ãç§ã¯æ²ãããã¨è¨ããã®ã«ãå½¼ã¯æ²ãããã¨ã¯è¨ããªãããªãããå½¼ã®æ°æã¡ã¯å½¼ã«ããããããªãããã ããã®éãã ããã§ãè±èªã§ã¯ãHe is sad.ãã¨é£ãªãè¨ããã®ã ãã©ãããããã ãããããã¤ãã®èãæ¹ãããã
ãã¨ãã°ãæ²ãããã¨è¨ãåèªã¯ãè±èªã§ã¯ãç§ã¯ãã®ã¨ãã¯âI am sad.âãããªãã¯ãã®ã¨ãã¯âYou are sad.âãå½¼ã¯ãã®ã¨ããâHe is sad.âã¨ãã¿ããªåãå½¢ã§è¨ããã¨ãã§ãããã¨ãããæ¥æ¬èªã¯ããã¯ãããªãããç§ã¯æ²ãããã¯ããããããããããªãã¯æ²ãããã¨ãããã®äººã¯æ²ãããã¨ããã®ã¯ãã³ã ãä»äººã®æ°æã¡ã¯ããããªãã¨ããè«çã§ãããï¼ä¸ç¥ï¼æããè±èªã®âHe is sad.âã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã«ãããã
å½¼ã¯æ²ããã®ã
ã«ç¸å½ããæå³ã§ãããã
ï¼éç°ä¸æ¥å½¦ãæ¥æ¬èªï¼æ°çï¼ã岩波æ°æ¸p.182ï¼
è±èªã®ãHe is sad.ãã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ãå½¼ã¯æ²ãããã¨ããè¨ãåãã®æã«å¯¾å¿ãã¦ããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ãããã¨ã ããã£ã¦ãéç°ä¸æ¥å½¦ã®èãã§ã¯ãè±æã¨åæã®éã«æ¬¡ã®ãããªé¢ä¿ãæãç«ã£ã¦ããã
I am sad.ï¼ç§ã¯æ²ããã
He is sad.ï¼å½¼ã¯æ²ããã®ã ã
ãI am sad.ãã¨ãHe is sad.ãã¯ãæ§æçã«ãåãå½¢ããã¨ã£ã¦ãããã両æã®ããã ã«ã¯ãããããã¢ããªãã£ã®æ¬¡å ã§ç¸éãããããã®ç¸éããæ¥æ¬èªã¸ã®ç¿»è¨³ã«ããã¦ãå¾è ã®è¨³æã«å¯¾ãããã®ã ãäºæåã®æ·»å ã«ãã£ã¦æ示ããããããããè¦æ¹ã§ããã
å¥ã®èãæ¹ãè¦ã¦ããããã翻訳家ã®é´æ¨ä¸»æ¦ãæ¸ãã¦ãããæ ç»ãã¿ã¦ããããHe is sad.ãã¨ããã»ãªããåºã¦ãããåå¹ã«ã¯ã奴ãããã¸ããªãã ãã¨ãã£ããã§ãããã¯èª¤è¨³ã ããã
sadã¯ãã¡ãããæ²ããã¨ããæå³ã ããã©ããå½¼ã¯æ²ããããªãã¦ã第ä¸è ãè¨ããã¯ãã¯ãªããå½¼ã®å¿ã®ãªããã®ããããããã«ã¯ãããªããã ããããããã¯ãå½ç¶ãçºèªè ã®ææ ã ã¨ããèããããªãã§ããããsadã¨ããã®ã¯ããã®ã»ãªããå£ã«ãã人éãããã®ã¨ãå½¼ã«ãããã¦æ±ããææ ã ãããå½¼ã®ãã¾ã®ãããããªããæ 度ã¯ãç§ã®ç®ããè¦ãã¨æ²ããã¹ããã®ã ãåããããããç¶æ ã ãã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
ï¼é´æ¨ä¸»æ¦ãç§ã®ç¿»è¨³è«ç¾©ââæ¥æ¬èªã¨è±èªã®ã¯ãã¾ã§ãææ¥æ庫pp.159-160ï¼
