Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which requires the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
Chemical weapon details, per nation
Albania
Albania, as a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention, declared in March 2003 a stockpile of 16 tons of chemical agents. On July 11, 2007, with the help of the U.S. government's Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, the Ministry of Defence announced successful destruction of the entire stockpile.
A chemical weapon (CW) is a munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on human beings. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) states:
They are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons (diseases), and radiological weapons (which use radioactive decay of elements). All may be used in warfare known by the military acronym NBC, for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare. Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples.
Lethal, unitary, chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that are now being stockpiled by many nations. (Unitary agents are effective on their own and require no mixing with other agents.) The most dangerous of these are nerve agentsGA, GB, GD, and VX, and vesicant (blister) agents which are formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. All are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
A Brief History Of Chemical Weapons | Mach | NBC News
Chemical weapons can be both powerful and terrifying. From the chemical-soaked battlefields in WWI, to cities in Syria, here is a look at their role in the last 100 years of modern warfare.
published: 14 Apr 2018
Chemical and Biological Weapons of Proliferation
David Allen
chemical/biological analyst
03/10/2004
published: 22 Jun 2015
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
10. Chlorine Gas
09. Mustard Gas
08. Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ
07. Ricin
06. Phosgene
05. Phosgene oxime (CX)
04.Tabun
03. Sarin
02. Soman
01.VX
published: 14 Nov 2022
Weapons Even The Military Made Illegal
Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics
What are the weapons that have been made illegal to use even by the military around the world? Today we will learn why and what these illegal weapons do that makes them so horrible.
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published: 21 Nov 2018
Chemical weapon proliferation
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=======Image-Copyright-Info========
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC-BY-SA-3.0)
LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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published: 06 Jan 2016
Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation
On October 4, CRDF Global hosted a Thought Leadership Series event titled “Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation” featuring a conversation with Sarah Jacobs Gamberini, a Policy Fellow at the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Dr. Marc-Michael Blum, the former head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) laboratory. Abigail Stowe-Thurston, a Project Lead at CRDF Global, moderated the event. CRDF Global Vice President Tom Callahan provided welcome remarks.
For more information on this event, please visit: https://www.crdfglobal.org/insights/event-recap-disinformation-and-evolving-threats-chemical-weapon-proliferation
published: 11 Oct 2021
The History Of Chemical Weapons
Banned under international law, chemical weapons are still making it onto the battlefield today. This is how their use developed throughout the 20th Century, before being deployed in Syria. *WARNING: This video contains graphic content.*
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published: 01 May 2017
Internal Security Threats and WMD Proliferation
Speaker: Miriam Barnum
Why do states pursue chemical and biological weapons (CBW), despite their limited strategic utility and their prohibition (during some time periods) under international law? Utilizing original quantitative data, I find that internal threats to a state’s governing regime, while of- ten neglected in theories of arming and weapons proliferation, play a significant role in driving states’ choices to pursue chemical and biological weapons. Regimes may pursue CBW in response to two types of domestic threats: coup risk, and the risk of domestic rebellion or civil conflict. In particular, I find that governing regimes facing increases in the risk of a coup may be more likely to initiate chemical and biological weapons programs, and that regimes experiencing domestic unrest m...
published: 18 May 2023
Asser - OPCW training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
2019 marked the 10th edition of the training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In August 2010, the T.M.C Asser Instituut and the OPCW launched the first summer programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of WMD. In its first years, the programme has established itself as a highly regarded educational resource for advanced graduate students and early- to mid-career professionals with interests in WMD diplomacy and treaty implementation. The WMD training programme continually evolves and discusses cross-cutting aspects in high-level panels and now introduces more interactive elements such as a debate and a simulation exercise.
