Peperangan siber

Peperangan siber ialah penggunaan teknologi untuk menyerang sesebuah negara, menyebabkan kemudaratan setanding dengan peperangan sebenar.^[1] ‘Peperangan siber’ tidak melibatkan skala, berpanjangan atau kekejaman yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan istilah ‘perang’.^[2] Terdapat perdebatan yang ketara di kalangan pakar-pakar mengenai definisi peperangan siber, walaupun ada perkara sedemikian wujud.^[3] Istilah ‘Peperangan siber’ adalah kekeliruan nama, sehingga sekarang tiada tindakan ofensif siber dapat dihuraikan sebagai ‘perang’. Tindakan ofensif siber, seperti yang berlaku di Estonia pada tahun 2007, Georgia pada tahun 2008, Iran pada 2010, Korea Utara^[4] telah berlaku dalam konteks hubungan antarabangsa, hanya mengakibatkan kecaman dan penafian oleh sebelah pihak.^[2] Peperangan siber mungkin tidak memenuhi definisi tipikal istilah perang, namun, banyak negara termasuk Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, Rusia, India, China, Israel, Iran, Korea Utara dan Vietnam ^[5]^[6]^[7] mempunyai operasi aktif siber untuk ofensif dan operasi defensif. Sewaktu negara-negara tersebut meneroka penggunaan operasi siber dan menggabungkan keupayaan konfrontasi fizikal dan keganasan yang meletihkan akibat dari, atau sebahagian dari, operasi siber yang meningkat. Tetapi, pertembungan skala dan peperangan yang berpanjangan adalah berbeza-beza, oleh itu kekaburan kekal.^[2]

Contoh pertama tindakan ketenteraan kinetik digunakan sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan siber yang mengakibatkan kehilangan nyawa manusia telah diperhatikan pada 5 Mei 2019, apabila Angkatan Pertahanan Israel menyasar dan memusnahkan sebuah bangunan yang dikaitkan dengan serangan siber yang sedang dijalankan.^[8]^[9]

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ Singer, P. W. (Peter Warren),. Cybersecurity and cyberwar : what everyone needs to know. Friedman, Allan,. Oxford. ISBN 9780199918096. OCLC 802324804.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Cyber warfare : a multidisciplinary analysis. Green, James A., 1981-. London. ISBN 9780415787079. OCLC 980939904.CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Cyberwar - does it exist?". NATO. 2019. Dicapai pada 05/10/2019. Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
^ Lockie, Alex. "North Korea's embarrassing missile failure may have been due to US cyber sabotage". Business Insider. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.
^ "Advanced Persistent Threat Groups". FireEye (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.
^ "APT trends report Q1 2019". securelist.com. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.
^ "GCHQ". www.gchq.gov.uk. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.
^ Newman, Lily Hay (2019-05-06). "What Israel's Strike on Hamas Hackers Means For Cyberwar". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.
^ Liptak, Andrew (2019-05-05). "Israel launched an airstrike in response to a Hamas cyberattack". The Verge. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

