ã確çã¢ãã«ã«ããwebãã¼ã¿è§£ææ³ã8ç« ã¡ã¢
ææ¸ãããã¤ãçºæãã¦ãããã¾ãèªã¿è¿ãå¿ è¦ããããªã¼ã
8ç« ã¯åç¨ã¢ããªã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®è©±ãã¬ã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã¨é¡§å®¢è¡å解æã
ããã§æ±ãã¬ã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãã¦ã¼ã¶ã®è¡åå±¥æ´ã«åºã¥ãã¦ã¼ã¶ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã¢ã¤ãã ãæ¨è¦ãããããªãã®ã
èå³æ·±ãåé¡ã¨ãã¦ãæ¬ æããã¹ã¦0ã¨èããå ´åãã¦ã¼ã¶iããã§ãã¯ããªãã£ãé
ç®jã«é¢ããè¡åVä¸ã®æ¬ æå°ã®æ±ããããããããæ¬ æãã¼ã¿ã¯ãå¿
ãããå®å
¨ã«ã©ã³ãã ã«æ¬ æãã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªããã¦ã¼ã¶ã好ã¾ãªãé
ç®ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãã©ã¡ããã¨ããã°é¸ã°ãªããã¨ããè² ã®ãã¤ã¢ã¹ã å½±é¿ãã¦ããã¨æããã(Breese,J.S.,Heckerman,D. and Kadie,C. 1988 Empirical analysis of predictive algorithms for collaborative filtering.)ããªã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã«é¢ããå¤ãã®ç 究ã«ããã¦ããã®ãã¤ã¢ã¹ã¯é½ã«æ±ããããã¨ããªãã
âCollaborative filtering and the missing at random assumptionâã§ããã¦ãã®ã£ã¦ãã®è©±ããª
è©ä¾¡æ¹æ³
å¦è¡ç 究è
ã¯ä¸è¬ã«ãå¤æ°ã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ã®èå³ãå®é¨ç®çã®ã¦ã§ããµã¤ãã¸ã²ãã¤ããè½åã«ä¹ãããä¸å¹¸ãªãã¨ã«ãç 究ã¨ãã¦ã¿ãå ´åãe-ã³ãã¼ã¹å®é¨ã®çµæã¯ç«¶åãçç±ã«ã»ã¨ãã©å
¬éãããªã
Zhang&Iyengar(2002)ãçæç¹ããã¾ãã¾ã¨ãã¦ããï¼ ãªã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã®ç価ã¯ãå®ã¦ã¼ã¶ã«ããã çµ±å¶å®é¨ä¸ã§ã®ã¿è©ä¾¡ãããããã®ãããªå®é¨ã«ãããæã人æ°ã®ããé
ç®ãæ¨å¥¨ããæ¹æ³ã¨æ¯ã¹ã¦ããªã³ã¡ã³ãã¢ã«ã´ãªãºã ã«ãããªãããæ¹åå¹æã測ããããæ´å²çãã¼ã¿ã«ããå®é¨ã¯çµ±å¶ä¸ã§ã®å®éã®å®é¨ãæ¬ ãã¦ããªã³ã¡ã³ãã¢ã«ã´ãªãºã ã®ä¾¡å¤ã®æ¨å®ãè¡ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ãã
A/Bãã¹ãæå¼·ä¼èª¬ã
æè¿é£å調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°
