- published: 05 Sep 2024
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Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky and William C. Stokoe.
Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in graphic writing, braille, or whistling. This is because human language is modality-independent. Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. Oral and sign languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
Diversity or Diversify or Diverse may refer to:
In the law of the United States, diversity jurisdiction is a form of subject-matter jurisdiction in civil procedure in which a United States district court in the federal judiciary has the power to hear a civil case where the persons that are parties are "diverse" in citizenship, which generally indicates that they are citizens of different states or non-U.S. citizens. (Corporations, as legal persons, may also be included.) Diversity jurisdiction and federal-question jurisdiction (jurisdiction over issues arising under federal law) constitute the two primary categories of subject matter jurisdiction in U.S. federal courts.
The United States Constitution, in Article III, § 2, gives the Congress the power to permit federal courts to hear diversity cases through legislation authorizing such jurisdiction. The provision was included because the Framers of the Constitution were concerned that when a case is filed in one state, and it involves parties from that state and another state, the state court might be biased toward the party from that state. Congress first exercised that power and granted federal trial circuit courts diversity jurisdiction in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Diversity jurisdiction is currently codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
The term alpha diversity (α-diversity) was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those habitats (beta diversity).
Both the area or landscape of interest and the sites or habitats within it may be of very different sizes in different situations, and no consensus has been reached on what spatial scales are appropriate to quantify alpha diversity. It has therefore been proposed that the definition of alpha diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale: alpha diversity can be measured for an existing dataset that consists of subunits at any scale. The subunits can be, for example, sampling units that were already used in the field when carrying out the inventory, or grid cells that are delimited just for the purpose of analysis. If results are extrapolated beyond the actual observations, it needs to be taken into account that the species diversity in the subunits generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in larger areas.
Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since 1925. It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics. Its current editor-in-chief is Gregory Carlson (University of Rochester).
Under the editorship of Yale linguist Bernard Bloch, Language was the vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American structural linguistics during the second quarter of the 20th century, and was the journal in which many of the most important subsequent developments in linguistics played themselves out.
One of the most famous articles to appear in Language was the scathing 1959 review by the young Noam Chomsky of the book Verbal Behavior by the behaviorist cognitive psychologist B. F. Skinner. This article argued that Behaviorist psychology, then a dominant paradigm in linguistics (as in psychology at large), had no hope of explaining complex phenomena like language. It followed by two years another book review that is almost as famous—the glowingly positive assessment of Chomsky's own 1957 book Syntactic Structures by Robert B. Lees that put Chomsky and his generative grammar on the intellectual map as the successor to American structuralism.
The Lak language (лакку маз, lakːu maz) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.
In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar wrote: "Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language, the Lak grammar, Lakku maz, the Lak language, is ready".
In 1890 a textbook was published on Lak grammar compiled by P.K. Uslar named as The Lak Language. It stated under the title "Lak alphabet": "The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak, genitive Lakral. From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu 'Lakian man,' the woman — Lakkusharssa 'Lakian woman.' Their homeland they name Lakral kIanu — 'Lak place.'"
Lak has throughout the centuries adopted a number of loanwords from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Russian. Ever since Dagestan was part of the USSR and later Russia, the largest portion of loanwords have come from Russian, especially political and technical vocabulary. There is a newspaper and broadcasting station in Lak language.
Moldovan (also Moldavian; limba moldovenească, or лимба молдовеняскэ in Moldovan Cyrillic) is one of the two names of the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova, prescribed by the Article 13 of the current constitution; the other name, recognized by the Declaration of Independence of Moldova and the Constitutional Court, is "Romanian".
At the official level, the Constitutional Court interpreted in 2013 that the Article 13 of the current constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence, thus giving official status to the language named as 'Romanian.'
The language of the Moldovans has been historically identified by both terms, with "Moldovan" being the only one allowed in official use during the years of domination by the Soviet Union, in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic. Soviet policy emphasized distinctions between Moldovans and Romanians due to their different histories. Its resolution declared Moldovan a distinct language independent of Romanian, but linguists do not agree. Since the reintroduction of the Latin script in 1989, the 1991 Declaration of Independence of Moldova identified the official language as "Romanian". The 1994 Constitution, passed under a Communist-dominated government, provided official status only to "Moldovan".
Music video for Language performed by Paperboy Fabe. https://www.instagram.com/paperboyfabe Copyright (C) 2017 True Purpose. http://vevo.ly/JkOFHK
After 5 years Fluyo is finally out but was it all worth it? DOWNLOAD Fluyo for iOS/Iphone here: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fluyo-fun-language-lessons/id1524967327?uo=2 DOWNLOAD Fluyo for Android/Google Play here: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fluyo Fluyo's Wefunder campaign in case you want to invest and get shares / equity in Fluyo (campaign closes soon): https://wefunder.com/fluyo We're filing form C soon, until then only reservations. I hope this year when choosing between the various language learning apps out there. You chose Fluyo. We're on a mission to make Fluyo the best language learning app that can teach you languages quicker and more enjoyably then any other language app out there. Currently with Fluyo you can learn Spanish, French, Japanese, Korean, ...