More info and registration: http://tiny.cc/WMDAsserYT
Stay up to date with research, activities, and events at ...
published: 17 Dec 2019
Chemical weapon proliferation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation
00:00:54 1 Chemical weapon details, per nation
00:01:05 1.1 Albania
00:01:38 1.2 Angola
00:01:52 1.3 China
00:02:50 1.4 Cuba
00:03:14 1.5 Egypt
00:05:07 1.6 Ethiopia
00:05:41 1.7 India
00:06:09 1.8 Iran
00:07:22 1.9 Iraq
00:09:29 1.10 Israel
00:11:56 1.11 Japan
00:12:37 1.12 Libya
00:14:30 1.13 Myanmar (Burma)
00:15:51 1.14 North Korea
00:17:15 1.15 Pakistan
00:18:08 1.16 Russia
00:18:44 1.17 Serbia and Montenegro
00:20:20 1.18 South Korea
00:21:10 1.19 South Sudan
00:21:33 1.20 Sudan
00:22:10 1.21 Syria
00:23:28 1.22 Taiwan
00:23:57 1.23 Turkey
00:24:51 1.24 United States
00:25:40 1.25 Vietnam
00:25:49 2 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compa...
Chemical weapons can be both powerful and terrifying. From the chemical-soaked battlefields in WWI, to cities in Syria, here is a look at their role in the last...
Chemical weapons can be both powerful and terrifying. From the chemical-soaked battlefields in WWI, to cities in Syria, here is a look at their role in the last 100 years of modern warfare.
Chemical weapons can be both powerful and terrifying. From the chemical-soaked battlefields in WWI, to cities in Syria, here is a look at their role in the last 100 years of modern warfare.
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
10. Chlorine Gas
09. Mustard Gas
08. Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ
07. Ricin
06. Phosgene
05. Phosgene oxime (CX...
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
10. Chlorine Gas
09. Mustard Gas
08. Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ
07. Ricin
06. Phosgene
05. Phosgene oxime (CX)
04.Tabun
03. Sarin
02. Soman
01.VX
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
10. Chlorine Gas
09. Mustard Gas
08. Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ
07. Ricin
06. Phosgene
05. Phosgene oxime (CX)
04.Tabun
03. Sarin
02. Soman
01.VX
Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics
What are the weapons that have been made illegal to use even ...
Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics
What are the weapons that have been made illegal to use even by the military around the world? Today we will learn why and what these illegal weapons do that makes them so horrible.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics
What are the weapons that have been made illegal to use even by the military around the world? Today we will learn why and what these illegal weapons do that makes them so horrible.
SUBSCRIBE TO US -► http://bit.ly/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
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Chemical weapon proliferation
==...
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https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Chemical weapon proliferation
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC-BY-SA-3.0)
LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMD_world_map.svg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Chemical weapon proliferation
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC-BY-SA-3.0)
LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMD_world_map.svg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
On October 4, CRDF Global hosted a Thought Leadership Series event titled “Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation” featuring a...
On October 4, CRDF Global hosted a Thought Leadership Series event titled “Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation” featuring a conversation with Sarah Jacobs Gamberini, a Policy Fellow at the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Dr. Marc-Michael Blum, the former head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) laboratory. Abigail Stowe-Thurston, a Project Lead at CRDF Global, moderated the event. CRDF Global Vice President Tom Callahan provided welcome remarks.
For more information on this event, please visit: https://www.crdfglobal.org/insights/event-recap-disinformation-and-evolving-threats-chemical-weapon-proliferation
On October 4, CRDF Global hosted a Thought Leadership Series event titled “Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation” featuring a conversation with Sarah Jacobs Gamberini, a Policy Fellow at the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Dr. Marc-Michael Blum, the former head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) laboratory. Abigail Stowe-Thurston, a Project Lead at CRDF Global, moderated the event. CRDF Global Vice President Tom Callahan provided welcome remarks.
For more information on this event, please visit: https://www.crdfglobal.org/insights/event-recap-disinformation-and-evolving-threats-chemical-weapon-proliferation
Banned under international law, chemical weapons are still making it onto the battlefield today. This is how their use developed throughout the 20th Century, be...
