In computer science, an online algorithm measures its competitiveness against different adversary models. For deterministic algorithms, the adversary is the same as the adaptive offline adversary. For randomized online algorithms competitiveness can depend upon the adversary model used.
Common adversaries
The three common adversaries are the oblivious adversary, the adaptive online adversary, and the adaptive offline adversary.
The oblivious adversary is sometimes referred to as the weak adversary. This adversary knows the algorithm's code, but does not get to know the randomized results of the algorithm.
The adaptive online adversary is sometimes called the medium adversary. This adversary must make its own decision before it is allowed to know the decision of the algorithm.
The adaptive offline adversary is sometimes called the strong adversary. This adversary knows everything, even the random number generator. This adversary is so strong that randomization does not help against it.
In cryptography, an adversary (rarely opponent, enemy) is a malicious entity whose aim is to prevent the users of the cryptosystem from achieving their goal (primarily privacy, integrity, and availability of data). An adversary's efforts might take the form of attempting to discover secret data, corrupting some of the data in the system, spoofing the identity of a message sender or receiver, or forcing system downtime.
Actual adversaries, as opposed to idealized ones, are referred to as attackers. Not surprisingly, the former term predominates in the cryptographic and the latter in the computer security literature. Eve, Mallory, Oscar and Trudy are all adversarial characters widely used in both types of texts.
This notion of an adversary helps both intuitive and formal reasoning about cryptosystems by casting security analysis of cryptosystems as a 'game' between the users and a centrally co-ordinated enemy. The notion of security of a cryptosystem is meaningful only with respect to particular attacks (usually presumed to be carried out by particular sorts of adversaries).
My words, my will and all that I am you despise I stand accused, alone and mocked, I stare away silently Bound and dragged through hateful masses. "Punishment", scorn their ugly faces. Impaling me Iron nails ran in.. Adversary I've been reborn The transfiguration has taken its toll Exalting my soul From death I am risen in triumph regardless of you The very embodiment of light, I now shimmer and glow Forever hallowed be my name As I shake your realm by its foundations I can deliver you For I've beared the cross... Chorus Nothing more, nothing less, nothing else I've been reborn... behold Chorus Through darkness I've passed beyond and back Harrowing hell so all can be free Those bound by earthly sin must be appalled
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22 praised PresidentJoe Biden’s foreign policies, stating that the incoming administration will inherit a stronger America globally, vis-à-vis its adversaries.
KashPatel has taken his perceived adversaries to court for years. Now that he’s President-elect Donald Trump’s choice to lead the FBI, critics are concerned he’ll use the bureau’s vast resources for revenge. Most of the cases didn’t go far ... .
WASHINGTON, D.C.. Private actors and U.S. adversaries who wage cyberattacks on America will have to face higher costs imposed by the U.S ... He said the U.S ... tech companies could play a role in exposing adversaries and strengthening America's defenses ... .
Senators Hassan and Ernst's Bipartisan Bill to Strengthen Criminal Penalties for Violent Crimes Directed by Foreign Adversaries ... Under the DETERRENCE Act, criminals working for foreign adversaries can be sentenced to longer prison sentences.
The Brunswick News
21 Dec 2024
The Brunswick News
21 Dec 2024