Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hakkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hakōną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hakkōną

to hack; chop
to hoe

Inflection

Conjugation of *hakkōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hakkō	*hakkǭ	—	*hakkōi	?
2nd singular	*hakkōsi	*hakkōs	*hakkō	*hakkōsai	*hakkōsau
3rd singular	*hakkōþi	*hakkō	*hakkōþau	*hakkōþai	*hakkōþau
1st dual	*hakkōs	*hakkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hakkōþiz	*hakkōþiz	*hakkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hakkōmaz	*hakkōm	—	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau
2nd plural	*hakkōþ	*hakkōþ	*hakkōþ	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau
3rd plural	*hakkōnþi	*hakkōn	*hakkōnþau	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hakkōdǭ	*hakkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hakkōdēz	*hakkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hakkōdē	*hakkōdēdī
1st dual	*hakkōdēdū	*hakkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hakkōdēdudiz	*hakkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hakkōdēdum	*hakkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hakkōdēdud	*hakkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hakkōdēdun	*hakkōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hakkōndz	*hakkōdaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hakkōn
- Old English: *haccian
  - Middle English: hakken
    - English: hack
    - Scots: hak, hack
- Old Frisian: *hakkia, *hakia
  - Saterland Frisian: häkje
  - West Frisian: hakje
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: tohakia, *tohakkia
- Old Saxon: *hakkōn
  - Middle Low German: hacken
    - German Low German: hacken
    - Plautdietsch: haken
    - → Danish: hakke
    - → Swedish: hacka
    - → Norn: hakka
    - → Norwegian: hakke
    - → Faroese: hakka
    - → Icelandic: hakka
    - → Gutnish: hakke
- Old Dutch: *hakkon, *hakon
  - Middle Dutch: hacken
    - Dutch: hakken
    - Limburgish: hakke
- Old High German: hacchōn, *hakkōn
  - Middle High German: hacken
    - Bavarian: håckn
    - Cimbrian: hàkhan
    - German: hacken
      - → Estonian: hakkima
- → Old French: hacher (see there for further descendants)
→? Proto-Finnic:
- Estonian: hakkama
- Finnish: hakata
  - → Votic: hakatõ
- Karelian: hakata
- Livonian: akkõ