Banned under international law, chemical weapons are still making it onto the battlefield today. This is how their use developed throughout the 20th Century, before being deployed in Syria. *WARNING: This video contains graphic content.*
Subscribe to HuffPost today: http://goo.gl/xW6HG
Get More HuffPost
Read: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
Like: https://www.facebook.com/HuffingtonPost
Follow: https://twitter.com/HuffingtonPost
Banned under international law, chemical weapons are still making it onto the battlefield today. This is how their use developed throughout the 20th Century, before being deployed in Syria. *WARNING: This video contains graphic content.*
Subscribe to HuffPost today: http://goo.gl/xW6HG
Get More HuffPost
Read: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
Like: https://www.facebook.com/HuffingtonPost
Follow: https://twitter.com/HuffingtonPost
Speaker: Miriam Barnum
Why do states pursue chemical and biological weapons (CBW), despite their limited strategic utility and their prohibition (during some ti...
Speaker: Miriam Barnum
Why do states pursue chemical and biological weapons (CBW), despite their limited strategic utility and their prohibition (during some time periods) under international law? Utilizing original quantitative data, I find that internal threats to a state’s governing regime, while of- ten neglected in theories of arming and weapons proliferation, play a significant role in driving states’ choices to pursue chemical and biological weapons. Regimes may pursue CBW in response to two types of domestic threats: coup risk, and the risk of domestic rebellion or civil conflict. In particular, I find that governing regimes facing increases in the risk of a coup may be more likely to initiate chemical and biological weapons programs, and that regimes experiencing domestic unrest may be more likely to begin pursuing chemical weapons. I also examine evidence for external security pathways motivating weapons pursuit, and find that proliferators treat biological weapons more like other ‘strategic weapons’ than they do chemical weapons. These findings have important implications for counterproliferation policy, deterrence, and our theoretical understanding of arming and arms racing.
Speaker: Miriam Barnum
Why do states pursue chemical and biological weapons (CBW), despite their limited strategic utility and their prohibition (during some time periods) under international law? Utilizing original quantitative data, I find that internal threats to a state’s governing regime, while of- ten neglected in theories of arming and weapons proliferation, play a significant role in driving states’ choices to pursue chemical and biological weapons. Regimes may pursue CBW in response to two types of domestic threats: coup risk, and the risk of domestic rebellion or civil conflict. In particular, I find that governing regimes facing increases in the risk of a coup may be more likely to initiate chemical and biological weapons programs, and that regimes experiencing domestic unrest may be more likely to begin pursuing chemical weapons. I also examine evidence for external security pathways motivating weapons pursuit, and find that proliferators treat biological weapons more like other ‘strategic weapons’ than they do chemical weapons. These findings have important implications for counterproliferation policy, deterrence, and our theoretical understanding of arming and arms racing.
2019 marked the 10th edition of the training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In August 2010, the T.M.C Asse...
2019 marked the 10th edition of the training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In August 2010, the T.M.C Asser Instituut and the OPCW launched the first summer programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of WMD. In its first years, the programme has established itself as a highly regarded educational resource for advanced graduate students and early- to mid-career professionals with interests in WMD diplomacy and treaty implementation. The WMD training programme continually evolves and discusses cross-cutting aspects in high-level panels and now introduces more interactive elements such as a debate and a simulation exercise.
More info and registration: http://tiny.cc/WMDAsserYT
Stay up to date with research, activities, and events at the Asser Institute:
Newsletters: http://tiny.cc/AsserTodayYT
2019 marked the 10th edition of the training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In August 2010, the T.M.C Asser Instituut and the OPCW launched the first summer programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of WMD. In its first years, the programme has established itself as a highly regarded educational resource for advanced graduate students and early- to mid-career professionals with interests in WMD diplomacy and treaty implementation. The WMD training programme continually evolves and discusses cross-cutting aspects in high-level panels and now introduces more interactive elements such as a debate and a simulation exercise.