ã¦ã¼ã¶aã«æãè¿ãã¦ã¼ã¶N人ã®æ票ãå
ã«ã¬ã³ã¡ã³ãã
æ
£ç¿çã«ãå¹³åæ票ãå¼ããã¨ã§ã¦ã¼ã¶iã®æ票ãè£æ£ãã調æ´æ票ããä½ããããã¯ããã¨ãã°ãããã¦ã¼ã¶ã大ããªå¤ã§æ票ããå¥ã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ãå°ããªå¤ã§æ票ããå¾åãã¿ãããå ´åãªã©ã«çºçãããå¹³åå·®ããé¤ãããã«è¡ãã
ãã®æä½ã¯å®è£
ãç°¡åã§ï¼äºæ¸¬ç²¾åº¦ãã¬ã³ã¨ããã
(しましま氏のコメント)ããããã©ã³ãã³ã°ãæ³å®ãã¦ãããã ãããã°ãã¼ã¹ã®ã¬ã³ã¡ã³ã(訪åãããã©ããã§1/0)ã«ãå¿ç¨ã§ããªããã®ããã¦ã¼ã¶ãã¨ã®é²è¦§é »åº¦ã§æ£è¦åã¨ãï¼
ã¦ã¼ã¶éã®é¡ä¼¼åº¦ã«ã¤ãã¦
ã¦ã¼ã¶iã¨aã®ç¸é¢ä¿æ° ��_j (v_a,j-v_a)(v_i,j-v_i) : åã¦ã¼ã¶ã®æ£è¦åã¹ã³ã¢ã®ç©ãå
¨ã¢ã¤ãã ã«ã¤ãã¦åè¨ãããã®ã
Iaã¨Iiã®ç©éåãå°ããå ´åãã»ã¨ãã©ãªãä¸è´é
ç®ã«åºã¥ããéã¿ã¨ãªããä¿¡é ¼ã§ããäºæ¸¬ã¯å¾ãããªããããããªãããããåé¿ããã²ã¨ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãaãiãæ票ãã¦ããªã(人æ°ååãªã©ã®)ç¹å®ã®é
ç®ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ãæ票ããããã¨ã¿ãªãã¦æ±ããã¨ã§ãããããã¯ããã¼ã¿ã®æ¬ æãè¦å®å¤ã§åããæä½ã¨ãã¦ã¿ããã¨ãã§ãããçµ±è¨ã¢ãã«ã®è¦³ç¹ããã¯ããã¯æ¬¡åçã§ããããã£ã¨çã«ããªã£ãæ¹æ³ã¨ãã¦ãã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ããæ¬ æå°ã®æ¨å®ãæãããã(Little&Rubin(1987))ããã¨ãã°7ç« ã§ãä¿¡é ¼ã§ããé·ç§»ç¢ºçã®æ¨å®éãä½æããéã«è°è«ãã次ååå¸ã¨åæ§ã®å½¢ã§ãé¸æçµæãæ±ããããããããã«ãã£ãªã¯ã¬äºååå¸ã使ç¨ãããã¨ãã§ããã ãã
çµ±è¨ã®ç´ é¤ããªãã®ã§ããã£ã¨çã«ããªã£ãæ¹æ³ãã¨ãããç解ã§ããªã(7ç« èªãã§ãªããâ¦â¦)ã人æ°ååã§è£å®ãããã¨ã§ç²¾åº¦ãä¸ããçå±ãããããããªãã
é¡ä¼¼åº¦ã¨ãã¦ã¯ä»ã«ã³ãµã¤ã³ç¸é¢åº¦ã
å¤ãã®é
ç®ã«æ票ããaã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ãå±¥æ´ãä¸è´ããã¦ã¼ã¶iã¯å¤æ°åå¨ããã ããããéã¿ã¯ç¸å¯¾çã«å°ãããªããäºæ¸¬å¼ã§ããããå«ããã¨ãåã«ããããã¯ãããããæªãäºæ¸¬ããããããªãããã£ã¦ãéã¿ã«é¾å¤ãå°å
¥ããé¡ä¼¼åº¦ã«ããéã¿ãé¾å¤ãè¶
ããã¦ã¼ã¶ã®ã¿ãäºæ¸¬ã«ç¨ããããä¸ä½k人ã ããç¨ãããªã©ã®ã»ãã»ããã¨ããã¨ããã
次å ã®åªãããã¼ã¿ã®ã¹ãã¼ã¹æ§
è¨å¤§ãªãã¼ã¿ããªãç¶æ
ã§ã©ãããã°ãããã
é
