The Florentineflorin was a coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains of nominally pure or 'fine' gold (3.5 grams, 0.1125 troy ounce) worth approximately 140 modern US dollars. The "fiorino d'oro" of the Republic of Florence was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities to play a significant commercial role since the seventh century. As many Florentine banks were international supercompanies with branches across Europe, the florin quickly became the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large-scale transactions, replacing silver bars in multiples of the mark (a weight unit equal to eight troy ounces).
In the fourteenth century, a hundred and fifty European states and local coin-issuing authorities made their own copies of the florin. The most important of these was the Hungarian forint, because the Kingdom of Hungary was a major source of European gold (until mining in the New World began to contribute to the supply in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of the gold used in Europe came from Africa).
This money format was borrowed in other countries and the word florin was used, for example, in relation to the Dutch guilder (abbreviated to Fl) as well as the coin first issued in 1344 by Edward III of England – then valued at six shillings, composed of 108 grains (6.99828 grams) of gold with a purity of 23 carats and 31⁄2 grains (or 237⁄8 carats) – and more recently relating to a British pre-decimalsilver coin (later nickel silver) also known as a two shilling (or two bob) "bit" (abbreviation 2/-) worth 24 pence or one-tenth of a pound. Recent research indicates that the florin was once the dominant currency of Europe until accommodative policymaking led to the loss of its status as the continent's de facto reserve currency.
A regional variant of the florin was the Rheingulden, minted by several German states encompassing the commercial centers of the Rhein (Rhine) River valley, under a series of monetary conventions starting in 1354, initially at a standard practically identical to the Florentine florin (98% gold, 3.54 grams). By 1419, the weight had been slightly reduced (to 3.51 grams) and the alloy was substantially reduced (to 79% gold). By 1626, the alloy had been slightly reduced again (to 77% gold), while the weight was more substantially reduced (to 3.240 grams). In 1409, the Rheingulden standard (at the time 91.7% gold) was adopted for the Holy Roman Empire's Reichsgulden.
The Australian florin was a coin used in the Commonwealth of Australia before decimalisation in 1966. The denomination was first minted in 1910, to the same size and weight as the United Kingdom florin. Florins minted from 1910 through 1945 were produced with a .925 sterling silver content, weighing 11.31grams (0.3636 troy ounces) with an actual silver weight (ASW) of 10.46 grams (0.3363ozt). Florins minted from 1946 through 1963 were produced with a .500 silver content (50% silver), weighing 11.31grams with an ASW of 5.65g (0.1818ozt).
The florin was worth 24 pence, or two shillings, or one-tenth of a pound. The coin was minted through 1963, with some years omitted as follows: no florins were minted for the following years: 1920, 1929–30, 1937, 1948–50, 1955, and none after 1963. Also, commemorative florins were issued for the following year dates: 1927, 1934–35, 1951, and 1954. Two different designs were issued in each of the commemorative years (the "regular" approved issue plus the specially approved memorial designs). Also, no coins of any denomination were minted for the year 1965, in preparation for decimalisation. When Australia decimalised officially, on 14 February 1966, the florin was equal to 20 cents.
A coin is a piece of hard material used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government.
Coins are usually metal or alloy, or sometimes made of synthetic materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest value coin in circulation (i.e. excluding bullion coins) is worth less than the lowest-value note. In the last hundred years, the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, for example due to inflation. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, or the public may decide to melt the coins down or hoard them (see Gresham's law).
Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value also occur for some bullion coins made of silver or gold (and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector/investor coins include the British sovereign minted by the United Kingdom, the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada, and the Krugerrand, minted by South Africa. While the Eagle, Maple Leaf, and Sovereign coins have nominal (purely symbolic) face values; the Krugerrand does not.
Coin ([koˈiŋ], after the venetian for cohen) is an Italian upmarket department store chain dedicated to the worlds of apparel, home decorations, accessories and beauty. Its headquarters are located in Venezia Mestre.
History
It was established in 1926 in Mirano (Venice), where the first store was opened. In 1962 it opened its flagship store in Milan at Piazza 5 Giornate. Coin was the first retailer to develop a fidelity card program in Italy in 1986.
Coin Group
The Coin Group owns OVS (midmarket apparel department stores) and, since January 2010, UPIM, a midmarket apparel, home and beauty department stores chain previously part of La Rinascente Group.
