A bicamerallegislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all of the members deliberate and vote as a single group, and from some legislatures which have three or more separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the world's national legislatures are bicameral.
Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country. Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent majority, the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house.
Although the ideas on which bicameralism are based can be traced back to the theories developed in ancient Sumer and later ancient Greece, ancient India, and Rome, recognizable bicameral institutions first arose in Medieval Europe where it was associated with separate representation of different estates of the realm. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners.
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of Representatives are for, talks about some of the histories of the institutions, and reveals to you just how you can become a representative. It's not that easy. But an eagle gets punched, so there's that.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Congress? 00:00
Who makes up the House of Representatives? 1:09
Who makes up the Senate? 1:38
What does Congress do? 1:58
Powers of the House of Representatives 2:13
Powers of the Senate 3:13
Why is Congress bicameral? 3:52
What's the difference between the Sen...
published: 30 Jan 2015
what is Bicameralism?
#Bicameralism #Knowledge in bulk #Youtube #Study
published: 24 May 2021
Why do we need Two Houses of Parliament? Bicameral system
Simple explainer why bicameral system of Parliament exists with two houses, the lower house (legislative assembly) and upper house (legislative council) under the Westminster system of Government. Importance of Scrutiny by houses for laws and actions of Executive
published: 30 Sep 2021
Comparing Unicameral and Bicameral Legislature
https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
A unicameral legislature refers to a system where there is only one chamber in the legislative body. This means that all legislative power rests in one group of elected representatives.
This system is usually more straightforward than a bicameral legislature. Only a few countries have unicameral legislatures, including Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, but many more have adopted a unicameral system for their lower government houses.
A bicameral legislature is a system with two chambers in the legislative body. In this system, the two chambers typically have different powers and responsibilities.
Read the article to find out more: https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
- Unicameral vs Bicameral Legislatur...
published: 27 Sep 2023
What is bicameral system of government?
00:00 - What is bicameral system of government?
00:38 - What is a two house legislature called?
01:10 - Who created the bicameral system?
01:41 - What is the difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature?
Laura S. Harris (2021, January 31.) What is bicameral system of government?
AskAbout.video/articles/What-is-bicameral-system-of-government-214083
----------
The most important part of our job is creating informational content. The topic of this video has been processed in the spirit of this mission. When judging the content, keep in mind that the scientific presentation of the topic requires a broad perspective which may bother some.
published: 07 Feb 2021
Was the Bicameral Legislature an American Invention?
Where did the Founders get the idea for a bicameral legislature? Professor Keith Whittington discusses their experience with the British Parliament and also with local colonial legislatures. This combined perspective gave the Founders a basic structure for Congress, and also helped them evaluate what types of power the legislature should or should not have.
Keith Whittington is Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He was formerly the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Princeton University.
#no86 #lawschool #lawstudent #lawstudent #constitution #constitutionallaw #usconstitution #america #legislature #congress #legislativebranch #congress
published: 12 Feb 2024
The Bicameral Mind | MIND-BLOWING Theory About the Origin of Civilization
This video gives an overview of the theory of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
This video describes the psychology of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ncvPmr3POo
How Language is Connected to Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49GekNT51sg
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Egypt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0gaHxqZS-8
Connection Between the Psychology of Gods and the Ego in Modern Humans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxH9sb2uhlk
Schizophrenia and the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Mwuvkgk08
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Mesopotamia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0PVc7oXf6I
This video was based off of the book by Julian Jaynes titled: The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral M...
published: 13 Dec 2020
7.4 Define bicameralism and explain its effects. How do the House and Senate differ?
Got a minute? Take a second or two each day and listen to a quick tutorial from the 2 Teachers. Listen as they discuss every salient topic in American government and politics.
published: 17 Nov 2013
Bicameralism Meaning
Video shows what bicameralism means. The principle of dividing legislative bodies into two groups with complementary powers and limitations designed to provide checks and balances against one another.. Bicameralism Meaning. How to pronounce, definition audio dictionary. How to say bicameralism. Powered by MaryTTS, Wiktionary
published: 28 Apr 2015
Does this solve the biggest PARADOX in the Theory of the Bicameral mind?
Support me on Patreon and get access to our discord server! https://www.patreon.com/nexusvoid
The Bicameral Mind Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
Another Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll12kPSi1Xc
Discussion of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsf5cJ4QxwI
Language and Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hTShowbifM
In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of ...
