prohibeo

Latin

Etymology

From prō- +‎ habeō (“I have”). Compare Old English forhealdan for the formation.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /proˈhi.be.oː/, [proˈ(ɦ)ɪbeoː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /proˈi.be.o/, [proˈiːbeo]

Verb

prohibeō (present infinitive prohibēre, perfect active prohibuī, supine prohibitum); second conjugation

to hold back or before, keep or ward off, restrain; avert; prevent, hinder
Synonyms: impediō, obstō, moror, arceō, cohibeō, supprimō, cūnctor, contineō, dētineō, retineō, refrēnō, tardō, intersaepiō, inclūdō, perimō, obstō, officiō
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.540–541:
  “Hospitiō prohibēmur harēnae;
  bella cient, prīmāque vetant cōnsistere terrā.”
  “We [Trojans] are being kept back from the refuge of the beach; [the Carthaginians] provoke hostilities, and they forbid [us] to set foot on the first [part of your] land [i.e., the shoreline].”
  (Trojan envoy Ilioneus is addressing Queen Dido.)
to forbid, prohibit
Synonyms: abdīcō, vetō

Male etiam, quī peregrīnōs urbibus ūtī prohibent eōsque exterminant.
Those who prohibit foreigners from using their cities and expel them also act badly.
to keep, preserve, defend, protect
Synonyms: salvō, tūtor, vindicō, servō, cū̆stōdiō, sospitō, teneō, adimō, prōtegō, tegō, adsum, sustineō, dēfendō, tueor, arceō

Antonyms: immineō, īnstō, obiectō
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.525:
  “ōrāmus prohibē īnfandōs ā nāvibus ignīs”
  “We beg [you]: Keep dreadful fires [away] from [our] ships!”
  (Ilioneus petitions Queen Dido to protect the Trojan fleet now moored near Carthage.)
to keep someone (accusative) off something (ablative)
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.14:
  ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur
  So that the Romans should be prohibited from foraging and procuring the provisions

Conjugation

Conjugation of prohibeō (second conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	prohibeō	prohibēs		prohibet	prohibēmus	prohibētis		prohibent
	imperfect	prohibēbam	prohibēbās		prohibēbat	prohibēbāmus	prohibēbātis		prohibēbant
	future	prohibēbō	prohibēbis		prohibēbit	prohibēbimus	prohibēbitis		prohibēbunt
	perfect	prohibuī	prohibuistī		prohibuit	prohibuimus	prohibuistis		prohibuērunt, prohibuēre
	pluperfect	prohibueram	prohibuerās		prohibuerat	prohibuerāmus	prohibuerātis		prohibuerant
	future perfect	prohibuerō	prohibueris		prohibuerit	prohibuerimus	prohibueritis		prohibuerint
	sigmatic future¹	prohibēssō	prohibēssis		prohibēssit	prohibēssimus	prohibēssitis		prohibēssint
passive	present	prohibeor	prohibēris, prohibēre		prohibētur	prohibēmur	prohibēminī		prohibentur
	imperfect	prohibēbar	prohibēbāris, prohibēbāre		prohibēbātur	prohibēbāmur	prohibēbāminī		prohibēbantur
	future	prohibēbor	prohibēberis, prohibēbere		prohibēbitur	prohibēbimur	prohibēbiminī		prohibēbuntur
	perfect	prohibitus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	prohibitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	prohibitus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	prohibeam	prohibeās		prohibeat	prohibeāmus	prohibeātis		prohibeant
	imperfect	prohibērem	prohibērēs		prohibēret	prohibērēmus	prohibērētis		prohibērent
	perfect	prohibuerim	prohibuerīs		prohibuerit	prohibuerīmus	prohibuerītis		prohibuerint
	pluperfect	prohibuissem	prohibuissēs		prohibuisset	prohibuissēmus	prohibuissētis		prohibuissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	prohibēssim	prohibēssīs		prohibēssīt	prohibēssīmus	prohibēssītis		prohibēssint
passive	present	prohibear	prohibeāris, prohibeāre		prohibeātur	prohibeāmur	prohibeāminī		prohibeantur
	imperfect	prohibērer	prohibērēris, prohibērēre		prohibērētur	prohibērēmur	prohibērēminī		prohibērentur
	perfect	prohibitus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	prohibitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	prohibē		—	—	prohibēte		—
active	future	—	prohibētō		prohibētō	—	prohibētōte		prohibentō
passive	present	—	prohibēre		—	—	prohibēminī		—
passive	future	—	prohibētor		prohibētor	—	—		prohibentor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		prohibēre		prohibērī		prohibēns		—
future		prohibitūrum esse		prohibitum īrī		prohibitūrus		prohibendus
perfect		prohibuisse		prohibitum esse		—		prohibitus
future perfect		—		prohibitum fore		—		—
perfect potential		prohibitūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		prohibendī	prohibendō		prohibendum	prohibendō	prohibitum		prohibitū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

→ Catalan: prohibir
→ English: prohibit
→ French: prohiber
→ Galician: prohibir
→ Italian: proibire
- → Neapolitan: proibbire
→ Occitan: proïbir
→ Portuguese: proibir
- Papiamentu: prohibí
→ Romanian: prohibi
→ Spanish: prohibir

References

“prohibeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“prohibeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
prohibeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- heaven forfend: di prohibeant, di meliora!
- to welcome to one's house (opp. to shut one's door against some one): tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere (opp. prohibere aliquem tecto, domo)
- to strike off the burgess-roll: censu prohibere, excludere
- to cut off all supplies of the enemy: intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu
- to be unable to land: portu, terra prohiberi (B. C. 3. 15)