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get_forecast_details(city, 4, global_geo, country);
})
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jQuery('#forecast-header').html(msg);
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global_geo.html('Loading forecast ...');
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data: {
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report: 'daily'
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dataType: 'jsonp',
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success: function(data) {
if(!data) { text = ('weater data temporarily not available'); }
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moment.lang('en', {
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-
Charles B. Hoeven Top # 18 Facts
Charles B. Hoeven Top # 18 Facts
published: 02 Nov 2015
-
Hoeven (disambiguation)
Hoeven may refer to:
Charles B. Hoeven (1895–1980), American politician
John Hoeven (born 1957), United States Senator from North DakotaHoeven may also refer to several locations in the Netherlands:
Hoeven, a town in Halderberge
Hoeven, Gemert-Bakel
Hoeven, Sint Anthonis
Hoeven, Limburg
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven_(disambiguation)
Created with WikipediaReaderReborn (c) WikipediaReader
published: 03 Jun 2021
-
Hoeven Outlines Efforts to Strengthen Defense Ties in the Pacific
Discussed many issues at our SAC-D hearing with U.S. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown and Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman. China is clearly growing more aggressive, both in its posturing toward Taiwan and others in the Pacific, as well as its blatant violations of U.S. airspace. It’s critical that we strengthen our defense ties in the region, so our allies and partners can push back against China and North Korea. At the same time, we continue to make needed investments in U.S. nuclear forces to ensure an effective deterrent, while advancing new missions like the LEO satellite mission in Grand Forks to enhance the security and capabilities of U.S. military operations.
published: 20 Apr 2023
-
Charles A. Kennedy Top # 5 Facts
Charles A. Kennedy Top # 5 Facts
published: 02 Nov 2015
-
1945-1953 From World War to Cold War
At the outset of the Yalta Conference on February 4, 1945, the «Big Three» were all optimistic: victory was in no doubt, and the accord that they had achieved seemed likely to preserve the values they had fought for.
However, in just a few months, nothing would remain of this agreement apart from irreconcilable differences. United in war, the Allies would reveal themselves as divided and rivals in peace. How can such a rapid failure of a real effort at entente be explained? With the Yalta Conference in 1945 to 1953, discover a new world order drawn up by three men, looking for a lasting peace... that would lead inevitably to the Cold War.
Combining archive footage, photographs, original letters and unique testimonies, these two episodes revisit this crucial period in History. A full imme...
published: 11 Mar 2024
-
AVIATION ODDITIES | FULL DOCUMENTARY | Aircraft Innovation And Research Pioneers
A look inside different aircraft designs and flying machines such as the X-24 Wingless Aircraft, M2-F1 Lifting Body, the Northrop M2-F2, and the Amazing Bartini Beriev VVA-14. Learn the secrets behind the Ryan X-13 Vertijet, the Dragonfly, or the HL-10.
In a little over a century, the aviation industry has gone from learning to fly to learning to fly faster, to learning to fly further, to learning to fly heavier planes, and now to having 100,000 plus commercial flights occurring worldwide every day. Aviation has indeed been at the forefront of innovation, and it has become one of the world's safest and most reliable modes of transportation today.
The video presents a brief but comprehensive overview of the variety of innovations related to aviation.
From ancient times onwards, flight has ...
published: 26 May 2024
-
"The Facts Are Clear: Neo-Darwinism is DEAD!" Denis Noble
Denis Noble is a renowned biologist and pioneer in systems biology, known for his groundbreaking work on the heart and his influential contributions to the understanding of biological systems.
Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e
Become a YouTube Member Here:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join
Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!)