The Britishtwo pound (£2) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin’s introduction. Two different portraits of the Queen have been used, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The reverse features an abstract design symbolising the history of technological achievement. A new reverse design featuring Britannia began to enter circulation during 2015.
The coin was introduced on 15 June 1998 (coins minted 1997) after a review of the United Kingdom's coinage decided that a general-circulation £2 coin was needed. The new bi-metallic design replaced a series of commemorative, uni-metallic coins which were issued between 1986 and 1996 to celebrate special occasions. Although legal tender, these coins have never been common in everyday circulation.
As of March 2014 there were an estimated 417 million £2 coins in circulation with an estimated face value of £831.756 million.
Florin Salam - Mia mia mi amor
#FlorinSalam
Nek Music Production ®
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published: 21 Jun 2015
Florin Salam si Claudia - Mergem mai departe [video oficial]
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Muzica si text - DeMarco si Nek
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Clarinet - Parvulet
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published: 12 Nov 2014
DANI MOCANU, FĂCUT PRAF DE FLORIN CĂLINESCU: "EȘTI UN GĂOZAR, NU EȘTI ȘMECHER"
published: 07 Nov 2022
EMILIA x FLORIN SALAM x COSTI • TURBULENCE | Емилия x Флорин Салам x Кости • Турбуленция • 2021
Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc [videoclip oficial] 2022
Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc
https://bfan.link/foc-foc-foc
Muzica,text si orchestratie Mr Juve
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#FlorinSalam #MrJuve
Nek Music Production ® . Contact:[email protected]
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Florin Salam - Mia mia mi amor
#FlorinSalam
Nek Music Production ®
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Florin Salam - Mia mia mi amor
#FlorinSalam
Nek Music Production ®
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Florin Salam - Mia mia mi amor
#FlorinSalam
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http://itunes.apple.com/album/id1324413897?ls=1&app=itunes
Muzica si text - DeMarco si Nek
Orchestratie- NekMusic
Clarinet - Parvulet
Video - NekVideo
ABONAT...
http://itunes.apple.com/album/id1324413897?ls=1&app=itunes
Muzica si text - DeMarco si Nek
Orchestratie- NekMusic
Clarinet - Parvulet
Video - NekVideo
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http://itunes.apple.com/album/id1324413897?ls=1&app=itunes
Muzica si text - DeMarco si Nek
Orchestratie- NekMusic
Clarinet - Parvulet
Video - NekVideo
ABONATI-VA LA CEL MAI TARE CANAL DE MANELE:
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Produced by NekMusicProduction ® :
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Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc
https://bfan.link/foc-foc-foc
Muzica,text si orchestratie Mr Juve
Video Kamarad
#FlorinSalam #MrJuve
Nek Music Production ...
Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc
https://bfan.link/foc-foc-foc
Muzica,text si orchestratie Mr Juve
Video Kamarad
#FlorinSalam #MrJuve
Nek Music Production ® . Contact:[email protected]
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Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc
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Muzica,text si orchestratie Mr Juve
Video Kamarad
#FlorinSalam #MrJuve
Nek Music Production ® . Contact:[email protected]
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Florin Salam - Mia mia mi amor
#FlorinSalam
Nek Music Production ®
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http://itunes.apple.com/album/id1324413897?ls=1&app=itunes
Muzica si text - DeMarco si Nek
Orchestratie- NekMusic
Clarinet - Parvulet
Video - NekVideo
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Florin Salam si Mr Juve - Foc,foc
https://bfan.link/foc-foc-foc
Muzica,text si orchestratie Mr Juve
Video Kamarad
#FlorinSalam #MrJuve
Nek Music Production ® . Contact:[email protected]
Toate drepturile sunt rezervate. Orice upload neautorizat al acestui videoclip este ilegal si poate fi raportat oricand la Youtube.
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The Florentineflorin was a coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains of nominally pure or 'fine' gold (3.5 grams, 0.1125 troy ounce) worth approximately 140 modern US dollars. The "fiorino d'oro" of the Republic of Florence was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities to play a significant commercial role since the seventh century. As many Florentine banks were international supercompanies with branches across Europe, the florin quickly became the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large-scale transactions, replacing silver bars in multiples of the mark (a weight unit equal to eight troy ounces).
In the fourteenth century, a hundred and fifty European states and local coin-issuing authorities made their own copies of the florin. The most important of these was the Hungarian forint, because the Kingdom of Hungary was a major source of European gold (until mining in the New World began to contribute to the supply in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of the gold used in Europe came from Africa).