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Happy New Year, everyone! 🎉 I’m sorry for being absent these past 3 months, but I’m back with an update! In this video, I’m excited to share the new language I’ll be learning and my plan for it. I hope you enjoy, and don’t forget to let me know your New Year’s language pick in the comments! 00:00 Intro 00:02 The past couple of months 02:42 My next step 06:33 My approach and plans Join our discord community: https://discord.gg/GRC5AanuhP My Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/zoe.languages
Join the Hat Gang! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWBWgCD4oAqT3hUeq40SCUw/join Subscribe and you'll have good luck forever :) Check out my other socials! 🙌🏼 Instagram ► https://www.instagram.com/sambuchalul Twitter ► https://www.twitter.com/sambucha TikTok ► https://www.tiktok.com/@sambucha #shorts #language #languages #world #countries #mandarin #english #facts #education #sambucha
Embark on a linguistic journey exploring the most approachable languages for native English speakers! From Scandinavian dialects to Romance languages, we'll break down which global tongues are surprisingly easy to learn and why they might be your perfect second language adventure. Our countdown includes fascinating languages like Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, and unique options like Esperanto and Haitian Creole that offer unique learning experiences for language enthusiasts! Which language have you always wanted to learn? Share in the comments. Become a channel member to get access to special perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaWd5_7JhbQBe4dknZhsHJg/join Play our Daily Point Battles to earn MojoPoints and qualify for CASH BATTLES! Check it out: WatchMojo.com/play Have you...
See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/talent Ten years on from winning Britain’s Got Talent, the incredible Diversity return to perform on the Final of Britain's Got Talent 2019. SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bgt/ Shop: https://shop.britainsgottalent.co.uk
That's right, we've got every AMAZING performance from Diversity from 2009 when they were crowned CHAMPIONS, right up to the present day! See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/talent SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bgt/
They return to their old stomping ground and show us exactly how it's done with another adrenaline-pumping dance 🤲 See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/BGT SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bgt/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@bgt
You can't help but watch in awe as Diversity command the stage with a performance that will be talked about for years to come. See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/talent SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bgt/ Shop: https://shop.britainsgottalent.co.uk
Diversity return to the BGT stage with an ELECTRIFYING performance with a message of love, positivity and self-belief. See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/BGT Catch up on... ITV Hub: https://www.itv.com/hub/britains-got-talent/ STV Player: https://player.stv.tv/summary/britains-got-talent SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bgt/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@bgt
BGT legends Diversity return with an epic routine, complete with mini-mes, flying and lots of flips! Watch it above now… See more from Britain's Got Talent at http://itv.com/talent SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/BGTsub Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/BGT Twitter: http://twitter.com/BGT
Winners of Britain's Got Talent 2009 - DIVERSITY!
Join us for the next Livestream of the Social Change Career Podcast on January 22nd at 10 am EST, "Diversity, Equity and Inclusion: Implications for International Development" with respected leader Angela Bruce-Raeburn, founder of diversity and inclusion consultancy DiverseDEV. Angela brings invaluable perspective from her extensive background spanning advocacy, policy, and influential consulting roles focused on equitable outcomes for marginalized groups globally. Why You Should Tune In: Examining DEI in Development: Delve into why diversity, equity and inclusion is integral for ethical, sustainable development programs. It is especially important at this time as DEI has faced scrutiny and questions have been raised about its impact. Insights on Public Health Advocacy: Gain fir...
They're coming for YOU! Diversity rock the Greatest Dancer Stage with Alesha, Cheryl, Matthew, Oti and Todrick in the first Live Show of Series Two. Subscribe for more ▶︎ http://bit.ly/TGD_Subscribe Catch Up On BBC iPlayer ▶︎ https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer The Greatest Dancer is a dance show hosted by Alesha Dixon and Jordan Banjo on BBC 1. Cheryl, Matthew Morrison, Oti Mabuse and Todrick Hall are the Dance Captains who will be searching for the greatest dancer in the UK. For all the news and updates, follow The Greatest Dancer on: Twitter: https://twitter.com/GreatDancerTV Instagram: https://instagram.com/GreatestDancer Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GreatestDancer Website: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06t... And catch up on all episodes on BBC iPlayer: https://www.bbc.co.uk...
What is diversity jurisdiction? This video introduces diversity subject matter jurisdiction in the US federal courts. To discuss further, please visit the USLawEssentials website and blog: uslawessentials.com uslawessentials.com/blog http://uslawessentials.com/diversity-jurisdiction-amount-in-controversy-calculation/ http://uslawessentials.com/2014112why-must-the-amount-in-controversy-exceed-75000-before-a-federal-court-can-assert-diversity-subject-matter-jurisdiction/
📄 FREE CIVIL PROCEDURE OUTLINE Download here: link coming soon. 📚 LAW SCHOOL & BAR EXAM PREP Law school prep: https://studicata.com/get-started/law-school-prep/ Bar exam prep: https://studicata.com/get-started/bar-exam-prep/ 🤝 CONNECT WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR Michael's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/studicataguy/ ❤️ COMMUNITY & REVIEWS Community: https://studicata.com/groups/community Testimonials: https://studicata.com/testimonials-and-reviews Submit a review: https://shoutout.studicata.com 📱 TECH iOS app: https://studicata.com/ios Android app: https://studicata.com/android 📣 ABOUT Studicata provides a fresher, more relatable way to prep for law school finals and the bar exam. With top-rated video lectures, exam walkthrough videos, outlines, study guides, strategy guid...