Join TOEmail at https://www.curtjaimungal.org
Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
00:20 - Neo-Darwinism is Dead
06:30 - Richard Dawkins Differences
17:02 - Purpose As Individual Agents / Purpose Given
26:05 - Function vs. Purpose in Living Systems
33:30 - Gaia Hypothesis (Lovelock)
37:46 - Anti-Natalist
41:52 - “The Only Free Will Worth Having”
46:52 - Stochas...
published: 30 Jul 2024
-
Hoeven at SAC-D Hearing: Minot Air Force Base Helicopter Replacement on Track
Outlined the importance of modernization efforts in ensuring the U.S. continues to have an effective nuclear deterrent with Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall and Air Force Chief of Staff General Charles Brown. Secretary Kendall and General Brown confirmed that these efforts are on track, including the procurement of MH-139 Grey Wolf helicopters to secure the missile fields and replacement missiles for the B-52 and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
published: 18 May 2022
-
First Blood | April - June 1940 | World War II
When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the wartime coalition government in May 1940 he pledged his "blood, toil, tears and sweat" and within days of his appointment he was called upon to honor his promise. As the Low Countries fell to Adolf Hitler, and France was poised to follow suit, rescuing thousands of Allied servicemen from the beaches of Dunkirk was Churchill's top priority.
published: 20 May 2023
-
Aircraft Turrets And Defense Tactics | Interesting Historical Facts You Might Not Know | Ep. 1
Aircraft turrets and defense tactics used during the war. An interesting account of the ideas, and engineering behind them | Episode 1
Join this channel to support it:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTTqBgYdkmFogITlPDM0M4A/join
Click the link to watch more aircraft, heroes, and their stories, and missions: https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes
During World War I, air gunners initially operated guns that were mounted on pedestals or swivel mounts known as pintles. The latter evolved into the Scarff ring, a rotating ring mount that allowed the gun to be turned to any direction with the gunner remaining directly behind it, the weapon held in an intermediate elevation by bungee cord, a simple and effective mounting for single weapons such as the Lewis Gun though less handy when twin mounted...
published: 03 Sep 2023
0:30
Hoeven (disambiguation)
Hoeven may refer to:
Charles B. Hoeven (1895–1980), American politician
John Hoeven (born 1957), United States Senator from North DakotaHoeven may also refer t...
Hoeven may refer to:
Charles B. Hoeven (1895–1980), American politician
John Hoeven (born 1957), United States Senator from North DakotaHoeven may also refer to several locations in the Netherlands:
Hoeven, a town in Halderberge
Hoeven, Gemert-Bakel
Hoeven, Sint Anthonis
Hoeven, Limburg
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven_(disambiguation)
Created with WikipediaReaderReborn (c) WikipediaReader
https://wn.com/Hoeven_(Disambiguation)
Hoeven may refer to:
Charles B. Hoeven (1895–1980), American politician
John Hoeven (born 1957), United States Senator from North DakotaHoeven may also refer to several locations in the Netherlands:
Hoeven, a town in Halderberge
Hoeven, Gemert-Bakel
Hoeven, Sint Anthonis
Hoeven, Limburg
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven_(disambiguation)
Created with WikipediaReaderReborn (c) WikipediaReader
- published: 03 Jun 2021
- views: 3
6:05
Hoeven Outlines Efforts to Strengthen Defense Ties in the Pacific
Discussed many issues at our SAC-D hearing with U.S. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown and Chief of Space Operat...
Discussed many issues at our SAC-D hearing with U.S. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown and Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman. China is clearly growing more aggressive, both in its posturing toward Taiwan and others in the Pacific, as well as its blatant violations of U.S. airspace. It’s critical that we strengthen our defense ties in the region, so our allies and partners can push back against China and North Korea. At the same time, we continue to make needed investments in U.S. nuclear forces to ensure an effective deterrent, while advancing new missions like the LEO satellite mission in Grand Forks to enhance the security and capabilities of U.S. military operations.
https://wn.com/Hoeven_Outlines_Efforts_To_Strengthen_Defense_Ties_In_The_Pacific
Discussed many issues at our SAC-D hearing with U.S. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown and Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman. China is clearly growing more aggressive, both in its posturing toward Taiwan and others in the Pacific, as well as its blatant violations of U.S. airspace. It’s critical that we strengthen our defense ties in the region, so our allies and partners can push back against China and North Korea. At the same time, we continue to make needed investments in U.S. nuclear forces to ensure an effective deterrent, while advancing new missions like the LEO satellite mission in Grand Forks to enhance the security and capabilities of U.S. military operations.