More info and registration: http://tiny.cc/WMDAsserYT
Stay up to date with research, activities, and events at the Asser Institute:
Newsletters: http://tiny.cc/AsserTodayYT
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation
00:00:54 1 Chemical weapon details, per nat...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation
00:00:54 1 Chemical weapon details, per nation
00:01:05 1.1 Albania
00:01:38 1.2 Angola
00:01:52 1.3 China
00:02:50 1.4 Cuba
00:03:14 1.5 Egypt
00:05:07 1.6 Ethiopia
00:05:41 1.7 India
00:06:09 1.8 Iran
00:07:22 1.9 Iraq
00:09:29 1.10 Israel
00:11:56 1.11 Japan
00:12:37 1.12 Libya
00:14:30 1.13 Myanmar (Burma)
00:15:51 1.14 North Korea
00:17:15 1.15 Pakistan
00:18:08 1.16 Russia
00:18:44 1.17 Serbia and Montenegro
00:20:20 1.18 South Korea
00:21:10 1.19 South Sudan
00:21:33 1.20 Sudan
00:22:10 1.21 Syria
00:23:28 1.22 Taiwan
00:23:57 1.23 Turkey
00:24:51 1.24 United States
00:25:40 1.25 Vietnam
00:25:49 2 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9293465445267073
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation
00:00:54 1 Chemical weapon details, per nation
00:01:05 1.1 Albania
00:01:38 1.2 Angola
00:01:52 1.3 China
00:02:50 1.4 Cuba
00:03:14 1.5 Egypt
00:05:07 1.6 Ethiopia
00:05:41 1.7 India
00:06:09 1.8 Iran
00:07:22 1.9 Iraq
00:09:29 1.10 Israel
00:11:56 1.11 Japan
00:12:37 1.12 Libya
00:14:30 1.13 Myanmar (Burma)
00:15:51 1.14 North Korea
00:17:15 1.15 Pakistan
00:18:08 1.16 Russia
00:18:44 1.17 Serbia and Montenegro
00:20:20 1.18 South Korea
00:21:10 1.19 South Sudan
00:21:33 1.20 Sudan
00:22:10 1.21 Syria
00:23:28 1.22 Taiwan
00:23:57 1.23 Turkey
00:24:51 1.24 United States
00:25:40 1.25 Vietnam
00:25:49 2 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9293465445267073
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
Chemical weapons can be both powerful and terrifying. From the chemical-soaked battlefields in WWI, to cities in Syria, here is a look at their role in the last 100 years of modern warfare.
The 10 Most Powerful Chemical Weapons in History
10. Chlorine Gas
09. Mustard Gas
08. Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ
07. Ricin
06. Phosgene
05. Phosgene oxime (CX)
04.Tabun
03. Sarin
02. Soman
01.VX
Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics
What are the weapons that have been made illegal to use even by the military around the world? Today we will learn why and what these illegal weapons do that makes them so horrible.
SUBSCRIBE TO US -► http://bit.ly/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEBSITE (SUGGEST A TOPIC):
http://theinfographicsshow.com
SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
SOCIAL:
Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow
Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Chemical weapon proliferation
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC-BY-SA-3.0)
LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMD_world_map.svg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
On October 4, CRDF Global hosted a Thought Leadership Series event titled “Disinformation and the Evolving Threats of Chemical Weapon Proliferation” featuring a conversation with Sarah Jacobs Gamberini, a Policy Fellow at the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Dr. Marc-Michael Blum, the former head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) laboratory. Abigail Stowe-Thurston, a Project Lead at CRDF Global, moderated the event. CRDF Global Vice President Tom Callahan provided welcome remarks.
For more information on this event, please visit: https://www.crdfglobal.org/insights/event-recap-disinformation-and-evolving-threats-chemical-weapon-proliferation
Banned under international law, chemical weapons are still making it onto the battlefield today. This is how their use developed throughout the 20th Century, before being deployed in Syria. *WARNING: This video contains graphic content.*
Subscribe to HuffPost today: http://goo.gl/xW6HG
Get More HuffPost
Read: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
Like: https://www.facebook.com/HuffingtonPost
Follow: https://twitter.com/HuffingtonPost
Speaker: Miriam Barnum
Why do states pursue chemical and biological weapons (CBW), despite their limited strategic utility and their prohibition (during some time periods) under international law? Utilizing original quantitative data, I find that internal threats to a state’s governing regime, while of- ten neglected in theories of arming and weapons proliferation, play a significant role in driving states’ choices to pursue chemical and biological weapons. Regimes may pursue CBW in response to two types of domestic threats: coup risk, and the risk of domestic rebellion or civil conflict. In particular, I find that governing regimes facing increases in the risk of a coup may be more likely to initiate chemical and biological weapons programs, and that regimes experiencing domestic unrest may be more likely to begin pursuing chemical weapons. I also examine evidence for external security pathways motivating weapons pursuit, and find that proliferators treat biological weapons more like other ‘strategic weapons’ than they do chemical weapons. These findings have important implications for counterproliferation policy, deterrence, and our theoretical understanding of arming and arms racing.