ãsadãã¨æãã¦ãã®ã¯ã主èªã®ãHeããã®äººã§ã¯ãªãããHe is sad.ãã¨ããã»ãªããå£ã«ãã人éãçºè©±è ã§ããã¨ããææã ããããã«æ æ形容è©ã«ã¯ãããããäºéãã®ä½¿ãæ¹ããããã¤ã¾ããæ æã主観ã®å å´ãã表ãå ´åã¨ã対象ã®å¤é¢çãªç¶æ ãªããå±æ§ã¨ãã¦è¡¨ãå ´åãåºå¥ã§ãããä¾ãæããæ¹ãããããããããã¨ãã°ããã³ãããã¨ãã形容è©ã§ã¯ãããªãã
ç§ã¯ãã³ããã
ãã®çºã¯ãã³ããã
ä¸ã®äºã¤ã®æã¯æå³æ§é ãç°ãªãããç§ã¯ãã³ãããã§ããã³ããããæãã¦ããã®ã¯çºè©±è ã®ãç§ãã ããããã®çºã¯ãã³ãããã§ããã³ããããæãã¦ããã®ã¯ããã®çºãã§ã¯ãªããçºè©±è ã§ãããçºè©±è ãããã®çºãã®ç¶æ³ï¼ã²ã¨ãããªãããã³ãã¦ããçï¼ã観å¯ãã¦ããã表ç¾ãã¦ããã®ã ã
ããã§ã²ã¨ã¾ããåè ã®ä½¿ãæ¹ãã主観ç¨æ³ããå¾è ã®ä½¿ãæ¹ãã客観ç¨æ³ãã¨å¼ã³åããã¨ããã°ãæ¥æ¬èªã®å ´åãæ æ形容è©ã®ã主観ç¨æ³ãã¯ãä¸äººç§°ã®å ´åã«ããæç«ããªãããã¨ãã°ãããã®äººã¯ãã³ãããã¨ããå ´åãçºè©±è ãããã®äººãã®å é¢ã«å ¥ãè¾¼ãã§ããã®äººãã®æãã¦ããããã³ããããåãåºãã¦è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ãããã¨ï¼ä¸»è¦³ç¨æ³ï¼ã«ã¯ãªãããæ®éããã¾ã§å¤å´ããããã®äººãã®ç¶æ³ãè¦ã¦ãçºè©±è èªèº«ãããã³ããããå¬ãã¦ããï¼å®¢è¦³ç¨æ³ï¼ãã®ã¨ç解ããããã¤ã¾ããããã®äººã¯ãã³ãã人ã ãã¨ããæå³ã«ãªãã
ãããªãµãã«ç¹å®ã®è¡¨ç¾ã¨ç¹å®ã®äººç§°ãçµã³ã¤ãã¦ãããã¨ãã人称å¶ç´ï¼äººç§°å¶éï¼ãã¨ããã
é´æ¨ä¸»æ¦ã®æ¬ã«è©±ãæ»ãã°ãããã«ç¤ºãããèãæ¹ã¯ãã第ä¸è ãã®æ°æã¡ããããããã¯ãªãã®ã§ãããããè±æãHe is sad.ãã®ãsadãã¯ãã£ã±ãã客観ç¨æ³ãã§ãããã®ã¨ãã¦è§£éããªããã°ãªããªãã¨ãã主張ãªã®ã§ãããè±èªã®æ æ形容è©ã«ãæ¥æ¬èªã¨åããããªäººç§°å¶ç´ãåãã¦ããã®ã ã¨ã
ãããªãããªãã¨æãããã¨ãã°æ¬¡ã®ãããªè±æãããï¼è±èªçã®ãYahooï¼ç¥æµè¢ãããããé è·é¢ææä¸ã®å½¼æ°ããã¾ãããã®å½¼ãèªåã¡è¿½ãåºããã¡ãã£ã¦ãç§ã©ããããããã®ï¼ãã¨ãã質åã強調ã¯å¼ç¨è ï¼ã
our is a long distance relationship.. my bfs parents threw him out of d house n he lives seperately.. but he is sad that his parents dont talk to him.. he misses them they dont recieve his cals n shut the door on his face.he is lonely... i want to be wid him but i cant.. i want to get him out of this depression i cant see him sad... please help!! i talk to him on the phone.. bt it dsnt help much to make him happy..