- published: 20 Apr 2023
- views: 137
1:51:55
1945-1953 From World War to Cold War
At the outset of the Yalta Conference on February 4, 1945, the «Big Three» were all optimistic: victory was in no doubt, and the accord that they had achieved s...
At the outset of the Yalta Conference on February 4, 1945, the «Big Three» were all optimistic: victory was in no doubt, and the accord that they had achieved seemed likely to preserve the values they had fought for.
However, in just a few months, nothing would remain of this agreement apart from irreconcilable differences. United in war, the Allies would reveal themselves as divided and rivals in peace. How can such a rapid failure of a real effort at entente be explained? With the Yalta Conference in 1945 to 1953, discover a new world order drawn up by three men, looking for a lasting peace... that would lead inevitably to the Cold War.
Combining archive footage, photographs, original letters and unique testimonies, these two episodes revisit this crucial period in History. A full immersion into postwar years and an emerging new world order.
Direction: Emilie Lançon
https://wn.com/1945_1953_From_World_War_To_Cold_War
At the outset of the Yalta Conference on February 4, 1945, the «Big Three» were all optimistic: victory was in no doubt, and the accord that they had achieved seemed likely to preserve the values they had fought for.
However, in just a few months, nothing would remain of this agreement apart from irreconcilable differences. United in war, the Allies would reveal themselves as divided and rivals in peace. How can such a rapid failure of a real effort at entente be explained? With the Yalta Conference in 1945 to 1953, discover a new world order drawn up by three men, looking for a lasting peace... that would lead inevitably to the Cold War.
Combining archive footage, photographs, original letters and unique testimonies, these two episodes revisit this crucial period in History. A full immersion into postwar years and an emerging new world order.
Direction: Emilie Lançon
- published: 11 Mar 2024
- views: 9432874
3:49:36
AVIATION ODDITIES | FULL DOCUMENTARY | Aircraft Innovation And Research Pioneers
A look inside different aircraft designs and flying machines such as the X-24 Wingless Aircraft, M2-F1 Lifting Body, the Northrop M2-F2, and the Amazing Bartini...
A look inside different aircraft designs and flying machines such as the X-24 Wingless Aircraft, M2-F1 Lifting Body, the Northrop M2-F2, and the Amazing Bartini Beriev VVA-14. Learn the secrets behind the Ryan X-13 Vertijet, the Dragonfly, or the HL-10.
In a little over a century, the aviation industry has gone from learning to fly to learning to fly faster, to learning to fly further, to learning to fly heavier planes, and now to having 100,000 plus commercial flights occurring worldwide every day. Aviation has indeed been at the forefront of innovation, and it has become one of the world's safest and most reliable modes of transportation today.
The video presents a brief but comprehensive overview of the variety of innovations related to aviation.
From ancient times onwards, flight has been a measure of scientific progress, a symbol of wealth and status, and a catalyst for interpersonal and international competition. It is a field that has been primarily pioneered by the dedication of individuals rather than corporations or governments for most of its history. The history of aviation is extensive and complicated, so much so that its entirety couldn’t be easily contained in any single written source.
Watch more aircraft, heroes, and their stories and missions ➤ https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes
To support/join the channel ➤ https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes/join
IG ➤ https://www.instagram.com/dronescapesvideos
FB ➤ https://www.facebook.com/Dronescapesvideos
X/Twitter ➤ https://dronescapes.video/2p89vedj
THREADS ➤ https://www.threads.net/@dronescapesvideos
#aviation #airplane #prototype
https://wn.com/Aviation_Oddities_|_Full_Documentary_|_Aircraft_Innovation_And_Research_Pioneers
A look inside different aircraft designs and flying machines such as the X-24 Wingless Aircraft, M2-F1 Lifting Body, the Northrop M2-F2, and the Amazing Bartini Beriev VVA-14. Learn the secrets behind the Ryan X-13 Vertijet, the Dragonfly, or the HL-10.
In a little over a century, the aviation industry has gone from learning to fly to learning to fly faster, to learning to fly further, to learning to fly heavier planes, and now to having 100,000 plus commercial flights occurring worldwide every day. Aviation has indeed been at the forefront of innovation, and it has become one of the world's safest and most reliable modes of transportation today.