ç®éã®ç¸é¢æ§é ãç´æ¥æ¢ãããããäºæ¸¬ã¢ãã«ã«çµã¿è¾¼ããã¨ã§ãããæ¬è³ªçã«ãã®ã¢ã¤ãã¢ã¯ãé
ç®ã®é¢é£æ§é ãç´æ¥ã¢ãã«åãããã¨ããéã®ã¢ãã«ãã¼ã¹ã®æ¹æ³ã§ããã
ç¹ç°å¤å解ã«ãã次å
縮å°ã
ç¹ã«ãªã³ã©ã¤ã³ã¬ã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã«ããã¦ãå®è·µçã«éè¦ãªåé¡ã¯ãæ°ãããã¼ã¿ãå¢ããå ´åã®ç¹ç°å¤å解ã«ãããè¦å®ãã¯ãã«ã®æ´æ°ã§ãããæ°ãã«ç¹ç°å¤å解ãåè¨ç®ããããããæ¢åã®çµæã«å¯¾ãã¦è¿½å æ´æ°ããå½¢ã§è¨ç®ããããã»ããçæ³çã§ããããã®ãããªé次çãªç¹ç°å¤å解è¨ç®æ³ã¯ã¾ã ç 究ã®æ®µéã§ãã(Brand(2002))
ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°
ã¦ã¼ã¶ãå¢ããã¨è¨ç®æéãé·ããªã£ã¦æ»äº¡ãããä¼¼ãã¦ã¼ã¶ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ãã¦ã¾ã¨ããã
ã¦ã¼ã¶aãç¡çããåä¸ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã¢ãã«ã§è¡¨ããã¨ããã¨ãã¦ã¼ã¶ã®èå³ã®å¤æ§æ§ã«é¢ããæ
å ±ã失ãã®ã¯é¿ããããªã
ã¨ã¯ããã
Breeseã(1998)ã¯ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã«åºã¥ãå調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°ã¯ãæè¿é£æ³ã確çã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ãå調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°ããåªãã¦ãããã¨ã示ãã
Latent semantic modelã£ã¦ã²ãã£ã¨ãã¦åä¸ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã¢ãã«ã®æ¹å(ä¸äººã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ãè¤æ°ã®ãã©ã¡ã¼ã¿ãæã¤)ï¼ èª¿æ»ä¸ãªã®ã§ä¸æã ããã©ãã
ã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ãå調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°
éå»ã®æ票ãã¿ã¼ã³ããæ¨è«ãããé
ç®éã®é¢ä¿ã«ã¤ãã¦(ãªãã©ã¤ã³ã§)æ確ãªã¢ãã«ãä½ããã¨ã§äºæ¸¬ãè¡ãããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯æ°ããã¦ã¼ã¶aã«ã¤ãã¦ã®äºæ¸¬ã«(ãªã³ã©ã¤ã³ã§)ç¨ãããããããã¯ãåç¯ã§è°è«ããéè¿é£æ³ã«ããå調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°ãããªãã¡ãå®æéã§äºæ¸¬çµæãå¾ãããã«ãæ確ãªã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ãããã¡ã¢ãªãã¼ã¹ã®è¨ç®ã«ä¾åãã¦ããæ¹æ³ã¨ã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ã¾ã£ããç°ãªãã