In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of Representatives are for, talks about some of the histories of the institutions, and reveals to you just how you can become a representative. It's not that easy. But an eagle gets punched, so there's that.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Congress? 00:00
Who makes up the House of Representatives? 1:09
Who makes up the Senate? 1:38
What does Congress do? 1:58
Powers of the House of Representatives 2:13
Powers of the Senate 3:13
Why is Congress bicameral? 3:52
What's the difference between the Senate and the House? 6:00
Credits 8:32
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of Representatives are for, talks about some of the histories of the institutions, and reveals to you just how you can become a representative. It's not that easy. But an eagle gets punched, so there's that.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Congress? 00:00
Who makes up the House of Representatives? 1:09
Who makes up the Senate? 1:38
What does Congress do? 1:58
Powers of the House of Representatives 2:13
Powers of the Senate 3:13
Why is Congress bicameral? 3:52
What's the difference between the Senate and the House? 6:00
Credits 8:32
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Simple explainer why bicameral system of Parliament exists with two houses, the lower house (legislative assembly) and upper house (legislative council) under t...
Simple explainer why bicameral system of Parliament exists with two houses, the lower house (legislative assembly) and upper house (legislative council) under the Westminster system of Government. Importance of Scrutiny by houses for laws and actions of Executive
Simple explainer why bicameral system of Parliament exists with two houses, the lower house (legislative assembly) and upper house (legislative council) under the Westminster system of Government. Importance of Scrutiny by houses for laws and actions of Executive
https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
A unicameral legislature refers to a system where there is only one chamber in the legislative bo...
https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
A unicameral legislature refers to a system where there is only one chamber in the legislative body. This means that all legislative power rests in one group of elected representatives.
This system is usually more straightforward than a bicameral legislature. Only a few countries have unicameral legislatures, including Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, but many more have adopted a unicameral system for their lower government houses.
A bicameral legislature is a system with two chambers in the legislative body. In this system, the two chambers typically have different powers and responsibilities.
Read the article to find out more: https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
- Unicameral vs Bicameral Legislature
- Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Legislature
- What is the role of each chamber in a bicameral legislature?
- Can a country change its legislative system from unicameral to bicameral, or vice versa?
- Why do some countries choose to have a unicameral or bicameral legislature?
- Does unicameral legislature tend to pass laws more quickly than bicameral legislature?
https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
A unicameral legislature refers to a system where there is only one chamber in the legislative body. This means that all legislative power rests in one group of elected representatives.
This system is usually more straightforward than a bicameral legislature. Only a few countries have unicameral legislatures, including Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, but many more have adopted a unicameral system for their lower government houses.
A bicameral legislature is a system with two chambers in the legislative body. In this system, the two chambers typically have different powers and responsibilities.
Read the article to find out more: https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
- Unicameral vs Bicameral Legislature
- Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Legislature
- What is the role of each chamber in a bicameral legislature?
- Can a country change its legislative system from unicameral to bicameral, or vice versa?
- Why do some countries choose to have a unicameral or bicameral legislature?
- Does unicameral legislature tend to pass laws more quickly than bicameral legislature?
00:00 - What is bicameral system of government?
00:38 - What is a two house legislature called?
01:10 - Who created the bicameral system?
01:41 - What is the di...
00:00 - What is bicameral system of government?
00:38 - What is a two house legislature called?
01:10 - Who created the bicameral system?
01:41 - What is the difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature?
Laura S. Harris (2021, January 31.) What is bicameral system of government?
AskAbout.video/articles/What-is-bicameral-system-of-government-214083
----------
The most important part of our job is creating informational content. The topic of this video has been processed in the spirit of this mission. When judging the content, keep in mind that the scientific presentation of the topic requires a broad perspective which may bother some.
00:00 - What is bicameral system of government?
00:38 - What is a two house legislature called?
01:10 - Who created the bicameral system?
01:41 - What is the difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature?
Laura S. Harris (2021, January 31.) What is bicameral system of government?
AskAbout.video/articles/What-is-bicameral-system-of-government-214083
----------
The most important part of our job is creating informational content. The topic of this video has been processed in the spirit of this mission. When judging the content, keep in mind that the scientific presentation of the topic requires a broad perspective which may bother some.
Where did the Founders get the idea for a bicameral legislature? Professor Keith Whittington discusses their experience with the British Parliament and also wit...
Where did the Founders get the idea for a bicameral legislature? Professor Keith Whittington discusses their experience with the British Parliament and also with local colonial legislatures. This combined perspective gave the Founders a basic structure for Congress, and also helped them evaluate what types of power the legislature should or should not have.
