States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.
Clay v. United States, 403 U.S.698(1971), was Muhammad Ali's appeal of his conviction in 1967 for refusing to report for induction into the United States military forces during the Vietnam War. His local draft board had rejected his application for conscientious objector classification. In a unanimous 8-0 ruling (Thurgood Marshall abstained due to his previous involvement in the case as a Justice department official), the United States Supreme Court reversed the Fifth Circuit's confirmation of the conviction. The Supreme Court of the United States found the government had failed to properly specify why Ali's application had been denied, thereby requiring the conviction to be overturned.
Background
In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-standard. With the escalation of the Vietnam War, the test standards were lowered in November 1965 and Ali was reclassified as 1-A in February 1966, which meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army. When notified of this status, he declared that he would refuse to serve in the U.S. Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated that "War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." Ali also famously said in 1966: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger."
Built at a cost of $79.4 million ($724million in today's dollars) the ship is the largest ocean liner constructed entirely in the U.S. and the fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic in either direction. Even in her retirement, she retains the Blue Riband, the accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the highest speed.
Her construction was subsidized by the U.S. government, since she was designed to allow conversion to a troopship should the need arise.United States operated uninterrupted in transatlantic passenger service until 1969. Since 1996 she has been docked at Pier 82 on the Delaware River in Philadelphia.
Design and construction
Inspired by the exemplary service of the British liners RMSQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, which transported hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops to Europe during World War II, the U.S. government sponsored the construction of a large and fast merchant vessel that would be capable of transporting large numbers of soldiers. Designed by renowned American naval architect and marine engineer William Francis Gibbs (1886–1967), the liner's construction was a joint effort between the United States Navy and United States Lines. The U.S. government underwrote $50 million of the $78 million construction cost, with the ship's operators, United States Lines, contributing the remaining $28 million. In exchange, the ship was designed to be easily converted in times of war to a troopship with a capacity of 15,000 troops, or to a hospital ship .
United States is the first full length hard rock collaborative album between hard rock guitar virtuoso Paul Gilbert and singer Freddie Nelson. The collaboration has been described as a cross between Queen and Mr. Big.
In 1881, after the Confederacy purchased the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, President James G. Blaine of the United States declared war. With the help of British and French forces, the Confederate States again defeat the United States in the Second Mexican War, forcing the latter to cede a portion of northern Maine to the Canadian province of New Brunswick. After this defeat, the United States turned to Germany for military assistance and training, and the national mood of the U.S. changed to desire of revenge against the enemies that surrounded the U.S.—Canada, from where Britain invaded the U.S., and the Confederacy.
A Sight & Sound Documentary project from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts
published: 04 Jun 2016
Clay v. United States
Provided to YouTube by Redeye Worldwide
Clay v. United States · Halo Fauna
Durak
℗ Salinas Records
Released on: 2008-09-01
Artist: Halo Fauna
Composer: Halo Fauna
Music Publisher: Salinas Records
Auto-generated by YouTube.
published: 28 Apr 2020
Muhammad Ali interview on not joining the army
Subscribe to Iconic: http://bit.ly/zVEuIY
Muhammad Ali on his decision to not joining the US army.
published: 15 Nov 2010
Clay v. The United States: The Legal Battles of Muhammad Ali
published: 26 Oct 2022
Trials & Error: Cassius Clay v. United States, the Trial of Muhammad Ali
Co-produced with the New York City Bar Association.
With the recent passing of legendary heavyweight champion, Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marsellus Clay, Jr.), Trials & Error revisits the 1971 Supreme Court opinion that nearly ended Ali’s career: Clay v. United States. After refusing induction into the military in 1967, and the Draft Board and a federal appeals court denying his request for conscientious objector status, Ali was stripped of his boxing license and heavyweight title. It took months of infighting within the chambers of the Supreme Court for eight Justices to unanimously rule that Clay’s religious objection to war, as a Muslim, was valid.
Discussion guests: Thomas Krattenmaker, who was the law clerk to Justice John Marshall Harlan who served on the Supreme Court during that ...
published: 19 Mar 2021
Clay V Army (1967)
Cassius Clay alias Mohammed Ali refuses to join the Army. He won't kill people of his kind in Vietnam. He even risks going to prison when he refused.