強調ãããhe is sadãã§ããsadããªæ°æã¡ãæ±ãã¦ããã®ã主èªã®ãheãã§ããã¨èãããã¨ã«ããã¾ãèºèºã¯ãããªãã ããã
ãããã«ãããè¨ããã®ã¯ãéç°ä¸æ¥å½¦ã¨é´æ¨ä¸»æ¦ã®èãæ¹ã«ã¯å ±éç¹ãããã¨ãããã¨ã ã両è ã¯ã¨ãã«ããä»äººã®å é¢ã¯ç´æ¥çã«ã¯ç¥ãããªããã¨ããæºãããªãäºå®ãè¸ã¾ããè±æãHe is sad.ãã®è§£éã«ããã¦ãä½ããã®éæ¥æ§ãå°å ¥ãããã¨ç®è«ãã§ããããI am sad.ãã¨ãHe is sad.ãã¯ãåã«ä¸»èªäººç§°ä»£åè©ãéã£ã¦ããã ãã§ãªããæã®æå³æ§é ãéã£ã¦ããï¼ã¢ããªãã£ãç°ãªãã形容è©ã®ç¨æ³ãç°ãªãï¼ã¨èãããã¨ãã¦ããã®ã ã
ãæ¥æ¬äººã®è¡¨ç¾åã¨åæ§ãã®çååä¹ã¯ããã®ç¹ã§äºäººã¨å¤§ããªéããè¦ãã¦ããã
ãã¨ãã°ãæ²ãããã¨ãã表ç¾ã¯ã話ãæã®ææ ããã¾ãåºãã¦ããã®ã ããè±èªã®ããã«ãHe is sad.ãã¨ããæãæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãããªããè±èªã®ãI am sad.ãã¨ãHe is sad.ãã¨ããäºã¤ã®æã¯ãæå³ã®ä¸ã§ã¯å質ã ããæ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ²ãããã¯ã話ãæã«ã¤ãã¦ã ãã«æå¹ãªã®ã ã
ï¼ä¸ç¥ï¼
ãå½¼ã¯æ²ãããã¨ããæ¥æ¬èªãææ³ã«ããªã£ã¦ããã®ã¯ããå½¼ãã«å¯¾ãã話ãæã®ææ ã®è¡¨åºã®å ´åãã¤ã¾ããï¼ç§ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ï¼å½¼ï¼ããã¾ç½®ããã¦ããç¶æ³ï¼ã¯æ²ãããã¨ããæå³ã ããããHe is sad.ãã¨ããè±æã¨ã¯å ¨ãæå³ãéããåè ã¯ãHeããå¾è ã¯ãç§ãã®å¿ã表ç¾ãã¦ããã®ã ããã
ï¼ãæ¥æ¬äººã®è¡¨ç¾åã¨åæ§ãpp.59-60ï¼
çååä¹ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ãï¼ç§ã¯ï¼æ²ãããã¨ãå½¼ã¯æ²ãããã®éã«ã¯ãæå³ã®ä¸ã§ãéããããï¼ã主観ç¨æ³ãï¼ã客観ç¨æ³ãï¼ããè±èªã®ãI am sadãã¨ãHe is sad.ãã®å ´åãæ§æçã«åãã§ããã®ã¿ãªããããæå³ã®ä¸ã§ãããå質ãã§ããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã
æ¥æ¬èªã®æ æ形容è©ã®ãããããµãã¾ãæ¹ââåã«ãæ²ãããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããå½¼ã¯æ²ãããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããæ²ãããã®ã¯çµå±ãçºè©±è ã®ãç§ãã§ãããã¨ââãæ ¹æ ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã¨ãã¦ãçåãå¼ãåºãã®ã¯ããæ¥æ¬èªã¯å¾¹åºçã«ã話ãæãã®ã話ãæãã«ããã話ãæãã®ããã®è¨èªãï¼åp.60ï¼ã§ããã¨ããèãã ãæ¥æ¬èªã¯è©±ãæã«å¯çãã¦ãããããã©ã西欧èªã®å½¢å®¹è©ã¯ã話ãæããåãé¢ãã¦ç¬¬ä¸è ã®å¿æ ã表ç¾ãããï¼åp.73ï¼ã西欧èªã¯ãã第ä¸è ã®å¿æ ã表ç¾ããããã¨ãã§ããã®ã ã
ã§ã¯ãçåã®èãæ¹ã«ããã°ããä»äººã®æ°æã¡ã¯ããããªããåé¡ã¯ãã©ã®ããã«è§£æ±ºãããããè±èªã使ãã¨ä»äººã®æ°æã¡ããããã®ãã
ãæ¥æ¬äººã®è¡¨ç¾åã¨åæ§ãã®çåã¯ããã®åé¡ãæ示çã«ã¯åãæ±ã£ã¦ããªããããã©ããããããã¨ãèãããããè±èªã®ãHe is sad.ãã¯ãçºè©±è ããHeãã®æ°æã¡ãå®éã«ããã£ã¦è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãï¼ãããã¾ãã§ããï¼ãçºè©±è ã¯ãå¤å´ãã観å¯å¯è½ãªãHeãã®æ§åã»ç¶æ³çããå¤æãã¦ããHeãããsadãã§ããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ãããã¤ã¾ããHe is sad.ãã¨ã¯ããHeãããæ²ãã¿ãå³ãã£ã¦ãããã¨ç¬¬ä¸è ã客観çãªå¦¥å½æ§ããã£ã¦è¨ãå¾ããããªç¶æ³ã«ãHeããç½®ããã¦ãããã¨ã表ç¾ãã¦ããããããåãè©°ããæ¥æ¬èªã§è¨ããªããã°ããããªãã ããããå½¼ã¯æ²ããã®ã ããããªãã¡ãéç°ä¸æ¥å½¦ã®ææã®ã¨ããã§ãããã ãåé¡ã¯ããã®å ã ã
çåã®è¨ãããã«ãè±èªã®ãI am sad.ãã¨ãHe is sad.ãããæå³ã®ä¸ã§ããå質ãã§ããã¨ããã°ãåè ãI am sad.ãã®æå³ã«å¯¾å¿ããæ¥æ¬èªã¯ããç§ã¯æ²ãããã§ã¯ãªããããã¯èª¤è¨³ã§ãããã§ã¯ãã©ã訳ãã°ããã®ãããã訳ãã°ããã ããããç§ã¯æ²ããã®ã ãã
I am sad.ï¼ç§ã¯æ²ããã®ã ã
He is sad.ï¼å½¼ã¯æ²ããã®ã ã
è±èªã§ã¯ããç§ãã®ææ ãè¨ãã®ã«ããéæ¥çã¨ãªããããå¾ãªããèªåã®æ°æã¡ããèªåã®æ°æã¡ã§ããã®ã«ãç´æ¥çã«ã¯è¨ã表ããã¨ãã§ããªãã®ã ã
