit the road again and stayed at a hotel, still on the Swedish side, but close to the Norwegian border.
After a lovely stay, I hit the road again and travelled up the E6 towards Oslo and Hamar.
From Hamar to Trondheim and through to Namsskogan. It's taken 7 days to reach this far and close to 1800 km's excluding the Kiel ferry nautical miles. I hope you enjoy this first episode of my Norwegian epic tour, as much as I enjoyed filmin...
published: 05 Nov 2024
LIFE IN NORWAY: The most beautiful country in the world?
We show you what Norway is like, the places you must not miss, its geography, traditions and customs, and more. But we also discuss some controversial aspects.
Norway is always at the top of the rankings that measure the best countries in the world. Its beauty and prosperity make it one of the favorite destinations for...
Norway is always at the top of the rankings that measure the best countries in the world. Its beauty and prosperity make it one of the favorite destinations for many tourists.
Are you ready to enjoy Viking culture, amazing landscapes, beautiful cities, northern lights, and the midnight sun? You will find fun for all kinds of tourists and interests when visiting this country. Stay with us and discover the best places to visit in Norway. You will not regret it!
Chapters:
00:00 Why visiting Norway
00:36 Oslo
01:44 Tromsø
02:36 Lofoten and Nordland
03:17 Ålesund
04:15 Bergen
05:16 The Geiranger Fjord
05:47 Stavanger
06:38 The Trøndelag region
07:29 Southern Norway and Kristiansand
08:31 The Svalbard Islands
09:26 Reason for visiting Norway
#Norway #Places #Travel
Norway is always at the top of the rankings that measure the best countries in the world. Its beauty and prosperity make it one of the favorite destinations for many tourists.
Are you ready to enjoy Viking culture, amazing landscapes, beautiful cities, northern lights, and the midnight sun? You will find fun for all kinds of tourists and interests when visiting this country. Stay with us and discover the best places to visit in Norway. You will not regret it!
Chapters:
00:00 Why visiting Norway
00:36 Oslo
01:44 Tromsø
02:36 Lofoten and Nordland
03:17 Ålesund
04:15 Bergen
05:16 The Geiranger Fjord
05:47 Stavanger
06:38 The Trøndelag region
07:29 Southern Norway and Kristiansand
08:31 The Svalbard Islands
09:26 Reason for visiting Norway
#Norway #Places #Travel
🌍 Welcome to Top Travel! 🌍
Today, we’re heading to one of the most stunning countries on Earth—Norway. 🇳🇴 Picture yourself cruising through majestic fjords, su...
🌍 Welcome to Top Travel! 🌍
Today, we’re heading to one of the most stunning countries on Earth—Norway. 🇳🇴 Picture yourself cruising through majestic fjords, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and fresh, crisp air. Norway is full of incredible sights, from charming cities like Bergen and Trondheim to the untouched beauty of the Lofoten Islands.
✨ We’ll explore must-see places like the Geirangerfjord, take a ride on the famous Flåm Railway, and wander through the colorful streets of Ålesund. Along the way, we’ll dive into Norway’s rich history, unique traditions, and some of the best hidden gems. And stick around till the end for a special spot where you can catch the Northern Lights in all their glory!
Let me know your favorite places in Norway in the comments—I’d love to hear about your dream adventures! Safe travels, and thanks for watching!
#Norway #TravelNorway #Bergen #Lofoten #Geirangerfjord #Ålesund #NorthernLights
Thanks for tuning in! 🙏
Chapters:
00:00 Welcome to Norway
00:52 Fun Facts About Norway
02:52 Bergen
05:20 Flåm
08:08 Geirangerfjord
10:55 Ålesund
13:49 Trondheim
16:44 Lofoten Islands
19:24 Vesterålen
21:55 Tromsø
24:32 Svalbard
27:23 Stavanger & Lysefjord
29:49 Oslo
🌍 Welcome to Top Travel! 🌍
Today, we’re heading to one of the most stunning countries on Earth—Norway. 🇳🇴 Picture yourself cruising through majestic fjords, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and fresh, crisp air. Norway is full of incredible sights, from charming cities like Bergen and Trondheim to the untouched beauty of the Lofoten Islands.