The video presents a brief but comprehensive overview of the variety of innovations related to aviation.
From ancient times onwards, flight has been a measure of scientific progress, a symbol of wealth and status, and a catalyst for interpersonal and international competition. It is a field that has been primarily pioneered by the dedication of individuals rather than corporations or governments for most of its history. The history of aviation is extensive and complicated, so much so that its entirety couldn’t be easily contained in any single written source.
Watch more aircraft, heroes, and their stories and missions ➤ https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes
To support/join the channel ➤ https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes/join
IG ➤ https://www.instagram.com/dronescapesvideos
FB ➤ https://www.facebook.com/Dronescapesvideos
X/Twitter ➤ https://dronescapes.video/2p89vedj
THREADS ➤ https://www.threads.net/@dronescapesvideos
#aviation #airplane #prototype
- published: 26 May 2024
- views: 1018151
1:55:59
"The Facts Are Clear: Neo-Darwinism is DEAD!" Denis Noble
Denis Noble is a renowned biologist and pioneer in systems biology, known for his groundbreaking work on the heart and his influential contributions to the unde...
Denis Noble is a renowned biologist and pioneer in systems biology, known for his groundbreaking work on the heart and his influential contributions to the understanding of biological systems.
Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e
Become a YouTube Member Here:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join
Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!)
Join TOEmail at https://www.curtjaimungal.org
Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
00:20 - Neo-Darwinism is Dead
06:30 - Richard Dawkins Differences
17:02 - Purpose As Individual Agents / Purpose Given
26:05 - Function vs. Purpose in Living Systems
33:30 - Gaia Hypothesis (Lovelock)
37:46 - Anti-Natalist
41:52 - “The Only Free Will Worth Having”
46:52 - Stochasticity
52:50 - Rupert Sheldrake / Morphic Resonance
59:11 - Holism
01:06:32 - Dualism / Separate Laws for Separate Parts
01:18:01 - Multi-Cellularity Emerged Long Ago
01:34:00 - Maladaptive Evolution Happens All the Time
01:39:18 - Denis Noble & Richard Dawkins
01:45:27 - What is Purpose? (For Agents)
01:53:22 - Outro / Support TOE
LINKS:
- Denis Noble's "Rethinking the Foundations" TOE Presentation: https://youtu.be/aELkemLP6XQ
- The Music of Life (Book) - https://amzn.to/4drSFSP
- The Selfish Gene (Book): https://amzn.to/3zYLyTx
- Understanding Living Systems (Book): https://amzn.to/3WsBWrN
- Gerald Edelman’s Book: https://amzn.to/4dab3Ag
- Denis Noble’s paper with Daniel Phillips: https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP284420
- Dance to the Tune of Life (Denis’ book): https://www.amazon.com/Dance-Tune-Life-Biological-Relativity/dp/1107176247
- Denis’ Progress in Biophysics paper: http://www.voicesfromoxford.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Shapiro-Noble-2021.pdf
- The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis (Denis’s paper): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-021-09405-3
- The Origin of Species (Charles Darwin’s book): https://www.amazon.com/Origin-Species-Charles-Darwin/dp/0517123207
- Dawkins/Noble debate (transcript): https://www.denisnoble.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/TranscriptReferences.pdf
Support TOE:
- Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!)
- Crypto: https://tinyurl.com/cryptoTOE
- PayPal: https://tinyurl.com/paypalTOE
- TOE Merch: https://tinyurl.com/TOEmerch
Follow TOE:
- NEW Get my 'Top 10 TOEs' PDF + Weekly Personal Updates: https://www.curtjaimungal.org
- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theoriesofeverythingpod
- TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@theoriesofeverything_
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt
- Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs
- iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/better-left-unsaid-with-curt-jaimungal/id1521758802
- Pandora: https://pdora.co/33b9lfP
- Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e
- Subreddit r/TheoriesOfEverything: https://reddit.com/r/theoriesofeverything
Join this channel to get access to perks:
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#science #biology #richarddawkins
https://wn.com/The_Facts_Are_Clear_Neo_Darwinism_Is_Dead_Denis_Noble
Denis Noble is a renowned biologist and pioneer in systems biology, known for his groundbreaking work on the heart and his influential contributions to the understanding of biological systems.
Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e
Become a YouTube Member Here:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join
Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!)
Join TOEmail at https://www.curtjaimungal.org
Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
00:20 - Neo-Darwinism is Dead
06:30 - Richard Dawkins Differences
17:02 - Purpose As Individual Agents / Purpose Given
26:05 - Function vs. Purpose in Living Systems
33:30 - Gaia Hypothesis (Lovelock)
37:46 - Anti-Natalist
41:52 - “The Only Free Will Worth Having”
46:52 - Stochasticity
52:50 - Rupert Sheldrake / Morphic Resonance
59:11 - Holism
01:06:32 - Dualism / Separate Laws for Separate Parts
01:18:01 - Multi-Cellularity Emerged Long Ago
01:34:00 - Maladaptive Evolution Happens All the Time
01:39:18 - Denis Noble & Richard Dawkins
01:45:27 - What is Purpose? (For Agents)
01:53:22 - Outro / Support TOE
LINKS:
- Denis Noble's "Rethinking the Foundations" TOE Presentation: https://youtu.be/aELkemLP6XQ
- The Music of Life (Book) - https://amzn.to/4drSFSP
- The Selfish Gene (Book): https://amzn.to/3zYLyTx
- Understanding Living Systems (Book): https://amzn.to/3WsBWrN
- Gerald Edelman’s Book: https://amzn.to/4dab3Ag
- Denis Noble’s paper with Daniel Phillips: https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP284420
- Dance to the Tune of Life (Denis’ book): https://www.amazon.com/Dance-Tune-Life-Biological-Relativity/dp/1107176247
- Denis’ Progress in Biophysics paper: http://www.voicesfromoxford.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Shapiro-Noble-2021.pdf
- The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis (Denis’s paper): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-021-09405-3
- The Origin of Species (Charles Darwin’s book): https://www.amazon.com/Origin-Species-Charles-Darwin/dp/0517123207
- Dawkins/Noble debate (transcript): https://www.denisnoble.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/TranscriptReferences.pdf
Support TOE:
- Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!)
- Crypto: https://tinyurl.com/cryptoTOE
- PayPal: https://tinyurl.com/paypalTOE
- TOE Merch: https://tinyurl.com/TOEmerch
Follow TOE:
- NEW Get my 'Top 10 TOEs' PDF + Weekly Personal Updates: https://www.curtjaimungal.org
- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theoriesofeverythingpod
- TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@theoriesofeverything_
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt
- Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs
- iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/better-left-unsaid-with-curt-jaimungal/id1521758802
- Pandora: https://pdora.co/33b9lfP
- Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e
- Subreddit r/TheoriesOfEverything: https://reddit.com/r/theoriesofeverything
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join
#science #biology #richarddawkins
- published: 30 Jul 2024
- views: 75751
2:30
Hoeven at SAC-D Hearing: Minot Air Force Base Helicopter Replacement on Track
Outlined the importance of modernization efforts in ensuring the U.S. continues to have an effective nuclear deterrent with Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall an...
Outlined the importance of modernization efforts in ensuring the U.S. continues to have an effective nuclear deterrent with Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall and Air Force Chief of Staff General Charles Brown. Secretary Kendall and General Brown confirmed that these efforts are on track, including the procurement of MH-139 Grey Wolf helicopters to secure the missile fields and replacement missiles for the B-52 and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
https://wn.com/Hoeven_At_Sac_D_Hearing_Minot_Air_Force_Base_Helicopter_Replacement_On_Track
Outlined the importance of modernization efforts in ensuring the U.S. continues to have an effective nuclear deterrent with Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall and Air Force Chief of Staff General Charles Brown. Secretary Kendall and General Brown confirmed that these efforts are on track, including the procurement of MH-139 Grey Wolf helicopters to secure the missile fields and replacement missiles for the B-52 and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
- published: 18 May 2022
- views: 3059
53:39
First Blood | April - June 1940 | World War II
When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the wartime coalition government in May 1940 he pledged his "blood, toil, tears and sweat" and within days of hi...