Houston, United States of America (USA).
CU. Famous black American boxer Cassius Clay surrounded by reporters arriving at Army Induction Centre, Houston. GV. Clay going into the building surrounded by mass of press. SV. Clay inside the building surrounded by people. GV. Mass of people outside the building. SCU. Clay surrounded by reporters with microphones. CU. Clay surrounded by microphones, he starts speaking. SV. Clay surrounded by people.
FILM ID:2009.32
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
...
published: 13 Apr 2014
Cassius Clay vs Henry Cooper 18.6.1963
The infamous fight between Henry Cooper and Cassius Clay from 1963. Cassius Clay would be knocked down for only the second time in his career and mystery still surrounds exactly how long did he get to recover in between rounds... More info below
Clay would enter with a record of 18-0, Henry Cooper 27-8-1. Henry Cooper had wanted to face current World Heavyweight Champion Sonny Liston, but his manager, fearing for his fighters safety against a monster like Liston, would not pursue it. Instead, they accepted the challenge of a young arrogant boxer named Cassius Clay. This was to be Clay's first fight as a pro outside of the United States and his last fight before beating Sonny Liston, becoming World Heavyweight Champion and changing his name to Muhammad Ali. Cassius Clay held little re...
published: 19 Apr 2015
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston - 1964 Boxing
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston war ein historischer Boxkampf zwischen dem damals amtierenden Weltmeister im Schwergewicht, Sonny Liston und dem Herausforderer Muhammad Ali, damals noch unter seinem Geburtsnamen Cassius Clay. Er fand am 25. Februar 1964 in Miami Beach, Florida statt und war das erste von zwei Aufeinandertreffen der Kontrahenten. Er ist der offiziell letzte Kampf, bei dem Cassius Clay mit seinem Geburtsnamen kämpfte, da er zum Islam konvertierte und den Namen Muhammad Ali annahm.
published: 30 May 2013
EXPERIMENT POLYMER CLAY VS MEAT GRINDER
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Business e-mail: [email protected]
Provided to YouTube by Redeye Worldwide
Clay v. United States · Halo Fauna
Durak
℗ Salinas Records
Released on: 2008-09-01
Artist: Halo Fauna
Composer: Hal...
Provided to YouTube by Redeye Worldwide
Clay v. United States · Halo Fauna
Durak
℗ Salinas Records
Released on: 2008-09-01
Artist: Halo Fauna
Composer: Halo Fauna
Music Publisher: Salinas Records
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Provided to YouTube by Redeye Worldwide
Clay v. United States · Halo Fauna
Durak
℗ Salinas Records
Released on: 2008-09-01
Artist: Halo Fauna
Composer: Halo Fauna
Music Publisher: Salinas Records
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Co-produced with the New York City Bar Association.
With the recent passing of legendary heavyweight champion, Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marsellus Clay, Jr.),...
Co-produced with the New York City Bar Association.
With the recent passing of legendary heavyweight champion, Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marsellus Clay, Jr.), Trials & Error revisits the 1971 Supreme Court opinion that nearly ended Ali’s career: Clay v. United States. After refusing induction into the military in 1967, and the Draft Board and a federal appeals court denying his request for conscientious objector status, Ali was stripped of his boxing license and heavyweight title. It took months of infighting within the chambers of the Supreme Court for eight Justices to unanimously rule that Clay’s religious objection to war, as a Muslim, was valid.
Discussion guests: Thomas Krattenmaker, who was the law clerk to Justice John Marshall Harlan who served on the Supreme Court during that term, Ali’s appellate attorney, Jonathan Shapiro, leading Ali biographer, Thomas Hauser, and Academy Award, Golden Globe and Emmy nominated actress and choreographer Rosie Perez.
Co-produced with the New York City Bar Association.
With the recent passing of legendary heavyweight champion, Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marsellus Clay, Jr.), Trials & Error revisits the 1971 Supreme Court opinion that nearly ended Ali’s career: Clay v. United States. After refusing induction into the military in 1967, and the Draft Board and a federal appeals court denying his request for conscientious objector status, Ali was stripped of his boxing license and heavyweight title. It took months of infighting within the chambers of the Supreme Court for eight Justices to unanimously rule that Clay’s religious objection to war, as a Muslim, was valid.