Keith Whittington is Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He was formerly the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Princeton University.
#no86 #lawschool #lawstudent #lawstudent #constitution #constitutionallaw #usconstitution #america #legislature #congress #legislativebranch #congress
Where did the Founders get the idea for a bicameral legislature? Professor Keith Whittington discusses their experience with the British Parliament and also with local colonial legislatures. This combined perspective gave the Founders a basic structure for Congress, and also helped them evaluate what types of power the legislature should or should not have.
Keith Whittington is Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He was formerly the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Princeton University.
#no86 #lawschool #lawstudent #lawstudent #constitution #constitutionallaw #usconstitution #america #legislature #congress #legislativebranch #congress
This video gives an overview of the theory of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
This video describes the psychology of the Bicame...
This video gives an overview of the theory of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
This video describes the psychology of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ncvPmr3POo
How Language is Connected to Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49GekNT51sg
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Egypt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0gaHxqZS-8
Connection Between the Psychology of Gods and the Ego in Modern Humans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxH9sb2uhlk
Schizophrenia and the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Mwuvkgk08
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Mesopotamia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0PVc7oXf6I
This video was based off of the book by Julian Jaynes titled: The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind.
Link to the Art used: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1p4emRH0MzsMG9WlBEv-rzQiHDaxp4CYq4mh1XbesPLA/edit?usp=sharing
This video gives an overview of the theory of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
This video describes the psychology of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ncvPmr3POo
How Language is Connected to Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49GekNT51sg
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Egypt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0gaHxqZS-8
Connection Between the Psychology of Gods and the Ego in Modern Humans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxH9sb2uhlk
Schizophrenia and the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Mwuvkgk08
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Mesopotamia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0PVc7oXf6I
This video was based off of the book by Julian Jaynes titled: The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind.
Link to the Art used: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1p4emRH0MzsMG9WlBEv-rzQiHDaxp4CYq4mh1XbesPLA/edit?usp=sharing
Got a minute? Take a second or two each day and listen to a quick tutorial from the 2 Teachers. Listen as they discuss every salient topic in American governmen...
Got a minute? Take a second or two each day and listen to a quick tutorial from the 2 Teachers. Listen as they discuss every salient topic in American government and politics.
Got a minute? Take a second or two each day and listen to a quick tutorial from the 2 Teachers. Listen as they discuss every salient topic in American government and politics.
Video shows what bicameralism means. The principle of dividing legislative bodies into two groups with complementary powers and limitations designed to provide ...
Video shows what bicameralism means. The principle of dividing legislative bodies into two groups with complementary powers and limitations designed to provide checks and balances against one another.. Bicameralism Meaning. How to pronounce, definition audio dictionary. How to say bicameralism. Powered by MaryTTS, Wiktionary
Video shows what bicameralism means. The principle of dividing legislative bodies into two groups with complementary powers and limitations designed to provide checks and balances against one another.. Bicameralism Meaning. How to pronounce, definition audio dictionary. How to say bicameralism. Powered by MaryTTS, Wiktionary
Support me on Patreon and get access to our discord server! https://www.patreon.com/nexusvoid
The Bicameral Mind Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30...
Support me on Patreon and get access to our discord server! https://www.patreon.com/nexusvoid
The Bicameral Mind Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
Another Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll12kPSi1Xc
Discussion of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsf5cJ4QxwI
Language and Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hTShowbifM
Support me on Patreon and get access to our discord server! https://www.patreon.com/nexusvoid
The Bicameral Mind Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
Another Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll12kPSi1Xc
Discussion of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsf5cJ4QxwI
Language and Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hTShowbifM
In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of Representatives are for, talks about some of the histories of the institutions, and reveals to you just how you can become a representative. It's not that easy. But an eagle gets punched, so there's that.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Congress? 00:00
Who makes up the House of Representatives? 1:09
Who makes up the Senate? 1:38
What does Congress do? 1:58
Powers of the House of Representatives 2:13
Powers of the Senate 3:13
Why is Congress bicameral? 3:52
What's the difference between the Senate and the House? 6:00
Credits 8:32
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Simple explainer why bicameral system of Parliament exists with two houses, the lower house (legislative assembly) and upper house (legislative council) under the Westminster system of Government. Importance of Scrutiny by houses for laws and actions of Executive
https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
A unicameral legislature refers to a system where there is only one chamber in the legislative body. This means that all legislative power rests in one group of elected representatives.
This system is usually more straightforward than a bicameral legislature. Only a few countries have unicameral legislatures, including Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, but many more have adopted a unicameral system for their lower government houses.