ä¸è¬ã«ãä¸åº¦ã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ããã¦ãã¾ãã°ãè¨ç®æéãnã«ä¾åããã¡ã¢ãªãã¼ã¹ã®æ¹æ³ã¨ç°ãªããäºæ¸¬æéã¯n(ã¢ãã«æ§ç¯æã«ç¨ããæ師ãã¼ã¿ã®æ°)ã«ä¾åããªã
ã¢ãã«ãã¼ã¹ã®æ¹æ³ããã¤ãï¼
måã®é
ç®ã«ã¤ãã¦å®å
¨ãªåæ確çåå¸ãã¤ãã(ã¹ãã¼ã¹ãªãã¼ã¿ã»ããããæ£ç¢ºãªåå¸ãåºãã®ãé£ãã)
åä¸ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ãªãmåã®æ¡ä»¶ä»ã¢ãã«ãã¤ãããåã¢ãã«ã«ããã¦ãæ®ãã®m-1åã«è¦³æ¸¬æ¸ã¿ã®ãã¼ã¿ãä¸ããå ´åã®ãç¹å®ã®é
ç®ã«å¯¾ãã尤度ãäºæ¸¬ããæ¹æ³
ã¹ã³ã¢ã§ã¯ãªãé ä½ãªã¹ããç´æ¥æ§ç¯ã§ããã¢ãã«ï¼Cohenã(1999)ç)
ä½è¨ã£ã¦ãã®ããããã
åæå¯åº¦ã¢ããªã³ã°
ãã®ã¸ãããä½è¨ã£ã¦ãã®ãããããªããªã£ã¦ããâ¦â¦
åæå¯åº¦ãå¶ç´ãªãã§ã¾ããã«æ±ããã¨2^mã®ç¬ç«ãªãã©ã¡ã¼ã¿æ¨å®å¿
è¦ãO(2^m)ã¨ããã¼ã
åå¸ãããã¤ãç¨æãã¦éã¿ã¤ãã(æ··ååå¸)
ãã¤ã¼ããã¤ãºã§O(Km)
EMã¢ã«ã´ãªãºã
å調ãã£ã«ã¿ãªã³ã°ã«ãããããã®ãããªã¢ãã«ã®éçã¯ãåã¦ã¼ã¶ãåä¸è¦ç´ ã¢ãã«ã§è¨è¿°ãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããã¤ã¾ããåã¦ã¼ã¶ãKåã®è¦ç´ ã®ãã¡ã®ã²ã¨ã¤(ã®ã¿)ãããçæããããã¨ä»®å®ãã¦ãããããã¯å
ã«è¿°ã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã¨åãéç¨ã§ãããå®éã«ãã®æ··åã¢ãã«ã¯æ¬è³ªçã«ã確çè«çãªæå³åãã«ããã¦ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã®ä¸ç¨®ã§ããã
ã¤ã¾ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã¨åä¸ã®åé¡ãã
Hofmann&Puzicha(1999)ã¯ãHoffman(1999) ã§ä»¥åã«ææ¡ãããã£ã¨ä¸è¬çãªã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ããå
ã«ä¸ãããããªãè¤æ°ã®èå³ã«é¢ããåé¡ã«ç´æ¥å¯¾å³ãããæ¡ä»¶ä»æ··åã¢ãã«ã«é¢ããèå³æ·±ãæ¡å¼µå½¢ãææ¡ãããå½¼ãã®ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ãåã¦ã¼ã¶ã®èå³ã¯ãKåã®é ãããããåç´ãªè¦ç´ ã¢ãã«ã®éããããããçæãããã¨è§£éã§ãããããã«ãåã¦ã¼ã¶ã®æ票ã«é¢ããåãã¯ãã«ãåä¸è¦ç´ ã¢ãã«P(v1,...,vm|c=k)ããçæãããã¨ä»®å®ãããããã«ãHofmann&Puzichaã®ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ãæ票ã«é¢ããè¡ãã¯ãã«ã¯ãã®ãã®ã®ãKåã®é¢é£ããè¦ç´ ã¢ãã«ã®çµã¿åããã§çæããã