When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the wartime coalition government in May 1940 he pledged his "blood, toil, tears and sweat" and within days of his appointment he was called upon to honor his promise. As the Low Countries fell to Adolf Hitler, and France was poised to follow suit, rescuing thousands of Allied servicemen from the beaches of Dunkirk was Churchill's top priority.
https://wn.com/First_Blood_|_April_June_1940_|_World_War_Ii
When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the wartime coalition government in May 1940 he pledged his "blood, toil, tears and sweat" and within days of his appointment he was called upon to honor his promise. As the Low Countries fell to Adolf Hitler, and France was poised to follow suit, rescuing thousands of Allied servicemen from the beaches of Dunkirk was Churchill's top priority.
- published: 20 May 2023
- views: 1493893
56:41
Aircraft Turrets And Defense Tactics | Interesting Historical Facts You Might Not Know | Ep. 1
Aircraft turrets and defense tactics used during the war. An interesting account of the ideas, and engineering behind them | Episode 1
Join this channel to sup...
Aircraft turrets and defense tactics used during the war. An interesting account of the ideas, and engineering behind them | Episode 1
Join this channel to support it:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTTqBgYdkmFogITlPDM0M4A/join
Click the link to watch more aircraft, heroes, and their stories, and missions: https://www.youtube.com/@Dronescapes
During World War I, air gunners initially operated guns that were mounted on pedestals or swivel mounts known as pintles. The latter evolved into the Scarff ring, a rotating ring mount that allowed the gun to be turned to any direction with the gunner remaining directly behind it, the weapon held in an intermediate elevation by bungee cord, a simple and effective mounting for single weapons such as the Lewis Gun though less handy when twin mounted as with the British Bristol F.2 Fighter and German "CL"-class two-seaters such as the Halberstadt and Hannover-designed series of compact two-seat combat aircraft. In a failed 1916 experiment, a variant of the SPAD S.A. two-seat fighter was probably the first aircraft to be fitted with a remotely-controlled gun, which was located in a nose nacelle.
As aircraft flew higher and faster, the need for protection from the elements led to the enclosure or shielding of the gun positions, as in the "lobsterback" rear seat of the Hawker Demon biplane fighter.
The Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane was the first RAF bomber to carry an enclosed turret
The first British operational bomber to carry an enclosed, power-operated turret was the Boulton & Paul Overstrand twin-engined biplane, which first flew in 1933. The Overstrand was similar to its First World War predecessors in that it had open cockpits and hand-operated machine guns. However, unlike its predecessors, the Overstrand could fly at 140 mph (230 km/h) making operating the exposed gun positions difficult, particularly in the aircraft's nose. To overcome this problem, the Overstrand was fitted with an enclosed and powered nose turret, mounting a Lewis gun. Rotation was handled by pneumatic motors while elevation and depression of the gun used hydraulic rams. The pilot's cockpit was also enclosed but the dorsal (upper) and ventral (belly) gun positions remained open, though shielded.
A Martin YB-10 service test bomber with the USAAC – the first flight of the B-10 design occurred in mid-February 1932
The Martin B-10 all-metal monocoque monoplane bomber introduced turret-mounted defensive armament within the United States Army Air Corps, almost simultaneously with the RAF's Overstrand biplane bomber design. The Martin XB-10 prototype aircraft first featured the nose turret in June 1932—roughly a year before the less advanced Overstrand airframe design—and was first produced as the YB-10 service test version by November 1933. The production B-10B version started service with the USAAC in July 1935.