Discussion guests: Thomas Krattenmaker, who was the law clerk to Justice John Marshall Harlan who served on the Supreme Court during that term, Ali’s appellate attorney, Jonathan Shapiro, leading Ali biographer, Thomas Hauser, and Academy Award, Golden Globe and Emmy nominated actress and choreographer Rosie Perez.
Cassius Clay alias Mohammed Ali refuses to join the Army. He won't kill people of his kind in Vietnam. He even risks going to prison when he refused.
Houston, ...
Cassius Clay alias Mohammed Ali refuses to join the Army. He won't kill people of his kind in Vietnam. He even risks going to prison when he refused.
Houston, United States of America (USA).
CU. Famous black American boxer Cassius Clay surrounded by reporters arriving at Army Induction Centre, Houston. GV. Clay going into the building surrounded by mass of press. SV. Clay inside the building surrounded by people. GV. Mass of people outside the building. SCU. Clay surrounded by reporters with microphones. CU. Clay surrounded by microphones, he starts speaking. SV. Clay surrounded by people.
FILM ID:2009.32
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. https://www.britishpathe.com/
Cassius Clay alias Mohammed Ali refuses to join the Army. He won't kill people of his kind in Vietnam. He even risks going to prison when he refused.
Houston, United States of America (USA).
CU. Famous black American boxer Cassius Clay surrounded by reporters arriving at Army Induction Centre, Houston. GV. Clay going into the building surrounded by mass of press. SV. Clay inside the building surrounded by people. GV. Mass of people outside the building. SCU. Clay surrounded by reporters with microphones. CU. Clay surrounded by microphones, he starts speaking. SV. Clay surrounded by people.
FILM ID:2009.32
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. https://www.britishpathe.com/
The infamous fight between Henry Cooper and Cassius Clay from 1963. Cassius Clay would be knocked down for only the second time in his career and mystery still...
The infamous fight between Henry Cooper and Cassius Clay from 1963. Cassius Clay would be knocked down for only the second time in his career and mystery still surrounds exactly how long did he get to recover in between rounds... More info below
Clay would enter with a record of 18-0, Henry Cooper 27-8-1. Henry Cooper had wanted to face current World Heavyweight Champion Sonny Liston, but his manager, fearing for his fighters safety against a monster like Liston, would not pursue it. Instead, they accepted the challenge of a young arrogant boxer named Cassius Clay. This was to be Clay's first fight as a pro outside of the United States and his last fight before beating Sonny Liston, becoming World Heavyweight Champion and changing his name to Muhammad Ali. Cassius Clay held little respect for Henry Cooper going into the fight. He claimed Henry a bum, and if he could not beat him in 5 rounds, he would not return to the USA for 30 days. Henry was only a warm up to the brash Cassius Clay. Henry Cooper's record although not great was respectable and he was the reigning Commonwealth and British Heavyweight Champion with 19 of his 27 wins coming by way of KO and most by way of his devastating left hook known as "Enry's ammer". Late in the forth round the young Cassius Clay was floored by the aforementioned punch and saved by the bell ending the round. Although Cassius was able to get to his feet, he was noticeably wobbled and the break between rounds was desperately needed. For Cooper however, it was too little too late. His face a crimson mask, cut wide open from Clay's repeated jabs with a torn glove, the referee had no choice but to end the fight in the following round when Clay turned up the heat. Clay's prediction of a 5th round KO had come to fruition but also a new level of respect for the veteran British boxer, 1 of only 3 men to ever drop Clay/Muhammad in his 61 fight career.
Interesting side note, 3 of the 4 knockdowns Muhammad Ali suffered during his career came by way of a left hook to the jaw... Sonny Banks, Henry Cooper and Joe Frazier. And 3 of those 4 fights in which Ali got knocked down, he went on to win... Chuck Wepner, Sonny Banks and Henry Cooper.