æ¡ä»¶ä»åå¸ã¢ãã«
ãã¼ã¿ãã確çç決å®æ¨ã¤ãã
æ票ã¨å 容ã®ã¢ãã«ãã¼ã¹çµå
ãã¤ããªããã
ã³ã³ãã³ãã使ãã¨æ°ã¢ã¤ãã 追å ã«å¼·ã
Popesculã(2001)ã®ã¢ãã«
ãã®ã¢ãã«ã«ããã¦ãåæå¯åº¦ã¯ãã¦ã¼ã¶uãããã¥ã¡ã³ãmãåèªwãæ¡ä»¶ä»ç¬ç«ã®å½¢ã§å°ãé ãæ½å¨å¤æ°zã®åå¨ãä»®å®ãããã¨ã§æ§ç¯ã§ãããããªãã¡ãP(u,d,w)?��_z P(u|z)P(d|z)P(w|z)P(z)
é ãå¤æ°zã¯ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã®è©±é¡ãæããP(w|z)ãå«ããã¨ã§èªç¶ãªå½¢ã§å
容æ
å ±ãå«ãããã¨ãã§ãã
Popsculã(2001)ã¯ããã®ã¢ãã«ãããã¼ã¿ã®ã¹ãã¼ã¹æ§ã«ãããªã¼ãã¼ãã£ããã£ã³ã°ãçããåé¡ããããã¨ã示ãããä»®ã«ã5000ããã¥ã¡ã³ããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãã1000ã¦ã¼ã¶ã®å®éåã«åºã¥ãã¦ããã¨ãã¦ãããã¼ã¿è¡åã«ããããããã®å¯åº¦ã¯ãã©ã³ãã ã«é¸ãã ã¦ã¼ã¶ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã0.38%ã¨0.01%ã§ãã
ããã¥ã¡ã³ãæ¨ã¦ã¦åèªç©ºé使ãã¢ãã« P(u,w)ãåèªç©ºéã¯ããã¥ã¡ã³ã空éããå¯ãªã®ã§ãå
ã®ã¢ãã«ããããäºæ¸¬ãä¸ããã
ãã£ã¦ãå
容ã¨æ票ãããããæ¯è¼çé«åº¦ãªã¢ãã«ãææ¡ããããã®ã®ããããã®ã¢ãã«ãã¹ãã¼ã¹ãªé«æ¬¡å
ãã¼ã¿ã«å½ã¦ã¯ãããã¨ã¯ããªãéè¦ãªèª²é¡ã¨ãã¦æ®ã£ã¦ãã
ãããã¯ã¼ã¯ã¨ã¬ã³ã¡ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³
é»åã¡ã¼ã«ã«ããååã®ã¬ã³ã¡ã³ã
hotmail使ãã¨æ«å°¾ã«hotmailã®åºåãå
¥ã
æ´»æ§ä¼æ
ã¦ã¼ã¶ã®å¢å ã¢ãã«
è³¼å ¥äºæ¸¬ã«ãããã¦ã§ãçµè·¯è§£æ
ECãµã¤ãã«ãããã¦ã¼ã¶è¡åã®åæ
åãã¼ã¸ã7ã«ãã´ãªã«åé¡
HomeãAccount(å人ã®æ¯æãæ
å ±)ãList(ååãªã¹ã)ããªã©
ã¦ã¼ã¶è¡åã¯ãã¼ã¸ã«ãã´ãªã®åã§ãããããIHHIILITEã¨ã
ååãè³¼å
¥ããã¦ã¼ã¶ã¨ããªãã¦ã¼ã¶ã§ã®é·ç§»ç¢ºç
ãã¼ã¸ã«ãããä¾¡æ ¼ã®è¨è¼ã¯ãè³¼å
¥æèç¶æ
ã®å©ç¨è
ã«ã¯ååããªå¹æãä¸ããåé¢ãé²è¦§æèã®å©ç¨è
ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯é²è¦§ãç¶ããæ°ã失ãããããããã¾ããå²å¼åºåã®ãããªå®£ä¼é
ç®ã¯éã®å¹æ
é¢ç½ããåECãµã¤ããããããåæãã¡ããã¨ãã£ã¦ããã ãããã