慷慨

Chinese

		generous; magnanimous	generous; sad
trad. (慷慨)		慷	慨
simp. #(慷慨)		慷	慨
alternative forms		忼慨
anagram		慨慷

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāngkǎi

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤ ㄎㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khóng-khói / không-khói
• Eastern Min (BUC): kōng-kái
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khóng-khài
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khaon-khe

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāngkǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄤ ㄎㄞˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kangkǎi
    • Wade–Giles: kʻang¹-kʻai³
    • Yale: kāng-kǎi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kangkae
    • Palladius: канкай (kankaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
    • Yale: hóng koi / kóng koi / hōng koi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /kʰɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /hɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khóng-khói / không-khói
    • Hakka Romanization System: kong^ˋ koi^ˋ / kong^ˊ koi^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kong³ koi³ / kong¹ koi³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ³¹ kʰoi̯³¹/, /kʰoŋ²⁴ kʰoi̯³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng-kái
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^(kʰ-)ŋɑi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng-khài
    • Tâi-lô: khóng-khài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qofngqaix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹khaon-khe
    • MiniDict: khaon^平 khe
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khaan-khe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃⁵⁵ kʰe²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khangX khojH

Rime
Character	慷	慨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	苦朗切	苦蓋切
Baxter	khangX	khojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaŋX/	/kʰəjH/
Li Rong	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰᴀiH/
Wang Li	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰɒiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑŋX/	/kʰɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎng	kài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong2	hoi3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaːŋʔ  kʰɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	慨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ khojH ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁə[t]-s/
English	disappointed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	慷	慨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3987	5814
Phonetic component	庚	旡
Rime group	陽	隊
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	慷	磕
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaːŋʔ/	/*kʰɯːds/

Adjective

慷慨

1. impassioned; vehement; fervent

   自古燕趙多慷慨悲歌之士。 [MSC, trad.]
   自古燕赵多慷慨悲歌之士。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zìgǔ Yànzhào duō kāngkǎi bēigē zhī shì. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. forthright; expansive; frank and straightforward
3. generous; beneficent

Synonyms

• (impassioned):

edit

• 激切 (jīqiè) (literary)
• 激昂 (jī'áng)
• 激烈 (jīliè)

 

• (forthright):

edit

• 奔放 (bēnfàng)
• 曠達／旷达 (kuàngdá) (formal)
• 粗獷／粗犷
• 豪宕 (háodàng) (literary)
• 豪放 (háofàng)
• 豪爽 (háoshuǎng)
• 豪邁／豪迈 (háomài)

 

• (generous): 大方 (dàfāng); (Hokkien) 大派, 冇手, 看手, 闊手／阔手, 血漢／血汉; (Wu) 四海

Derived terms

• 悲歌慷慨
• 慷他人之慨 (kāng tārén zhī kǎi)
• 慷慨仗義／慷慨仗义
• 慷慨就義／慷慨就义 (kāngkǎijiùyì)
• 慷慨悲歌
• 慷慨捐生
• 慷慨擔承／慷慨担承
• 慷慨淋漓
• 慷慨激揚／慷慨激扬
• 慷慨激昂 (kāngkǎijī'áng)
• 慷慨激烈
• 慷慨解囊 (kāngkǎijiěnáng)
• 慷慨赴義／慷慨赴义
• 慷慨輸將／慷慨输将
• 慷慨陳詞／慷慨陈词
• 激昂慷慨

 

Verb

慷慨

1. (Classical) to sigh (with regret); to lament; to exclaim

Synonyms

edit

• 嗟嘆／嗟叹 (jiētàn) (literary)
• 嘆惜／叹惜 (tànxī)
• 慨嘆／慨叹 (kǎitàn)
• 感嘆／感叹 (gǎntàn)
• 興嘆／兴叹 (xīngtàn)
• 道嘆／道叹 (Hakka)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (慷慨):

• → Japanese: 慷慨(こうがい) (kōgai)
• → Korean: 강개(慷慨) (ganggae)
• → Vietnamese: khảng khái (慷慨)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
慷	慨

Adjective

慷慨

1. chữ Hán form of khảng khái, khẳng khái (“chivalrous”).