Chapter 10.3 - Getting Tools #

As mentioned before, you’ll be learning both Python and C. This means we need to get the tools necessary for working with each. If you’re following along with OpGuides as a whole and have Linux setup, this will be easy. If you’re on Windows it’s not hard but there are some annoying steps we’ll need to jump through.

Getting Code To Run #

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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
   printf("Hello, World!");
   return 0;
}

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print("Hello, World!")

Debugging! #

Alright, now that we know we can write and run code in both languages, we also need to make sure we can debug code. This is sort of jumping the gun a bit, but it will help to learn if you can actually see things run step-by-step.

Normally, when you run code it runs everything as fast as it can, this is great when it works, but bad when it doesn’t, and you need to know why. So, let’s start with python. Go ahead and make a new file (ctrl+n,ctrl+s) and name it testdebug.py. Go ahead and put the following in that file:

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my_friends = ["Kiri","Soatok","Loial","Ashlyn","Cendyne","Dusk","Saphire","Cadey","Lint"]

for friend in my_friends:
    print(friend, end='')
    if friend == "Sotok":
        print("\tWARNING: FULL OF PUNS")
    else:
        print()

Now, you can run this code from within VSCode by (Ctrl+F5) or going to “Run"→"Run Without Debugging”. If you run it, you should notice that “WARNING: FULL OF PUNS” never prints into the terminal that opened at the bottom of your screen:

Now, this bug is easy enough to spot, on line 5, “Soatok” is spelled incorrectly. Still, let’s see what happens if we debug. This time, go ahead and run with debugging (F5) or “Run” → “Start Debugging”. You should notice the exact same thing, the program runs and finishes. What gives! Well, we need to set a breakpoint. Next to line 1, click to the left of the line number and you should get a red dot. Now, start debugging again (F5) and you should see the red dot get surrounded by a pentagon and somewhat look like music controls at the top of your screen:

If you hover over the controls you’ll see that, from left to right, they say “Continue (F5)”, “Step Over (F10)”, “Step Into (F11)”, “Step Out (Shift+F11)”, and “Stop (Shift+F5)”. If you press Step Over (F10) (the curved arrow), you should see the pointer move to the next line:

Go ahead and click it a few more times. You should see it iterate over each name, but not ever hit the print("WARNING: FULL OF PUNS")

You should also notice on the right, that as you step though, there’s a list of variables and what their current values are. With this, you can actually see the name that will be printed next before it does so.

In theory, you could watch for when friend took on the value soatok and you would see that it does not trigger that if. So, go ahead and change the line to if friend == "Soatok" and re-run the program. This time, you’ll be warned that Soatok is full of puns.

Now, let’s do the same thing with C. Again make a new file with (Ctrl+n), followed by (Ctrl+s) and name this file testdebug.c.

Go ahead and put this code in:

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define NUMBER_OF_FRIENDS 9

// Longest string + 1 for the terminating character
#define STRING_LENGTH 8

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    const char my_friends[NUMBER_OF_FRIENDS][STRING_LENGTH] = {"Kiri","Soatok","Loial","Ashlyn","Cendyne","Dusk","Saphire","Cadey","Lint"};

    for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_FRIENDS; i++)
    {
        printf(my_friends[i]);

        if (!strcmp(my_friends[i],"Soatok"))
        {
            printf("\tWARNING: FULL OF PUNS\n");
        } else {
            printf("\n");
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

You know the drill now. Press (Ctrl+F5) and see if it runs. This time, it may ask you what compiler you want to use - for now, we’ll just use GCC.

Then, set a break point - this time probably on line 13, for (int i = 0; ..., and run it with debugging and step through.

Chapter 10.π - Intermission #

Before we actually talk about the basic building blocks of programming - variables, for loops, etc.- I want to clear up a misconception.

Programming isn’t about writing code.

The vast majority of a good programmer’s time is spent reading documentation, researching how others have solved the same or similar problems, and finding problems in the code they’ve written (so, testing and debugging).

So, if as you’re reading you’re thing “But, man, this sure is a lot of reading, when do we get to the good stuff”, then, hate to tell ‘ya, this is the good stuff. Or, at least this is what doing the good stuff is like. The only difference is that, yes, we’re not really making anything cool yet.

Chapter 10.ψ - Rant about C #

Like I said, we need to dive into C so you can understand how some of the lower-level things work - pointers, bit manipulations, etc.