The infamous fight between Henry Cooper and Cassius Clay from 1963. Cassius Clay would be knocked down for only the second time in his career and mystery still surrounds exactly how long did he get to recover in between rounds... More info below
Clay would enter with a record of 18-0, Henry Cooper 27-8-1. Henry Cooper had wanted to face current World Heavyweight Champion Sonny Liston, but his manager, fearing for his fighters safety against a monster like Liston, would not pursue it. Instead, they accepted the challenge of a young arrogant boxer named Cassius Clay. This was to be Clay's first fight as a pro outside of the United States and his last fight before beating Sonny Liston, becoming World Heavyweight Champion and changing his name to Muhammad Ali. Cassius Clay held little respect for Henry Cooper going into the fight. He claimed Henry a bum, and if he could not beat him in 5 rounds, he would not return to the USA for 30 days. Henry was only a warm up to the brash Cassius Clay. Henry Cooper's record although not great was respectable and he was the reigning Commonwealth and British Heavyweight Champion with 19 of his 27 wins coming by way of KO and most by way of his devastating left hook known as "Enry's ammer". Late in the forth round the young Cassius Clay was floored by the aforementioned punch and saved by the bell ending the round. Although Cassius was able to get to his feet, he was noticeably wobbled and the break between rounds was desperately needed. For Cooper however, it was too little too late. His face a crimson mask, cut wide open from Clay's repeated jabs with a torn glove, the referee had no choice but to end the fight in the following round when Clay turned up the heat. Clay's prediction of a 5th round KO had come to fruition but also a new level of respect for the veteran British boxer, 1 of only 3 men to ever drop Clay/Muhammad in his 61 fight career.
Interesting side note, 3 of the 4 knockdowns Muhammad Ali suffered during his career came by way of a left hook to the jaw... Sonny Banks, Henry Cooper and Joe Frazier. And 3 of those 4 fights in which Ali got knocked down, he went on to win... Chuck Wepner, Sonny Banks and Henry Cooper.
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston war ein historischer Boxkampf zwischen dem damals amtierenden Weltmeister im Schwergewicht, Sonny Liston und dem Herausforderer Mu...
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston war ein historischer Boxkampf zwischen dem damals amtierenden Weltmeister im Schwergewicht, Sonny Liston und dem Herausforderer Muhammad Ali, damals noch unter seinem Geburtsnamen Cassius Clay. Er fand am 25. Februar 1964 in Miami Beach, Florida statt und war das erste von zwei Aufeinandertreffen der Kontrahenten. Er ist der offiziell letzte Kampf, bei dem Cassius Clay mit seinem Geburtsnamen kämpfte, da er zum Islam konvertierte und den Namen Muhammad Ali annahm.
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston war ein historischer Boxkampf zwischen dem damals amtierenden Weltmeister im Schwergewicht, Sonny Liston und dem Herausforderer Muhammad Ali, damals noch unter seinem Geburtsnamen Cassius Clay. Er fand am 25. Februar 1964 in Miami Beach, Florida statt und war das erste von zwei Aufeinandertreffen der Kontrahenten. Er ist der offiziell letzte Kampf, bei dem Cassius Clay mit seinem Geburtsnamen kämpfte, da er zum Islam konvertierte und den Namen Muhammad Ali annahm.
Provided to YouTube by Redeye Worldwide
Clay v. United States · Halo Fauna
Durak
℗ Salinas Records
Released on: 2008-09-01
Artist: Halo Fauna
Composer: Halo Fauna
Music Publisher: Salinas Records
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Co-produced with the New York City Bar Association.
With the recent passing of legendary heavyweight champion, Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marsellus Clay, Jr.), Trials & Error revisits the 1971 Supreme Court opinion that nearly ended Ali’s career: Clay v. United States. After refusing induction into the military in 1967, and the Draft Board and a federal appeals court denying his request for conscientious objector status, Ali was stripped of his boxing license and heavyweight title. It took months of infighting within the chambers of the Supreme Court for eight Justices to unanimously rule that Clay’s religious objection to war, as a Muslim, was valid.
Discussion guests: Thomas Krattenmaker, who was the law clerk to Justice John Marshall Harlan who served on the Supreme Court during that term, Ali’s appellate attorney, Jonathan Shapiro, leading Ali biographer, Thomas Hauser, and Academy Award, Golden Globe and Emmy nominated actress and choreographer Rosie Perez.