ã©ããããã®äºå®ã¯è±èªã«éãããªãããã ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ²ãããã¨ãã形容è©ã«ä¼´ã人称å¶ç´ããã©ã³ã¹èªã®ãtristeãã¨ãã形容è©ã«ã¯ãªããããã«é¢ãããã©ã³ã¹èªå¦ã®æ±é·éäºã¯ãããããã¨ããã²ã¨ãã¨ãããããã¨ãã¨ããè¨èã使ãåãããã主張ãã¦ãããæ¥æ¬èªã¯ããããã¨ãã¨ãã²ã¨ãã¨ããæ確ã«åºå¥ãããã¨ããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã§ã¯ããããã¨ãããã²ã¨ãã¨ãããã¹ã¦ãå«ãã¦ãã©ãããçã並ã«ããã¨ã²ã¨ã®å¯¾ç«ãè¶ããããããã¨ãã®ä¸çã¨ãã¦æã表ç¾ããããããï¼東郷雄二「フランス語と日本語の感覚・感情述語 - 『わがこと』と『ひとごと』考」ï¼ã
æ¥æ¬èªã®å ´åãè¨èªè¡¨ç¾ã«çµã¿è¾¼ã¾ãã¦ããè¦ç¹ãçºè©±è ã®ãç§ãã«å¼µãä»ãã¦ãããã ããããããã¨ãã¯ããããã¨ãã§ããéããç´æ¥çã«è¡¨ç¾ã§ããããããéã«ããç§ãã«è¦ããªããã®ããã¨ãã°ä»äººã®å é¢ã¯ãã²ã¨ãã¨ãã§ããã表ç¾ã§ããªããä¸æ¹ããã©ã³ã¹èªã®å ´åãä»äººã®å é¢ãç´æ¥è¡¨ç¾ã§ããªãã®ã¯å½ç¶ã§ããã¨ãã¦ãèªåã®å é¢ããããããããã¨ãã§ããã®ã«ãããããã¨ãã¨ãã¦ãç´æ¥çã«è¡¨ç¾ã§ããªãã®ã§ãããããã¯ããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è¨è¡¨ã«è¨å®ããã¦ããè¦ç¹ããçºè©±è ã®ãã¨ã«ç½®ããã¦ããªãããã ãããã¯ãç§ãããåãé¢ããã¦ããââã
ããã¾ã§ã®è©±ãæ´çãã¦ããããæ¥æ¬èªã®ææ ã»æè¦è¡¨ç¾ã«ã¯äººç§°å¶ç´ããããèªåã®å é¢ã¯è¨ãåãã§è¡¨ç¾ã§ããããä»äººã®å é¢ã¯è¨ãåãã§è¡¨ç¾ã§ããªããä¸æ¹ã西欧èªã¯ãä»äººã®å é¢ãè¨ãåãã§è¡¨ç¾ã§ããããã ããå½ç¶ã®è©±ã ãã西欧èªã使ã£ã¦ããä»äººã®å¿ã®å ãç¥ããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ã西欧èªã®è¨ãåãã¯ããããããéæ¥çãªè¡¨ç¾ãªã®ã§ããã
ãããã¦ãä»äººã®å é¢ã¯ããããªããåé¡ã¯è§£æ¶ãããããHe is sad.ãã¯ãç§ã¯æ²ãããã¨åãç´æ¥æ§ããã£ã¦ãHeãã®æ°æã¡ã表ç¾ãã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ãç´æ¥æ§ã¨ããç¹ã«ç«ã¦ã°ããI am sad.ãã¨ãHe is sad.ãã¯ããIãã¨ãHeãã®å é¢ããçã並ãã«ããå質ãã«è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã§ã¯ãªãããIãã¨ãHeãã®å é¢ãç´æ¥çã«è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ããªããã¨ã«ããã¦ããçã並ãã§ããããå質ããªã®ã§ããã
西欧èªã«ãã£ã¦ã¯ãä»äººã®å é¢ã®ã¿ãªãããèªåã®å é¢ãããããéæ¥çã«ãã表ç¾ã§ããªããæå¾ã«ãããã«ã¤ãã¦ããå°ãè¦ã¦ããã