✨ We’ll explore must-see places like the Geirangerfjord, take a ride on the famous Flåm Railway, and wander through the colorful streets of Ålesund. Along the way, we’ll dive into Norway’s rich history, unique traditions, and some of the best hidden gems. And stick around till the end for a special spot where you can catch the Northern Lights in all their glory!
Let me know your favorite places in Norway in the comments—I’d love to hear about your dream adventures! Safe travels, and thanks for watching!
#Norway #TravelNorway #Bergen #Lofoten #Geirangerfjord #Ålesund #NorthernLights
Thanks for tuning in! 🙏
Chapters:
00:00 Welcome to Norway
00:52 Fun Facts About Norway
02:52 Bergen
05:20 Flåm
08:08 Geirangerfjord
10:55 Ålesund
13:49 Trondheim
16:44 Lofoten Islands
19:24 Vesterålen
21:55 Tromsø
24:32 Svalbard
27:23 Stavanger & Lysefjord
29:49 Oslo
Sunday is laundry day, and all you fellow Scandinavias know what that means, right? 😉
► MY SOCIAL MEDIA AND LINKS!
• My Art & Jewelry Webshop: https://jonnajin...
Sunday is laundry day, and all you fellow Scandinavias know what that means, right? 😉
► MY SOCIAL MEDIA AND LINKS!
• My Art & Jewelry Webshop: https://jonnajintonsweden.com
• Instagram: @jonnajinton http://www.instagram.com/jonnajinton
• Wallpaper collection: https://www.photowall.com/designers/jonna-jinton
• Facebook Page - http://www.facebook.com/jonnajinton
• Blog: https://jonnajintonsweden.com/blog/
► MUSIC
Viking Raid by Anatoliy Gavrilenko
Stock Media provided by AG_Music / Pond5
Sunday is laundry day, and all you fellow Scandinavias know what that means, right? 😉
► MY SOCIAL MEDIA AND LINKS!
• My Art & Jewelry Webshop: https://jonnajintonsweden.com
• Instagram: @jonnajinton http://www.instagram.com/jonnajinton
• Wallpaper collection: https://www.photowall.com/designers/jonna-jinton
• Facebook Page - http://www.facebook.com/jonnajinton
• Blog: https://jonnajintonsweden.com/blog/
► MUSIC
Viking Raid by Anatoliy Gavrilenko
Stock Media provided by AG_Music / Pond5
Discover the beauty and culture of life in Norway! From stunning fjords and mountains to the vibrant cities of Oslo and Bergen, experience how Norwegians balanc...
Discover the beauty and culture of life in Norway! From stunning fjords and mountains to the vibrant cities of Oslo and Bergen, experience how Norwegians balance a deep connection to nature with modern living. Learn about their love for outdoor activities, the concept of friluftsliv, and the cozy lifestyle of hygge. Join us as we explore everyday life in one of the happiest countries in the world!
Subscribe to our channel if you like this video
I put a lot of work into this video with my team – researching, writing, recording, and editing. Please ask before using it, and I really hope you enjoy it!
Discover the beauty and culture of life in Norway! From stunning fjords and mountains to the vibrant cities of Oslo and Bergen, experience how Norwegians balance a deep connection to nature with modern living. Learn about their love for outdoor activities, the concept of friluftsliv, and the cozy lifestyle of hygge. Join us as we explore everyday life in one of the happiest countries in the world!
Subscribe to our channel if you like this video
I put a lot of work into this video with my team – researching, writing, recording, and editing. Please ask before using it, and I really hope you enjoy it!
Go to https://brilliant.org/RealLifeLore/ to get a 30-day free trial + the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription
Watch more than 25 addit...
Go to https://brilliant.org/RealLifeLore/ to get a 30-day free trial + the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription
Watch more than 25 additional exclusive RealLifeLore videos on Nebula in Modern Conflicts: https://nebula.tv/modernconflicts
Please Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCP5tjEmvPItGyLhmjdwP7Ww
RealLifeLore on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/47yMfzp
RealLifeLore on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/
Select video clips courtesy of Getty Images
Select video clips courtesy of the AP Archive
Special thanks to MapTiler, OpenStreetMap Contributors, and GEOlayers
https://www.maptiler.com/copyright/
https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
https://aescripts.com/geolayers/
Go to https://brilliant.org/RealLifeLore/ to get a 30-day free trial + the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription
Watch more than 25 additional exclusive RealLifeLore videos on Nebula in Modern Conflicts: https://nebula.tv/modernconflicts
Please Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCP5tjEmvPItGyLhmjdwP7Ww
RealLifeLore on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/47yMfzp
RealLifeLore on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/
Select video clips courtesy of Getty Images
Select video clips courtesy of the AP Archive
Special thanks to MapTiler, OpenStreetMap Contributors, and GEOlayers
https://www.maptiler.com/copyright/
https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
https://aescripts.com/geolayers/
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Support me on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/oliverbahl
Video by:
Oliver Franke
Research & Script:
Oliver Franke, Emanu...