Cassius Clay alias Mohammed Ali refuses to join the Army. He won't kill people of his kind in Vietnam. He even risks going to prison when he refused.
Houston, United States of America (USA).
CU. Famous black American boxer Cassius Clay surrounded by reporters arriving at Army Induction Centre, Houston. GV. Clay going into the building surrounded by mass of press. SV. Clay inside the building surrounded by people. GV. Mass of people outside the building. SCU. Clay surrounded by reporters with microphones. CU. Clay surrounded by microphones, he starts speaking. SV. Clay surrounded by people.
FILM ID:2009.32
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. https://www.britishpathe.com/
The infamous fight between Henry Cooper and Cassius Clay from 1963. Cassius Clay would be knocked down for only the second time in his career and mystery still surrounds exactly how long did he get to recover in between rounds... More info below
Clay would enter with a record of 18-0, Henry Cooper 27-8-1. Henry Cooper had wanted to face current World Heavyweight Champion Sonny Liston, but his manager, fearing for his fighters safety against a monster like Liston, would not pursue it. Instead, they accepted the challenge of a young arrogant boxer named Cassius Clay. This was to be Clay's first fight as a pro outside of the United States and his last fight before beating Sonny Liston, becoming World Heavyweight Champion and changing his name to Muhammad Ali. Cassius Clay held little respect for Henry Cooper going into the fight. He claimed Henry a bum, and if he could not beat him in 5 rounds, he would not return to the USA for 30 days. Henry was only a warm up to the brash Cassius Clay. Henry Cooper's record although not great was respectable and he was the reigning Commonwealth and British Heavyweight Champion with 19 of his 27 wins coming by way of KO and most by way of his devastating left hook known as "Enry's ammer". Late in the forth round the young Cassius Clay was floored by the aforementioned punch and saved by the bell ending the round. Although Cassius was able to get to his feet, he was noticeably wobbled and the break between rounds was desperately needed. For Cooper however, it was too little too late. His face a crimson mask, cut wide open from Clay's repeated jabs with a torn glove, the referee had no choice but to end the fight in the following round when Clay turned up the heat. Clay's prediction of a 5th round KO had come to fruition but also a new level of respect for the veteran British boxer, 1 of only 3 men to ever drop Clay/Muhammad in his 61 fight career.
Interesting side note, 3 of the 4 knockdowns Muhammad Ali suffered during his career came by way of a left hook to the jaw... Sonny Banks, Henry Cooper and Joe Frazier. And 3 of those 4 fights in which Ali got knocked down, he went on to win... Chuck Wepner, Sonny Banks and Henry Cooper.
Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston war ein historischer Boxkampf zwischen dem damals amtierenden Weltmeister im Schwergewicht, Sonny Liston und dem Herausforderer Muhammad Ali, damals noch unter seinem Geburtsnamen Cassius Clay. Er fand am 25. Februar 1964 in Miami Beach, Florida statt und war das erste von zwei Aufeinandertreffen der Kontrahenten. Er ist der offiziell letzte Kampf, bei dem Cassius Clay mit seinem Geburtsnamen kämpfte, da er zum Islam konvertierte und den Namen Muhammad Ali annahm.
Tired eyes Closed for days There's no regret 'Cause there's no place I don't know What I believe But if I feel safe What do I need A home A home A home Revolution Revolution Revolution blues What will they do Revolution Revolution Revolution blues What will they do to me What will they do to me What will they do to me What will they do to me Dulcet tongues Whisper fast The future yearns Right now's the past Rouse me soon The end draws nigh Who's side are you on Your blood you cannot buy Revolution Revolution Revolution blues What will they do Revolution Revolution Revolution blues What will they do to you Well I I feel alright So tonight I got to ask you why Why deny it It's no surprise I've got to survive Freedom shines the light ahead I'll lead the last charge to bed I said my last rights I don't have to run scared no more Fight I wanna fight I wanna fight a revolution Tonight I wanna fight I wanna fight a revolution Tonight At the light At the light Do you wanna watch me die Let me be something good Let me prove something real like I should Let me embrace every single living thing