Unfortunately, C is a massive clusterfuck and seemingly exists exclusively to make you fuck up. It is brutally difficult to write safe code in, with even it’s standard library functions known to have security problems unless used very carefully. So even though I don’t expect you to understand these fully really at all, I want to show you some of why C is hard and let you know that even people with years of experience writing in C still occasionally make really stupid mistakes.

Example 1: Out-Of-Bound Doesn’t Always Fail #

The language will happily let you write and compile code like this:

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int main()
{
    int my_array[3] = {1,2,3};
    int my_other_array[3];

    my_array[3] = 42;

    return 0;
}

which is very wrong because arrays start at 0 (so these arrays have 3 items, for example at my_array[0],my_array[1], and my_array[2] - more on this later). This might make your code crash outright, but it might still sort of work, just when you write 42 to my_array[3] it might be clobbering the value of some other variable, maybe setting my_other_array[0] to 42, maybe something else entirely.

This is really, really bad. Now, modern tools try to prevent this and actually include some of their own code to try to stop you from doing this particular fuck up, but it’s not bulletproof. In pretty much any other language, you could either be 100% sure it will crash outright (again, this is better in this case) or it will just refuse to run at all.

Example 2: Strings should have a new line (Usually) #

Say you want to make every noob’s first program, one that just says “Hello, World!”, let’s do that wrong in C:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char greeting[] = "Hello World!";

    printf(greeting);

    return 0;
}

This looks fine, right? Well, mostly, yes. But it will probably not act as you want because after saying “Hello World!” there won’t be a new line for the terminal to print to.

It should be char greeting[] = "Hello World!\n"; or printf("%s\n",greeting);. This is weird, and kind of annoying.

Actually, it’s a bit more complicated than that, because you actually need a \0 at the end of the string too, but C adds that for us usually. Again, we’ll talk about this later.

Example 3: Stupid Code is Still Valid Code #

Pop Quiz (for something you haven’t been taught yet), which is right:

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if(a = b){
	return 1;
}

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if (a == b){
	return 1;
}

Well, unless your intent was to check if b was anything other than 0, it’s not the one on the left.

As with most programming languages, C uses one equal sign to assign a value, and two equal signs to compare values.

Unlike most languages, C will let you write and compile code with the assignment where the comparison should be, without any real, intentional comparison taking place. So what the first one is doing is actually setting a to have the same value as b, and then seeing if a is non-0. The second one is checking if a is equal to b.

But Wait, There’s More! #

There’s many other annoyances.

• C only sort of supports variable length arrays - that is something like int n = 12; int my_array[n]; will probably work (it depends on your compiler), but shouldn’t be used.

• It’s really hard to prevent something from accessing memory you don’t want it to in the same program

• There is no boolean (True / False) type built in, you actually have to #include <stdbool.h>

• The compilation process requires functions be declared before they’re called, basically:

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  int main(){ int a = 1; int b = 2; int c = 0; c = add(a,b); // don't ever actually turn add into a function return 0; } int add(int a, int b){ return a + b; }

  will fail because add() is defined after main. To fix this, you’re supposed to add int add(int a, int b); to a different file, called a header file, and then use #include whatever.h at the top of the whatever.c file. This is really annoying, and requires the programmer to change things in two places if the definition of a function ever changes.

• The default types are bad. You’ve seen me use int, int8_t, uint8_t, char, etc. so far. These are types. C’s pretty much suck. The basic int may vary in how big of numbers it can handle, depending on the platform. int8_t is always 8-bits, but it requires you #include <stdint.h>. On top of this, there’s no string type, you only get arrays of characters. This is really annoying to work with.

• a = b = c = d = e; is valid code, for some fucking reason.

… I could keep going, and list some much more technical problems there’s absolutely no chance you’d understand yet. But my point is this: C is hard, and you will get frustrated because of small errors that are hard to figure out what exactly you did wrong. Missing a single semicolon on the end of a line will cost you a few hours of your life at some point. This struggle will make you a better programmer, but you will definitely hate it.

C has also been the dominant programming language for low level programming for 50 years. That’s one hell of a legacy, and only now in the last few years is something finally starting to compete: Rust. Rust, as a language, is still really hard to write in - especially for beginners with no prior knowledge - but it at least doesn’t let you make the crazy fuckups C does. I’ll go into why you’d ever want to use either later, but for now, just trust me, no matter how bad is sucks, you have to learn C.