The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia signed on December 12, 2000, at Algiers, Algeria to formally end the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, a border war fought by the two countries from 1998 to 2000. (See also: History of Eritrea.) In the agreement the two parties reaffirmed the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities which had been signed on 18 June 2000.
The Algiers Agreement provided for the exchange of prisoners and the return of displaced persons as well as establishing a Boundary Commission to demarcate the border and a Claims Commission to assess damagers caused by the conflict.
The purpose of the agreement was to:
end/terminate hostilities permanently and agree to refrain from the threat or use of force.
respect and fully implement the provisions of an agreement on cessation of hostilities signed on June 18, 2000.
release and repatriate all prisoners of war and all other persons detained.
provide humane treatment to each other's nationals and persons of each other's national origin within their respective territories.
The 1975 Algiers Agreement (commonly known as the Algiers Accord, sometimes as the Algiers Declaration) was an agreement between Iran and Iraq to settle their border disputes and conflicts (such as the Shatt al-Arab, known as Arvand Rud in Iran), and it served as basis for the bilateral treaties signed on 13 June and 26 December 1975. The agreement was meant to end the disputes between Iraq and Iran on their borders in Shatt al-Arab and Khuzestan, but the main reason for Iraq was to end the Kurdish rebellion. Less than six years after signing the treaty, on 17 September 1980, Iraq abolished the treaty but under international law, one nation cannot unilaterally reject a previously ratified treaty, and the treaty had no clause providing for abrogation by one nation only.
Friction remains along the border despite the currently binding treaty and its detailed boundary delimitation remaining in force since it was signed in 1975 and ratified in 1976 by both nations.
Algiers (Arabic:الجزائر, al-Jazā’er; Algerian Arabic pronunciation: دزاير Dzayer, Berber: Dzayer tamaneɣt, French:Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. In 2011, the city's population was estimated to be around 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000. Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria.
Sometimes nicknamed El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
Etymology
The city name is derived (via FrenchAlger and CatalanAlger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مزغانة Jaza'ir Bani Mazghana, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghana", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.
Algiers is an American experimental band from Atlanta, Georgia. The band is composed of vocalist/guitarist Franklin James Fisher, bassist Ryan Mahan and guitarist Lee Tesche. Algiers pulls from a divergent number of musical (and nonmusical) influences; the most notable of which being post-punk, gospel music, Southern Gothic literature and the concept of the Other. Their sound has been described as "dystopian soul" due to its somber mood, afrofolk inspired vocal approach, and heavy emphasis on atonal textures.
History
The band met and grew up playing music together in Atlanta, Georgia but was officially formed in London in 2007. Their name evokes the anti-colonial struggle in general, symbolizing a contested space where violence, racism, resistance, and religion commingle.
The group released their first single “Blood” in January 2012 via Atlanta based label Double Phantom. Byron Coley for The Wire wrote “Although the fusion may have been touched upon in recordings related to both The Birthday Party and The Gun Club, Algiers are dedicated to grafting gospel music onto post-punk guitar-cuzz...this record is mesmerising and really sucks you in with its weird power.”
The agreement granted Addis Ababa 19 ... “Ethiopia signed an understanding with Eritrea in Algiers in 2000, only for relations to deteriorate as a result of Ethiopia’s unilateral actions,” she said.
“They raped me in front of my father. I was too scared to even make a sound ... In this investigation, CCIJ also interviewed Dr ... Eritrea ... The Algiers agreement, signed in 2000 between the Eritrean and Ethiopian governments, ended active hostilities ... 2, 2021.
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