A B-24 Liberator rear turret
In time the number of turrets carried and the number of guns mounted increased. RAF heavy bombers of World War II such as the Handley Page Halifax (until its Mk II Series I (Special) version omitted the nose turret), Short Stirling and Avro Lancaster typically had three powered turrets: rear, mid-upper and nose. (Early in the war, some British heavy bombers also featured a retractable, remotely-operated ventral/mid-under turret). The rear turret mounted the heaviest armament: four 0.303 inch Browning machine guns or, late in the war, two AN/M2 light-barrel versions of the US Browning M2 machine gun as in the Rose-Rice turret. The tail gunner or "Tail End Charlie" position was generally accepted to be the most dangerous assignment. During the war, British turrets were largely self-contained units, manufactured by Boulton Paul Aircraft and Nash & Thompson. The same model of turret might be fitted to several different aircraft types. Some models included gun-laying radar that could lead the target and compensate for bullet drop.
Cover Credit (colorized by @Dronescapes): Yorkshire Air Museum
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https://wn.com/Aircraft_Turrets_And_Defense_Tactics_|_Interesting_Historical_Facts_You_Might_Not_Know_|_Ep._1
Aircraft turrets and defense tactics used during the war. An interesting account of the ideas, and engineering behind them | Episode 1
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During World War I, air gunners initially operated guns that were mounted on pedestals or swivel mounts known as pintles. The latter evolved into the Scarff ring, a rotating ring mount that allowed the gun to be turned to any direction with the gunner remaining directly behind it, the weapon held in an intermediate elevation by bungee cord, a simple and effective mounting for single weapons such as the Lewis Gun though less handy when twin mounted as with the British Bristol F.2 Fighter and German "CL"-class two-seaters such as the Halberstadt and Hannover-designed series of compact two-seat combat aircraft. In a failed 1916 experiment, a variant of the SPAD S.A. two-seat fighter was probably the first aircraft to be fitted with a remotely-controlled gun, which was located in a nose nacelle.
As aircraft flew higher and faster, the need for protection from the elements led to the enclosure or shielding of the gun positions, as in the "lobsterback" rear seat of the Hawker Demon biplane fighter.
The Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane was the first RAF bomber to carry an enclosed turret
The first British operational bomber to carry an enclosed, power-operated turret was the Boulton & Paul Overstrand twin-engined biplane, which first flew in 1933. The Overstrand was similar to its First World War predecessors in that it had open cockpits and hand-operated machine guns. However, unlike its predecessors, the Overstrand could fly at 140 mph (230 km/h) making operating the exposed gun positions difficult, particularly in the aircraft's nose. To overcome this problem, the Overstrand was fitted with an enclosed and powered nose turret, mounting a Lewis gun. Rotation was handled by pneumatic motors while elevation and depression of the gun used hydraulic rams. The pilot's cockpit was also enclosed but the dorsal (upper) and ventral (belly) gun positions remained open, though shielded.
A Martin YB-10 service test bomber with the USAAC – the first flight of the B-10 design occurred in mid-February 1932
The Martin B-10 all-metal monocoque monoplane bomber introduced turret-mounted defensive armament within the United States Army Air Corps, almost simultaneously with the RAF's Overstrand biplane bomber design. The Martin XB-10 prototype aircraft first featured the nose turret in June 1932—roughly a year before the less advanced Overstrand airframe design—and was first produced as the YB-10 service test version by November 1933. The production B-10B version started service with the USAAC in July 1935.
A B-24 Liberator rear turret
In time the number of turrets carried and the number of guns mounted increased. RAF heavy bombers of World War II such as the Handley Page Halifax (until its Mk II Series I (Special) version omitted the nose turret), Short Stirling and Avro Lancaster typically had three powered turrets: rear, mid-upper and nose. (Early in the war, some British heavy bombers also featured a retractable, remotely-operated ventral/mid-under turret). The rear turret mounted the heaviest armament: four 0.303 inch Browning machine guns or, late in the war, two AN/M2 light-barrel versions of the US Browning M2 machine gun as in the Rose-Rice turret. The tail gunner or "Tail End Charlie" position was generally accepted to be the most dangerous assignment. During the war, British turrets were largely self-contained units, manufactured by Boulton Paul Aircraft and Nash & Thompson. The same model of turret might be fitted to several different aircraft types. Some models included gun-laying radar that could lead the target and compensate for bullet drop.
Cover Credit (colorized by @Dronescapes): Yorkshire Air Museum
#aircraft #airplane #history
- published: 03 Sep 2023
- views: 1774136