2019 marked the 10th edition of the training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In August 2010, the T.M.C Asser Instituut and the OPCW launched the first summer programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of WMD. In its first years, the programme has established itself as a highly regarded educational resource for advanced graduate students and early- to mid-career professionals with interests in WMD diplomacy and treaty implementation. The WMD training programme continually evolves and discusses cross-cutting aspects in high-level panels and now introduces more interactive elements such as a debate and a simulation exercise.
More info and registration: http://tiny.cc/WMDAsserYT
Stay up to date with research, activities, and events at the Asser Institute:
Newsletters: http://tiny.cc/AsserTodayYT
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation
00:00:54 1 Chemical weapon details, per nation
00:01:05 1.1 Albania
00:01:38 1.2 Angola
00:01:52 1.3 China
00:02:50 1.4 Cuba
00:03:14 1.5 Egypt
00:05:07 1.6 Ethiopia
00:05:41 1.7 India
00:06:09 1.8 Iran
00:07:22 1.9 Iraq
00:09:29 1.10 Israel
00:11:56 1.11 Japan
00:12:37 1.12 Libya
00:14:30 1.13 Myanmar (Burma)
00:15:51 1.14 North Korea
00:17:15 1.15 Pakistan
00:18:08 1.16 Russia
00:18:44 1.17 Serbia and Montenegro
00:20:20 1.18 South Korea
00:21:10 1.19 South Sudan
00:21:33 1.20 Sudan
00:22:10 1.21 Syria
00:23:28 1.22 Taiwan
00:23:57 1.23 Turkey
00:24:51 1.24 United States
00:25:40 1.25 Vietnam
00:25:49 2 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9293465445267073
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which requires the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
Chemical weapon details, per nation
Albania
Albania, as a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention, declared in March 2003 a stockpile of 16 tons of chemical agents. On July 11, 2007, with the help of the U.S. government's Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, the Ministry of Defence announced successful destruction of the entire stockpile.
... batteries and cruise missiles, not to mention chemical weapons, Israel may have done more for regional counter-proliferation in a single week than the UN has achieved in eight decades.
... security in Syria "including continuing the fight against Daesh (IS) and other terrorist groups, and preventing the proliferation of the Syrian regime's chemical weapons," the foreign ministry said.
... of ChemicalWeapons (OPCW), Fernando Arias said his office had seen positive signals from Syria about the need to rid the country of chemical weapons, but no formal request had been received.
... of ChemicalWeapons (OPCW), Fernando Arias said his office had seen positive signals from Syria about the need to rid the country of chemical weapons, but no formal request had been received.
... of ChemicalWeapons (OPCW), Fernando Arias said his office had seen positive signals from Syria about the need to rid the country of chemical weapons, but no formal request had been received.
... and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and strengthens existing regulatory policies to prevent utilization and diversion of chemicals for terrorism and non-peaceful purposes," he added.
“Thirty-one years after the Philippines signed the ChemicalWeaponsConvention (CWC), and 28 years since the Senate concurred in the ratification of the same, finally we are one step closer to ...
... in the Organization's Director-General Fernando Arias and all the members of its technical secretariat who work daily against the proliferation of chemical weapons and the re-emergence of their use.
He emphasized that "no one should use chemical weapons anywhere, at any time, or under any circumstances." ... Despite the progress made, the proliferation of chemical weapons remains to be a serious threat to global peace and security, he reaffirmed.
The Australia Group is an informal arrangement to allow exporting or trans-shipping countries to minimise the risk of assisting the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons, while the MTCR is ...