甘露統子「人称制限と視点」ããç©èªè«ã§è¨ããããç¥ã®è¦ç¹ãããã³ãã«ããã®åé¡ã«åãè¾¼ãã§ããã
æ¥æ¬èªã®å é¢è¡¨ç¾ã«ä¿ã人称å¶ç´ã¯ãææ«ã«ãã®ã ããå ããã»ãããèªããã¨ããçºè©±ã¢ã¼ãã«ãã£ã¦è§£é¤ããããã¨ãç¥ããã¦ãããéæ°´æï¼ããå ±åãã«ã¤ãã¦ã®è¦æ¸ãä»ç°ç¾©éã»ç岡éå¿ç·¨ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ã¢ããªãã£ãï¼ã®ææã ããéæ°´ã¯ä¾ã¨ãã¦ãçäºåº·éãå¤ã®æ¿æ²»ã¨çµæ¸ãã«å«ã¾ãã次ã®æãæãã¦ããã
èåããSFä½å®¶ããã¼å°èª¬ãæ¸ãåºãã¦ã¯ããã¾ãã ã¨æãã
ä¸äººç§°ã®å é¢ã¯ãçºè©±è ã«ã¯ç¥ãããªãã¯ãã ããããããã£ãè¨ãåãã®æã¯ãæ¥å¸¸ä¼è©±ã§ã¯ãç®ã«ããããªããããã©ãå°èª¬ã®å°ã®æã§ã¯ããããã¾ãã«åºã¦ãããããã¯ããã®ç¨®ã®å°èª¬ã«ããã¦ã¯ããããããç¥ã®è¦ç¹ããæ¡ç¨ããã¦ããããã ããç¥ã®è¦ç¹ããã¨ã£ãç©èªã®èªãæã«ã¯ãä¸äººç§°ã§è¨è¿°ãããç»å ´äººç©ã®å é¢ã«å ¥ãè¾¼ã¿ãæ®éã®äººéã«ã¯ç¥ããã¨ãã§ããªãã¯ãã®ä»äººã®ææ ãæè¦ãç¥ããèªå¨ã«èªããã¨ã許ããã¦ããã
ãã£ã¨ããçé²ãçç®ããã®ã¯ããã®ãç¥ã®è¦ç¹ãããã話ãæã®èä½ãé¢ãã¦ç§»åãã¦ããã¨ããç¹ãã§ããããèªããã®æ¥æ¬èªã§äººç§°å¶ç´ãå¤ããã®ã¯ããèªããã«ããã¦ããã®è¦ç¹ã話ãæããå¼ãé¢ãããããã ãã§ãããªãã°ãéã«ãè±èªã®çºè©±ã«ããã¦ã第ä¸è ã®å é¢è¡¨ç¾ãå¯è½ã¨ãªãã®ã¯ããã®ãããªè¦ç¹ã®å¼ãé¢ãããèªããã®å±é¢ã«éå®ããã¦ããªãããã ããããè±èªã§ã¯æ¥å¸¸å¯¾è©±ã«ããã¦ããæãæ§æããéãæ¥æ¬èªã¨ã¯ç°ãªããè¦ç¹ã話ãæããå¼ãé¢ãã話ãæèªèº«ãã客ä½åãã¦è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ãããã
çé²ã¯è¨ããè±èªã§ã¯ãã主èªãå¿ ãè¨èªåããããããã¯ãä¸äººç§°ã»äºäººç§°ã»ä¸äººç§°ãå¹³çã«åãå½¹å²ãæ ã£ã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã示ãã¦ããããããã£ã¦æã表åºããéã«ã¯ããããä¸ã¤ã®äººç§°ããã©ã¬ã«ã«è¦³å¯ã§ããè¦ç¹ãåããããå¾ãªããã
ããã«è³ããçååä¹ãæ±é·éäºãçé²çµ±åã®ä¸è ã®èããä¸è´ããããã¾ãã«çé²è«æã«ããã°ã岸谷æåã話è ã®æå³è«ã¨ãã¦ã®ææ³ç 究ã®ããã«ãããã¤ãèªã«ã¤ãã¦åæ§ã®è¦è§£ã示ãã¦ããã