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Support me on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/oliverbahl
Video by:
Oliver Franke
Research & Script:
Oliver Franke, Emanuele Martinelli
Edit & Animations:
Oliver Franke
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Support me on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/oliverbahl
Video by:
Oliver Franke
Research & Script:
Oliver Franke, Emanuele Martinelli
Edit & Animations:
Oliver Franke
Finally, after having to put this tour off for a year, I'm on my way. I am leaving Amsterdam and heading to Groningen first, as I want to break the journey in...
Finally, after having to put this tour off for a year, I'm on my way. I am leaving Amsterdam and heading to Groningen first, as I want to break the journey into manageable pieces.
The first phase is to reach Kiel in Germany. That's already a ride of 560km.
In Kiel from the Port, I take the ferry to Gothenburg in Sweden. After visiting my friends in Åsa, I hit the road again and stayed at a hotel, still on the Swedish side, but close to the Norwegian border.
After a lovely stay, I hit the road again and travelled up the E6 towards Oslo and Hamar.
From Hamar to Trondheim and through to Namsskogan. It's taken 7 days to reach this far and close to 1800 km's excluding the Kiel ferry nautical miles. I hope you enjoy this first episode of my Norwegian epic tour, as much as I enjoyed filming it. #canamonroad #solo #norwaytrip
Finally, after having to put this tour off for a year, I'm on my way. I am leaving Amsterdam and heading to Groningen first, as I want to break the journey into manageable pieces.
The first phase is to reach Kiel in Germany. That's already a ride of 560km.
In Kiel from the Port, I take the ferry to Gothenburg in Sweden. After visiting my friends in Åsa, I hit the road again and stayed at a hotel, still on the Swedish side, but close to the Norwegian border.
After a lovely stay, I hit the road again and travelled up the E6 towards Oslo and Hamar.
From Hamar to Trondheim and through to Namsskogan. It's taken 7 days to reach this far and close to 1800 km's excluding the Kiel ferry nautical miles. I hope you enjoy this first episode of my Norwegian epic tour, as much as I enjoyed filming it. #canamonroad #solo #norwaytrip
We show you what Norway is like, the places you must not miss, its geography, traditions and customs, and more. But we also discuss some controversial aspects.
We show you what Norway is like, the places you must not miss, its geography, traditions and customs, and more. But we also discuss some controversial aspects.
We show you what Norway is like, the places you must not miss, its geography, traditions and customs, and more. But we also discuss some controversial aspects.
Norway is always at the top of the rankings that measure the best countries in the world. Its beauty and prosperity make it one of the favorite destinations for many tourists.
Are you ready to enjoy Viking culture, amazing landscapes, beautiful cities, northern lights, and the midnight sun? You will find fun for all kinds of tourists and interests when visiting this country. Stay with us and discover the best places to visit in Norway. You will not regret it!
Chapters:
00:00 Why visiting Norway
00:36 Oslo
01:44 Tromsø
02:36 Lofoten and Nordland
03:17 Ålesund
04:15 Bergen
05:16 The Geiranger Fjord
05:47 Stavanger
06:38 The Trøndelag region
07:29 Southern Norway and Kristiansand
08:31 The Svalbard Islands
09:26 Reason for visiting Norway
#Norway #Places #Travel
🌍 Welcome to Top Travel! 🌍
Today, we’re heading to one of the most stunning countries on Earth—Norway. 🇳🇴 Picture yourself cruising through majestic fjords, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and fresh, crisp air. Norway is full of incredible sights, from charming cities like Bergen and Trondheim to the untouched beauty of the Lofoten Islands.
