Kekhanan Turkik Pertama

Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama
Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama
552–603
	Tamga dari puak Ashina.
	Kekhaganan Turkik pada zaman kemuncaknya, tahun 576.
Status	Kekhaganan (empayar nomad)
Ibu negara	Ötüken (timur); Suyab (barat);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Turkik Tua (dinasti dan biasa); Sogdia (rasmi, diplomasi, syiling); Ruanrua (rasmi); Cina Pertengahan;
Agama	Tengrisme
Demonim	Türük; Türk
Qaghan
• 551–552	Bumin Qaghan (pertama)
• 599–603	Tardu (akhir)
Yabgu
• 552–575	Istämi (pertama)
• 575–599	Tardu (akhir)
Era Sejarah	Selepas klasik
• Bumin Qaghan memberontak ke atas Kekhaganan Rouran	542
• Didirikan	552
• Perang Saudara Göktürk	581
• Penyatuan semula singkat	603
• Perpecahan Kekhaganan Turkik Barat dan Timur	603
Keluasan
557	6,000,000 km2 (2,300,000 bt2)
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Kekhaganan Rouran
	Empayar Hephthalit
Kekhaganan Turkik Timur
Kekhaganan Turkik Barat

Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama (juga dirujuk sebagai Empayar Turkik Pertama,^[11] Kekhaganan Turkik atau Kekhaganan Göktürk) adalah sebuah kekhaganan Turkik yang diasaskan oleh puak Ashina dari Göktürk pada Zaman Pertengahan di Asia Dalam di bawah kepimpinan Bumin Qaghan (meninggal 552) dan abang beliau Istämi. Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama mengantikan Kekhaganan Rouran sebagai sebuah kuasa hegemoni di Pelantar Mongolia dan dengan pantas meluaskan wilayahnya di Asia Tengah, dan menjadi empayar trans benua Asia Tengah pertama yang bermula di Manchuria ke Laut Hitam.^[4]^:49^[12]

Meskipun Göktürk bertutur Turkik Tua, teks-teks dan syiling rasmi awal kekhaganan ditulis dalam bahasa Sogdia.^[5]^[13] Ia merupakan negara Turkik pertama yang menggunakan nama Türk secara politiknya.^[14] Skrip Turkik Tua telah dicipta pada separuh pertama kurun ke-6.^[15]^[16]

Ia runtuh pada tahun 603, selepas satu siri konflik dan perang saudara yang memecahkannya kepada Kekhaganan Turkik Timur dan Kekhaganan Turkik Timur. Empayar Tang menakluk Kekhaganan Turkik Timur pada tahun 630 dan Kekhaganan Turkik Barat pada tahun 657 dalam satu siri kempen ketenteraan. Kekhaganan Turkik Kedua muncul pada tahun 682 dan berlangsung sehingga tahun 744 apabila ia dijatuhkan oleh Kekhaganan Uyghur.

Galeri

Patung Niri Qaghan, Xinjiang, China.
Shahnameh menggambarkan Bahram Chobin bertempur dengan Bagha Qaghan.
Shahnameh menggambarkan Bahram Chobin dan Bagha Qaghan sedang bertempur.
Patung seramik menunjukan Göktürk pada zaman Dinasti Tang, Mongolia (kurun ke-7).
Peta Kekhaganan Turkik Pertanma sekitar tahun 570.
Segelas ayran segar

Lihat juga

History of the Turkic peoples Sejarah orang Turkic Sebelum kurun ke-14
Khaganate Turkic 552–744
Turkic Barat
Turkic Timur
Khaganate Khazar 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Bulgaria Besar 632–668
Danube Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria
Kesatuan Kangar 659–750
Khaganate Turgesh 699–766
Khaganate Uyghur 744–840
Negeri Karluk Yabgu 756–940
Khanate Kara-Khanid 840–1212
Kara-Khanid Barat
Kara-Khanid Timur
Kerajaan Beraja Gansu Uyghur 848–1036
Kerajaan Beraja Qocho 856–1335
Khanate Pecheneg 860–1091	Khanate Kimek 743–1035
Cumania 1067–1239	Negeri Oghuz Yabgu 750–1055