ããã¯è¨ãã¾ã§ããªããã¨ãããããªãããã©ã西欧èªã«ããã¦ãçºè©±è ãèªåã®å é¢ãç´æ¥çã«èªããã¨ãã§ããªãã®ã¯ããã®è¨èªæ§é ã®ããã ã
æ±é·éäºã¯ãåæ²è«æã§ãææ ã»æè¦è¡¨ç¾ã®æ æ§ãæ¥æ¬èªã¨ãã©ã³ã¹èªã§ç°ãªã£ã¦ãããã¨ã®çç±ãã両è¨èªéã«ããããäºæ ã®æãæ¹ãã®éãã«æ±ããããã¾ã¨ãã¦ãããããã©ã³ã¹èªã§ã¯ä¸»èªã»åè©ã»ç®çèªã¨ããææ³é¢ä¿ããåä½ä¸»ã»è¡çºã»è¢«åä½ä¸»ã¨ããæå³é¢ä¿ã¨å¼·ãçµã³ã¤ãã¦ãããã§ããã ãå¤ãã®äºæ ãè¡çºé¢ä¿ã®ã¹ãã¼ãã¨ãã¦æããã¨ããå¾åãå¼·ããã
ãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ã·ã³ã¿ã¯ã¹ããèªèã®æ çµã¿ãä½ãä¸ãã¦ããããã®è¨èªæ§é ããå é¢ã®ç´æ¥çãªè¡¨ç¾ã妨ãã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
æ¥æ¬èªã®å ´åããç§ãã®ãæ²ãã¿ãããã¾ãã§è¥¿æ¬§èªã®éæè©ã«ããã«ããæ²ãããã¨è¨ãæ¾ã¤ãã¨ãã§ãããå¿ è¦ã§ããã°ãç§ã¯ãã¨æ·»ãããã¨ãã§ãããããããããç§ã客観åããã»ã¹ã¯ç¾©åã§ã¯ãªãã
ä¸æ¹ããã©ã³ã¹èªè©±è ã®ãJeï¼ç§ï¼ãã¯ããJeãã«ã¤ãã¦èªãã®ã«ãå¿ ããJeãã主èªã¨ãã¦ç«ã¦ãªããã°ãªããªããããã¯ãJeãã®å¯¾è±¡åã»å®¢ä½åã義åä»ãããã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã ãããã«ããèªãç§ãã¨ãèªãããç§ãã®åãé¢ããçãããã¨ã«ãªããäºäººã®ãç§ããåºç¾ããã®ã ããã©ã³ã¹èªã§ã¯ããç§ããèªåã®ãã¨ãèªãã¨ãããããªãµãã«ãç§ãã¯åè£ãã¦ãã¾ãã
ãããããã¸ã£ãã¯ã»ã©ã«ã³ã®ãé¡å段éãçè«ã¯ããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã西欧èªã«ç¹æã®è¨èªæ§é ããå°åºããããã®ã ããããç§ãã®èµ·æºã«ä»è ã¨ãã¦ã®ãç§ããããããã®ä»è ã§ãããç§ãã¯ããç§ãã«ã¤ãã¦è¥¿æ¬§èªã§æ ¹æºçã«æèããã¨ãä¸å¯é¿çã«ç¾ãããªãã¸ã§ãåã¨ãã¦ã®ãç§ããããã®èµ·æºã«æå½±ãããã®ã«éããªãã
ã ãããé¡å段éãã¯è¨èªæ§é ã®å¹æã§ãããã ããã©ã«ã³ã®çè«ããã®ã¾ã¾æ¥æ¬äººã«ãã¦ã¯ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãââã©ã«ã³æ¬äººã®è¨ãã¨ããã
ï¼ã¨ããããã§ï¼ã次åã¯ãäºäººç§°å°èª¬ãã«ã¤ãã¦æ¤è¨ãã¾ããï¼