A bicameral legislature is a system with two chambers in the legislative body. In this system, the two chambers typically have different powers and responsibilities.
Read the article to find out more: https://juristopedia.com/unicameral-vs-bicameral-legislature/
- Unicameral vs Bicameral Legislature
- Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Legislature
- What is the role of each chamber in a bicameral legislature?
- Can a country change its legislative system from unicameral to bicameral, or vice versa?
- Why do some countries choose to have a unicameral or bicameral legislature?
- Does unicameral legislature tend to pass laws more quickly than bicameral legislature?
00:00 - What is bicameral system of government?
00:38 - What is a two house legislature called?
01:10 - Who created the bicameral system?
01:41 - What is the difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature?
Laura S. Harris (2021, January 31.) What is bicameral system of government?
AskAbout.video/articles/What-is-bicameral-system-of-government-214083
----------
The most important part of our job is creating informational content. The topic of this video has been processed in the spirit of this mission. When judging the content, keep in mind that the scientific presentation of the topic requires a broad perspective which may bother some.
Where did the Founders get the idea for a bicameral legislature? Professor Keith Whittington discusses their experience with the British Parliament and also with local colonial legislatures. This combined perspective gave the Founders a basic structure for Congress, and also helped them evaluate what types of power the legislature should or should not have.
Keith Whittington is Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He was formerly the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Princeton University.
#no86 #lawschool #lawstudent #lawstudent #constitution #constitutionallaw #usconstitution #america #legislature #congress #legislativebranch #congress
This video gives an overview of the theory of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
This video describes the psychology of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ncvPmr3POo
How Language is Connected to Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49GekNT51sg
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Egypt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0gaHxqZS-8
Connection Between the Psychology of Gods and the Ego in Modern Humans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxH9sb2uhlk
Schizophrenia and the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Mwuvkgk08
The Bicameral Mind in Ancient Mesopotamia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0PVc7oXf6I
This video was based off of the book by Julian Jaynes titled: The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind.
Link to the Art used: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1p4emRH0MzsMG9WlBEv-rzQiHDaxp4CYq4mh1XbesPLA/edit?usp=sharing
Got a minute? Take a second or two each day and listen to a quick tutorial from the 2 Teachers. Listen as they discuss every salient topic in American government and politics.
Video shows what bicameralism means. The principle of dividing legislative bodies into two groups with complementary powers and limitations designed to provide checks and balances against one another.. Bicameralism Meaning. How to pronounce, definition audio dictionary. How to say bicameralism. Powered by MaryTTS, Wiktionary
Support me on Patreon and get access to our discord server! https://www.patreon.com/nexusvoid
The Bicameral Mind Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F30Jykk8z0E
Another Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll12kPSi1Xc
Discussion of the Bicameral Mind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsf5cJ4QxwI
Language and Consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hTShowbifM
A bicamerallegislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all of the members deliberate and vote as a single group, and from some legislatures which have three or more separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the world's national legislatures are bicameral.
Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country. Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent majority, the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house.
Although the ideas on which bicameralism are based can be traced back to the theories developed in ancient Sumer and later ancient Greece, ancient India, and Rome, recognizable bicameral institutions first arose in Medieval Europe where it was associated with separate representation of different estates of the realm. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners.
The ItalianConstitution opted for what its commentators call "perfect bicameralism," meaning by that, the two chambers of the legislature possess exactly the same powers and, as a consequence, both ...
Following the British parliamentary system that was in place in India until the country’s independence in 1947, India’s democracy is a multiparty parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature.
Clearly, ours is a bicameral Congress... The members of the Senate are elected at large, meaning nationwide ... A three-fourths vote of Congress is three-fourths of the House and the Senate since ours is a bicameral legislature.
It is officially Constitution Week... A joint resolution of Congress on Aug ... Our U.S ...The system of government of a bicameral legislature (this means two chambers; a house and a senate), is significant to the American and Kentucky governmental structures.
It is officially Constitution Week... Our U.S ...The system of government of a bicameral legislature (this means two chambers; a house and a senate), is significant to the American and Kentucky governmental structures ... Enjoy a wonderful Constitution Week ... .
... strict requirements, such as a parliamentary supermajority, consent of both houses of a bicameral legislature, approval by all or most of the states in a federal framework or by public referendum.
Yahaya Danzaria has said that for there to be effective service delivery in the institution of Legislature, ... “The National AssemblyAssembly runs a bicameral Legislature which means the 2.