Empayar Ghaznavid 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Kesultanan Rum Seljuk
Khanate Kerait Kurun ke-11 hingga ke-13
Empayar Khwarazmia 1077–1231
Khanate Naiman –1204
Kerajaan Beraja Qarlughid 1224–1266
Kesultanan Delhi 1206–1526
Dinasti Mamluk
Dinasti Khilji
Dinasti Tughlaq
Gerombolan Emas \| ^[17]^[18]^[19] 1240s–1502
Kesultanan Mamluk (Kaherah) 1250–1517
Dinasti Bahri
Empayar Uthmaniyyah 1299-1923
Dinasti-dinasti Turkic lain di Anatolia Dinasti Artuqid Dinasti Saltuqid di Azerbaijan Dinasti Ahmadili Dinasti Ildenizid di Mesir Dinasti Tulunid Dinasti Ikhshid di Fars Dinasti Salghurid di Levant Dinasti Burid Dinasti Zengid di Yemen Dinasti Rasulid
Kotak ini: lihat bincang sunting

Rujukan

^ "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
^ Sinor 1969, m/s. 101.
^ Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. m/s. 24.
^ ^a ^b Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History.
^ ^a ^b Roux 2000, m/s. 79.
^ Smirnova 1952.
^ Vovin 2019, m/s. 133.
^ Lirong, M. A. "Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy". In Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia). Volume 8, No. 2, June 2014
^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Dicapai pada 16 September 2016.
^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
^ Luc Kwanten, (1979), Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500, p. 35
^ Taşağıl, Ahmet (2021). Türk Model Devleti Gök Türkler. Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 9786059521598.
^ Baratova 2005.
^ West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. m/s. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
^ Mouton, 2002, Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 49
^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. m/s. 364.
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. m/s. 280.
^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. m/s. 162.

Pautan luar

Turk Bitig

Bibliografi

Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
Baratova, Larissa (2005). "Turko-Sogdian Coinage". Encyclopedia Iranica.
Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
Benson, Linda (1998), China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks, M.E. Sharpe
Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000), The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century – Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia), UNESCO Publishing
Bughra, Imin (1983), The history of East Turkestan, Istanbul: Istanbul publications
Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
Golden, Peter B. (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press
Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492, Barnes & Noble
Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1–2, Macmillan
Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 – The Uighurs", dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 317–342, ISBN 0-521-24304-1
Millward, James A. (2007), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
Mackerras, Colin, The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840. Publisher: Australian National University Press, 1972. 226 pages, ISBN 0-7081-0457-6
Roux, Jean-Paul (2000). Histoire des Turcs (dalam bahasa Perancis). Fayard.
Sinor, Denis (1969). Inner Asia: History-Civilization-Languages. Indiana University Press.
Sinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9
Smirnova (1952). "TURKO-SOGDIAN COINAGE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. ..issues of the khaqans (ḵāqāns) of the Western Turkic khanate in Central Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, so called because the Turkic rulers issued them with Sogdian inscriptions.
Vovin, A. (2019). "Groping in the Dark: The First Attempt to Interpret the Bugut Brahmi Inscription". Journal Asiatique. 307 (1): 121–134.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780791482681.
Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). Turkic peoples (突厥史). Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 978-7-5004-0432-3; OCLC 28622013

Templat:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia Templat:Inner Asia Templat:Göktürks

[1] "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93

[FOOTNOTESinor1969101-2] Sinor 1969, m/s. 101.

[3] Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. m/s. 24.

[golden_2011-4] Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History.

[FOOTNOTERoux200079-5] Roux 2000, m/s. 79.

[FOOTNOTESmirnova1952-6] Smirnova 1952.

[FOOTNOTEVovin2019133-7] Vovin 2019, m/s. 133.

[8] Lirong, M. A. "Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy". In Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia). Volume 8, No. 2, June 2014

[9] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Dicapai pada 16 September 2016.

[10] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.

[11] Luc Kwanten, (1979), Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500, p. 35

[Taşağıl-12] Taşağıl, Ahmet (2021). Türk Model Devleti Gök Türkler. Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 9786059521598.

[FOOTNOTEBaratova2005-13] Baratova 2005.

[14] West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. m/s. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century

[15] Mouton, 2002, Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 49

[16] Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478

[17] Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. m/s. 364.

[18] Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. m/s. 280.

[19] Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. m/s. 162.

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l b s Sejarah empayar-empayar
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