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#CivilProcedure #CivPro #DiversityJurisdiction Diversity Jurisdiction | CivPro Basics | (Civil Procedure) Here, we provide an overview of Diversity Jurisdiction. We define the subject, talk about the Amount in Controversy requirement, the Legal Certainty Test, how Aggregation plays its part, the Complete Diversity requirement, and Citizenship Basics. Use it to reinforce your own studies or to review for exams. Please ‘like,’ share and subscribe. Outline: 00:00 Diversity Jurisdiction | CivPro Basics | (Civil Procedure) 01:02 DJ Defined 02:36 Amount in Controversy 04:11 Legal Certainty Test 05:36 Aggregation 07:35 Complete Diversity 08:26 Citizenship Basics 09:47 Outro Law Cited: 28 U.S.C. § 1332 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332 St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab C...
Updated Version is here: https://youtu.be/xFmfJ8w6D9U What is Diversity Jurisdiction? This video discusses the basic principles of diversity jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction in United States federal courts. To discuss further, feel free to send me an email and to comment below. website: http://www.uslawessentials.com blog: http://www.uslawessentials.com/blog email:uslawessentials at gmail dot com United States Law: An Introduction for International Students is available at: https://www.amazon.com/author/danieledelson
A brief excerpt from Quimbee's tutorial video on diversity jurisdiction. Watch more at https://www.quimbee.com/courses/10/tutorials/45. This video is just one part of our "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" tutorial, which teaches you about the various types of subject matter jurisdiction, including diversity jurisdiction, federal question jurisdiction, removal jurisdiction, and supplemental jurisdiction. "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" table of contents: 1. Diversity Jurisdiction 2. Federal Question Jurisdiction 3. Removal Jurisdiction 4. Supplemental Jurisdiction 5. Relationship between Supplemental and Diversity Jurisdiction The "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" tutorial also contains quizzes and a test to gauge your understanding of the concepts discussed in the videos. You can even earn the "...
A brief excerpt from Quimbee's tutorial video on the relationship between supplemental and diversity jurisdiction. Watch more at https://www.quimbee.com/courses/10/tutorials/45. This video is just one part of our "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" tutorial, which teaches you about the various types of subject matter jurisdiction, including diversity jurisdiction, federal question jurisdiction, removal jurisdiction, and supplemental jurisdiction. "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" table of contents: 1. Diversity Jurisdiction 2. Federal Question Jurisdiction 3. Removal Jurisdiction 4. Supplemental Jurisdiction 5. Relationship between Supplemental and Diversity Jurisdiction The "Subject Matter Jurisdiction" tutorial also contains quizzes and a test to gauge your understanding of the concepts discus...
This video is just one of 30 videos in Quimbee.com's lecture on Civil Procedure, which examines the various types of jurisdiction, such as personal jurisdiction, diversity jurisdiction, supplemental jurisdiction, and removal jurisdiction; how a suit is initiated, from the complaint and service of process to the motion to dismiss, joinder, interpleader, and discovery; the resolution and judgment phase of a suit, including res judicata and collateral estoppel; and the Erie Doctrine and how courts decide whether to apply federal or state law to a particular case. "Civil Procedure" table of contents: 1. Introduction + Opening Remarks 2. Personal Jurisdiction and Location + Minimum Contacts + Purposeful Availment + Fairness as a Doctrinal Matter + General and Specific Jurisdiction + Presen...
This video outlines the strategic approach of the Cosmopolitan Coalition of United Earth to foster global unity and effective governance. Learn how the Coalition’s strategy blends flexible governance with broad educational outreach, respecting cultural diversity while empowering communities to self-organize. Key elements include a scalable governance framework, free educational resources, adaptable content across platforms, and collaborations with influencers. Discover how these efforts work together to create representation for everyone everywhere all of the time, minimizing conflicts and building a fair, cohesive world. https://cosmopolitancoalition.org/about/strategy/
Civ pro deep dive! Our two favorite AI hosts from NotebookLM give a crash course in federal civil procedure, covering subject matter jurisdiction (arising out of a question of federal law or diversity of citizenship) and personal jurisdiction. Walking through landmark cases and practical examples in an detailed yet approachable way. But it's not all fun and games -- there's a pop quiz on diversity jurisdiction halfway through -- so hang onto your civ pro textbooks, pay attention, and you might just learn something *and* enjoy the ride! Crash course into civ pro 0:02 Federal courts structure 0:18 Subject matter jurisdiction 0:47 Federal question 1:23 Diversity of citizenship 1:35 *Brain teaser* 1:47 *answer* 2:11 Complete diversity requirement 2...
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky and William C. Stokoe.
Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in graphic writing, braille, or whistling. This is because human language is modality-independent. Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. Oral and sign languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.