Bacaan lanjut

Andress, Jason. Winterfeld, Steve. (2011). Cyber Warfare: Techniques, Tactics and Tools for Security Practitioners. Syngress. ISBN 1-59749-637-5
Bodmer, Kilger, Carpenter, & Jones (2012). Reverse Deception: Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation. New York: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 0071772499, "ISBN 978-0071772495"
Brenner, S. (2009). Cyber Threats: The Emerging Fault Lines of the Nation State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-538501-2
Carr, Jeffrey. (2010). Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-80215-8
Conti, Gregory. Raymond, David. (2017). On Cyber: Towards an Operational Art for Cyber Conflict. Kopidion Press. ISBN 978-0692911563
Cordesman, Anthony H.; Cordesman, Justin G. (2002). Cyber-threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97423-7.
Costigan, Sean S.; Perry, Jake (2012). Cyberspaces and global affairs. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 9781409427544.
Gaycken, Sandro. (2012). Cyberwar – Das Wettrüsten hat längst begonnen. Goldmann/Randomhouse. ISBN 978-3442157105
Geers, Kenneth. (2011). Strategic Cyber Security. NATO Cyber Centre. Strategic Cyber Security, ISBN 978-9949-9040-7-5, 169 pages
Shane Harris (2014). @War: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex. Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0544251793.
Hunt, Edward (2012). "US Government Computer Penetration Programs and the Implications for Cyberwar". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (3): 4–21. doi:10.1109/mahc.2011.82.
Janczewski, Lech; Colarik, Andrew M. (2007). Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism. Idea Group Inc (IGI). ISBN 978-1-59140-992-2.
Rid, Thomas (2012). "Cyber War Will Not Take Place". Journal of Strategic Studies. 35: 5–32. doi:10.1080/01402390.2011.608939.
Ventre, D. (2007). La guerre de l'information. Hermes-Lavoisier. 300 pages
Ventre, D. (2009). Information Warfare. Wiley – ISTE. ISBN 978-1-84821-094-3
Ventre, D. (Edit.) (2010). Cyberguerre et guerre de l'information. Stratégies, règles, enjeux. Hermes-Lavoisier. ISBN 978-2-7462-3004-0
Ventre, D. (2011). Cyberespace et acteurs du cyberconflit. Hermes-Lavoisier. 288 pages
Ventre, D. (Edit.) (2011). Cyberwar and Information Warfare. Wiley. 460 pages
Ventre, D. (2011). Cyberattaque et Cyberdéfense. Hermes-Lavoisier. 336 pages
Ventre, D. (Edit.) (2012). Cyber Conflict. Competing National Perspectives. Wiley-ISTE. 330 pages
Woltag, Johann-Christoph: 'Cyber Warfare' in Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 2012).

Pautan luar

Video

"Sabotaging the System" video, "60 Minutes", 8 November 2009, CBS News, 15 minutes

Artikel

ABC: Former White House security advisor warns of cyber war
Wall Street Journal: Fighting Wars in Cyberspace
Will There Be An Electronic Pearl Harbor, PC World Diarkibkan 2009-12-03 di Wayback Machine by Ira Winkler, 1 December 2009
Senate panel: 80 percent of cyberattacks preventable, Wired, 17 November 2009
Duncan Gardham, 26 June 2009, Hackers recruited to fight 'new cold war', Telegraph UK
Stefano Mele, Jan 2016, Cyber Strategy & Policy Brief (Volume 01 – January 2016)
Stefano Mele, Jun 2013, Cyber-Weapons: Legal and Strategic Aspects (version 2.0)
Stefano Mele, Sep 2010, Cyberwarfare and its damaging effects on citizens
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources, US Congressional Research Service
Why the USA is Losing The Cyberwar Against China, by Joseph Steinberg, VentureBeat, 9 November 2011
Michael Riley and Ashlee Vance, 20 July 2011, Cyber Weapons: The New Arms Race
The Digital Arms Race: NSA Preps America for Future Battle, Der Spiegel, January 2015

[1] Singer, P. W. (Peter Warren),. Cybersecurity and cyberwar : what everyone needs to know. Friedman, Allan,. Oxford. ISBN 9780199918096. OCLC 802324804.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-2] Cyber warfare : a multidisciplinary analysis. Green, James A., 1981-. London. ISBN 9780415787079. OCLC 980939904.CS1 maint: others (link)

[3] "Cyberwar - does it exist?". NATO. 2019. Dicapai pada 05/10/2019. Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)

[4] Lockie, Alex. "North Korea's embarrassing missile failure may have been due to US cyber sabotage". Business Insider. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

[5] "Advanced Persistent Threat Groups". FireEye (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

[6] "APT trends report Q1 2019". securelist.com. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

[7] "GCHQ". www.gchq.gov.uk. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

[8] Newman, Lily Hay (2019-05-06). "What Israel's Strike on Hamas Hackers Means For Cyberwar". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

[9] Liptak, Andrew (2019-05-05). "Israel launched an airstrike in response to a Hamas cyberattack". The Verge. Dicapai pada 2019-05-10.

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