✨ We’ll explore must-see places like the Geirangerfjord, take a ride on the famous Flåm Railway, and wander through the colorful streets of Ålesund. Along the way, we’ll dive into Norway’s rich history, unique traditions, and some of the best hidden gems. And stick around till the end for a special spot where you can catch the Northern Lights in all their glory!
Let me know your favorite places in Norway in the comments—I’d love to hear about your dream adventures! Safe travels, and thanks for watching!
#Norway #TravelNorway #Bergen #Lofoten #Geirangerfjord #Ålesund #NorthernLights
Thanks for tuning in! 🙏
Chapters:
00:00 Welcome to Norway
00:52 Fun Facts About Norway
02:52 Bergen
05:20 Flåm
08:08 Geirangerfjord
10:55 Ålesund
13:49 Trondheim
16:44 Lofoten Islands
19:24 Vesterålen
21:55 Tromsø
24:32 Svalbard
27:23 Stavanger & Lysefjord
29:49 Oslo
Sunday is laundry day, and all you fellow Scandinavias know what that means, right? 😉
► MY SOCIAL MEDIA AND LINKS!
• My Art & Jewelry Webshop: https://jonnajintonsweden.com
• Instagram: @jonnajinton http://www.instagram.com/jonnajinton
• Wallpaper collection: https://www.photowall.com/designers/jonna-jinton
• Facebook Page - http://www.facebook.com/jonnajinton
• Blog: https://jonnajintonsweden.com/blog/
► MUSIC
Viking Raid by Anatoliy Gavrilenko
Stock Media provided by AG_Music / Pond5
Discover the beauty and culture of life in Norway! From stunning fjords and mountains to the vibrant cities of Oslo and Bergen, experience how Norwegians balance a deep connection to nature with modern living. Learn about their love for outdoor activities, the concept of friluftsliv, and the cozy lifestyle of hygge. Join us as we explore everyday life in one of the happiest countries in the world!
Subscribe to our channel if you like this video
I put a lot of work into this video with my team – researching, writing, recording, and editing. Please ask before using it, and I really hope you enjoy it!
Go to https://brilliant.org/RealLifeLore/ to get a 30-day free trial + the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription
Watch more than 25 additional exclusive RealLifeLore videos on Nebula in Modern Conflicts: https://nebula.tv/modernconflicts
Please Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCP5tjEmvPItGyLhmjdwP7Ww
RealLifeLore on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/47yMfzp
RealLifeLore on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/
Select video clips courtesy of Getty Images
Select video clips courtesy of the AP Archive
Special thanks to MapTiler, OpenStreetMap Contributors, and GEOlayers
https://www.maptiler.com/copyright/
https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
https://aescripts.com/geolayers/
Why Norway Is Insanely Well Designed
Support me on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/oliverbahl
Video by:
Oliver Franke
Research & Script:
Oliver Franke, Emanuele Martinelli
Edit & Animations:
Oliver Franke
Finally, after having to put this tour off for a year, I'm on my way. I am leaving Amsterdam and heading to Groningen first, as I want to break the journey into manageable pieces.
The first phase is to reach Kiel in Germany. That's already a ride of 560km.
In Kiel from the Port, I take the ferry to Gothenburg in Sweden. After visiting my friends in Åsa, I hit the road again and stayed at a hotel, still on the Swedish side, but close to the Norwegian border.
After a lovely stay, I hit the road again and travelled up the E6 towards Oslo and Hamar.
From Hamar to Trondheim and through to Namsskogan. It's taken 7 days to reach this far and close to 1800 km's excluding the Kiel ferry nautical miles. I hope you enjoy this first episode of my Norwegian epic tour, as much as I enjoyed filming it. #canamonroad #solo #norwaytrip
We show you what Norway is like, the places you must not miss, its geography, traditions and customs, and more. But we also discuss some controversial aspects.
The German occupation of Norway began on 9 April 1940 after German forces invaded the neutral Scandinavian country of Norway. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on June 10, 1940 and the Germans then controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on May 8/9, 1945. Throughout this period, Norway was continuously occupied by the Wehrmacht. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government, while the Norwegian King and legitimate government continued to operate in exile from London. This period of military occupation is in Norway referred to as the "war years" or "occupation period".
Background
Having maintained its neutrality during World War I, Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors:
Fiscal austerity promoted by the conservative parties;