Klaudio Ptolemaio

^{Kuhusu wafalme wa Misri walioitwa Ptolemaio angalia Nasaba ya Waptolemaio}

Ptolemaio alivyoonyeshwa kama mfalme wa sayansi pamoja na mama mwakilishi wa astronomia katika kitabu cha Ujerumani mnamo mwaka 1503

Klaudio Ptolemaio (kwa Kigiriki Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaíos; 100 – mnamo 170 BK) alikuwa mtaalamu wa hisabati, jiografia na astronomia kutoka nchini Misri.

Kiutamaduni alikuwa Mgiriki aliyeishi mjini Aleksandria wakati Misri ilikuwa jimbo la Dola la Roma. Hakuna habari za hakika kuhusu maisha yake.

Ptolemaio ni maarufu kwa vitabu vyake vilivyohifadhiwa alipotoa hitimisho ya elimu ya siku zake. Vitabu hivyo vilitafsiriwa kwa Kilatini na Kiarabu vikawa msingi wa elimu hadi mwisho wa Zama za Kati kwa Wakristo wa Ulaya na pia kwa Waislamu wa Mashariki ya Kati.

Astronomia

Ptolemaio aliona Dunia katika kitovu cha ulimwengu

Katika kitabu chake cha Almagest alieleza jinsi Wagiriki walivyoona ulimwengu. Walidhani Dunia iko kwenye kitovu cha ulimwengu. Magimba mengine ya angani yaani Mwezi, Jua na sayari tano zilizojulikana ziliizunguka kwa njia za mizingo yenye umbo la duara. Mizingo hii ilidhaniwa kama tufe za kioo. Tufe la nje kabisa lilikuwa tufe la nyota. Ili kupatanisha mwendo wa sayari na miendo yao jinsi ilivyotazamwa angani ilikuwa lazima kuwaza pia miendo mingine ya sayari ya kuzunguka tena katika duara ndogo wakati wa kufuata njia zao kwenye mzingo katika tufe husika.

Picha hii ya muundo wa ulimwengu ilitazamiwa kuwa kweli hadi mafundisho mapya ya Koperniko na Galileo yaliyoanza kusambaa kuanzia mwaka 1543.

Dunia ya Ptolemaio - ramani iliyochorwa Italia kwenye karne ya 15 kufuatana na maandiko yake

Jiografia

Kitabu kingine kilichohifadhiwa na kuwa na athari kubwa kilikuwa "Jiografia" yake. Humo alikusanya data kuhusu mahali palipojulikana katika Dola la Roma wakati wake.

Ptolemaio alijua tayari ya kwamba Dunia ina umbo la tufe. Alitambua pia ya kwamba habari zake zilihusu takriban robo moja ya uso wa Dunia na robo tatu hazikujulikana kwake.

Habari alizokuwa nazo zilianza upande wa magharibi kwenye Visiwa vya Kanari katika Bahari Atlantiki zikaelekea hadi katikati ya China, kwa jumla nyuzi 180. Upande wa kaskazini alikuwa na habari kuhusu Visiwa vya Shetland (kaskazini kwa Britania) hadi pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki upande wa kusini.

Hisabati

Kati ya kazi zake za kihisabati kuna uhakiki mmoja tu uliohifadhiwa kupitia taarifa za wataalamu wengine: hii ni Uhakiki wa Ptolemaio juu ya uhusiano kati ya pande nne za pembenne na ulalo wake kama kona za pembenne hulala juu ya duara.

Viungo vya nje

Wikiquote ina mkusanyiko wa dondoo kuhusu:

Klaudio Ptolemaio

Matoleo ya maandiko yake

• Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius (Transcription of the Loeb Classical Library's English translation)
• Entire Tetrabiblos of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.
• Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius (English translation, incomplete)
• Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China) (English translation)
• Geography (the Balkan Provinces, with old maps) Archived 15 Oktoba 2008 at the Wayback Machine. at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (soltdm.com) Archived 13 Novemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
• Almagest books 1–13 The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.
• Almagest books 1–6 Kigezo:Gr icon with preface Kigezo:La icon at archive.org
• Geography, digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at Somni. Also known as codex valentinus, it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.
• Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
• Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress

Juu ya Ptolemaio

• Arnett, Bill (2008). "Ptolemy, the Man". obs.nineplanets.org. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2005-05-29. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-11-24.
• Danzer, Gerald (1988). "Cartographic Images of the World on the Eve of the Discoveries". The Newberry Library. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-09-27. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Novemba 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Haselein, Frank (2007). "Κλαυδιου Πτολεμιου: Γεωγραφικῆς Ύφηγήσεως (Geographie)" (kwa German na English). Frank Haselein. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-09-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-11-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Houlding, Deborah (2003). "The Life & Work of Ptolemy". Skyscript.co. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-11-24.
• Jones, Alexander (ed.) 2010. Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Series: Archimedes, Vol. 23., Kigezo:Isbn
• Toomer, Gerald J. (1970). "Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus)". In Gillispie, Charles. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 11. New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 186–206.

      . http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf. Archived 14 Machi 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

• Sprague, Ben (2001–2007). "Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the Spherical Earth". Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-01-23. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Novemba 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Maelezo mengine

• Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System Archived 5 Desemba 2008 at the Wayback Machine. – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University
• Animation of Ptolemy's Two Solar Hypotheses katika YouTube
• Epicycle and Deferent Demo Archived 16 Mei 2008 at the Wayback Machine. – at Rosemary Kennett's website at the University of Syracuse
• Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe. (best in Internet Explorer)

Picha

• Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Archived 18 Agosti 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. High resolution images of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format.

Makala hii kuhusu mwanasayansi fulani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Klaudio Ptolemaio kama wasifu wake, habari za maisha au kazi yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.